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Al-Jura

(Redirected from Jura, al)
For the village near Jerusalem, see Al-Jura, Jerusalem. For the locale in Sinai, see El Gorah.

Al-Jura (Arabic: الجورة) was a Palestinian village that was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, located immediately adjacent to the towns of Ashkelon and the ruins of ancient Ascalon. In 1945, the village had a population of approximately 2,420 mostly Muslim inhabitants. Though defended by the Egyptian Army, al-Jura was nevertheless captured by Israel's Givati Brigade in a November 4, 1948, offensive as part of Operation Yoav.

al-Jura
الجورة
Part of the former village site, in 2015
Part of the former village site, in 2015
Etymology: the Hollow[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Jura (click the buttons)
al-Jura is located in Mandatory Palestine
al-Jura
al-Jura
Location within the Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°39′57″N 34°33′17″E / 31.66583°N 34.55472°E / 31.66583; 34.55472
Palestine grid107/119
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulationNovember 4–5, 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total12,224 dunams (12.224 km2 or 4.720 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total2,420[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesAshkelon[5]

Its residents had their origins in Egypt, Hebron, and Bedouin communities.[6]

The Shrine of Husayn's Head was located outside the town, until it was destroyed by the Israeli army in 1950.

The founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas militant organization Ahmed Yassin was born in al-Jura.

History

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Al-Jura (El-Jurah) stood northeast of and immediately adjacent to the mound of ancient and medieval Ascalon.

Byzantine ceramics have been found here, together with coins dating to the seventh century CE.[7]

Ottoman era

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In the first Ottoman tax register of 1526/7 the village was unpopulated.[8] By 1596 CE, however, the village had been refounded as part of the nahiya of Gaza and named Jawrat al-Hajja. It had 46 Muslim households, an estimated population of 253; who paid a total of 3,400 akçe in taxes.[9]

Marom and Taxel have shown that during the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, nomadic economic and security pressures led to settlement abandonment around Majdal ‘Asqalān, and the southern coastal plain in general. The population of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, while the lands of abandoned settlements continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages. Thus, al-Jura absorbed the lands of al-Rasm and al-Bira, the last one separated from the village by the lands of al-Majdal.[8]

The Syrian Sufi teacher and traveller Mustafa al-Bakri al-Siddiqi (1688–1748/9) visited Al-Jura in the first half of the eighteenth century, before leaving for Hamama.[10]

In 1838, Edward Robinson noted el-Jurah as a Muslim village, located in the Gaza district.[11]

In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, which he called Djoura, and found it to have three hundred inhabitants. He further noted that he could see numerous antiquities, taken from the ruined city, and that the inhabitants of the village grew handsome fruit trees, as well as flowers and vegetables.[12] An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that the village had a population of 340, in a total of 109 houses, though the population count included men, only.[13][14]

In the late nineteenth century, the village of Al-Jura was situated on flat ground bordering on the ruins of ancient Ascalon.[15] It was rectangular in shape and the residents were Muslim. They had a mosque and a school which was founded in 1919.[10]

British Mandate era

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  •  
    Al-Jura, 1931 (1:200,000)
  •  
    Al-Jura, 1945 (1:250,000)

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jura had a population of 1,326 inhabitants, all Muslims,[16] increasing in the 1931 census to 1,754, consisting of 1752 Muslims and 2 Christians, in a total of 396 houses.[17]

By the 1940s the school had 206 students.

[10]In the 1945 Village Statistics El Jura had an estimated population of 2,420 Muslims,[2] with a total of 12,224 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 481 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 7,192 for plantations and irrigable land, 2,965 for cereals,[18] while 45 dunams were built-up land.[19]

In addition to agriculture, residents practiced animal husbandry which formed was an important source of income for the town. In 1943, they owned 115 heads of cattle, 7 sheep over a year old, 92 goats over a year old, 47 camels, 7 horses, a mule, 130 donkeys, 970 fowls, and 227 pigeons.[20]

1948 War

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At the end of November 1948, Coastal Plain District troops carried out sweeps of the villages around and to the south of Majdal. Al-Jura was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon, that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza, and the IDF troops were "to prevent their return by destroying their villages". The path leading to the village was to be mined. The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation "with determination, accuracy and energy".[21] The operation took place on 30 November. The troops found "not a living soul" in Al-Jura. However, the destruction of the villages was not completed immediately due to the dampness of the houses and the insufficient amount of explosives.[22]

In 1992, the village site was described: "Only one of the village houses has been spared; thorny plants grow on the parts of the site not built over by Ashqelon."[5] The site is incorporated into Ashkelon National Park.[23]

Shrine of Husayn's Head

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Main article: Shrine of Husayn's Head
 
The shrine during the annual festival

The Shrine of Husayn's Head[24] was a Fatimid-era shrine located on a hill outside Al-Jura that was reputed to have held the head of Husayn ibn Ali between c.906 CE and 1153 CE.[25][26][27]

It was considered the most important Shi'a shrine in Palestine,[28] but was destroyed by the Israeli army in 1950, a year after hostilities ended, on the orders of Moshe Dayan. It is thought that the demolition was related to efforts to expel the remaining Palestinian Arabs from the region.[26]

Notable residents

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 360
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 46
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #307, Also gives the cause for depopulation
  5. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 117
  6. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 383
  7. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 872
  8. ^ a b Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  9. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 150. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 116
  10. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 116.
  11. ^ Robinson and Smith, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 118
  12. ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 134
  13. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 153 Also noted it in the Gaza district, northeast of Askalon
  14. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 130, also noted 109 houses
  15. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 236. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 116
  16. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  17. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 4
  18. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 87
  19. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 137
  20. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2024-10-10). "Hamama: The Palestinian Countryside in Bloom (1750–1948)". Journal of Islamic Archaeology. 11 (1): 93. doi:10.1558/jia.26586. ISSN 2051-9729.
  21. ^ Coastal Plain District HQ to battalions 151 and ´1 Volunteers`, etc., 19:55 hours, 25 Nov. 1948, IDFA (=Israeli Defence Forces and Defence Ministry Archive) 6308\49\\141. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 517
  22. ^ Coastal Plain HQ to Southern Front\Operations, 30 Nov. 1948, IDFA 1978\50\\1; and Southern Front\Operations to General Staff Divisions, 2. Dec. 1948, IDFA 922\75\\1025. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 518
  23. ^ Hawa, Kaleem (November 2024). "Like a Bag Trying to Empty". Parapraxis. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  24. ^ Press, Michael (March 2014). "Hussein's Head and Importance of Cultural Heritage". The Ancient Near East Today. American School of Oriental Research. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  25. ^ Talmon-Heller 2020, p. 101–111.
  26. ^ a b Talmon-Heller, Kedar & Reiter 2016.
  27. ^ Petersen 2017, pp. 108–110.
  28. ^ Petersen 2017, p. 108.
  29. ^ The life and death of Shaikh Yasin Al Jazeera
  30. ^ إسماعيل هنية.. لاجئ من مخيم الشاطئ قاد حركة حماس [Ismail Haniyeh.. A refugee from the Shati refugee camp who led the Hamas movement]. الجزيرة نت | الموسوعة | فلسطين. Al Jazeera Net. 2024-07-31. Retrieved 4 August 2024. ولد إسماعيل عبد السلام أحمد هنية يوم 23 يناير/كانون الثاني 1962 (أو 1963) في قطاع غزة بمخيم الشاطئ للاجئين، الذي كانت أسرته قد لجأت إليه من قرية الجورة الواقعة في قضاء مدينة عسقلان المحتلة.

Bibliography

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