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Charles K. Kao

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In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Kao. In accordance with Hong Kong custom, the Western-style name is Charles Kao and the Chinese-style name is Kao Kuen.
This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Sir Charles Kao Kuen (simplified Chinese: 高锟; traditional Chinese: 高錕; pinyin: Gāo Kūn) GBM KBE FRS FREng[5][6][7][8][9] (November 4, 1933 – September 23, 2018) was a Chinese physicist and Nobel laureate who contributed to the development and use of fibre optics in telecommunications. In the 1960s, Kao created various methods to combine glass fibres with lasers in order to transmit digital data, which laid the groundwork for the evolution of the Internet and the eventual creation of the World Wide Web.

The Honourable Sir
Charles K. Kao
GBM KBE FRS FREng
高錕
Kao in 2004
Born
Charles Kuen Kao

(1933-11-04)November 4, 1933
Shanghai, China[3]
DiedSeptember 23, 2018(2018-09-23) (aged 84)
Sha Tin, Hong Kong
CitizenshipUnited Kingdom[3]
United States
Alma materUniversity College London[4] (PhD 1965, issued by University of London[3])
Woolwich Polytechnic (BSc 1957 issued by University of London[citation needed])
Known forFibre optics
Fibre-optic communication
Spouse
Gwen May-Wan Kao
​
(m. 1959)​
Children2
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsChinese University of Hong Kong
Standard Telephones and Cables
ITT Corporation
Yale University
Doctoral advisorHarold Barlow
Charles K. Kao
Traditional Chinese高錕
Simplified Chinese高锟
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGāo Kūn
Wade–GilesKao1 K'un1
IPA[káʊ kʰwə́n]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGōu Kwān
JyutpingGou1 Kwan1
IPA[kɔw˥ kʷʰɐn˥]

Kao was born in Shanghai. His family settled in Hong Kong in 1949. He graduated from St. Joseph's College in Hong Kong in 1952 and went to London to study electrical engineering. In the 1960s, Kao worked at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) in Harlow, and it was here in 1966 that he laid the groundwork for fibre optics in communication.[10] Known as the "godfather of broadband",[11] the "father of fibre optics",[12][13][14][15][16] and the "father of fibre optic communications",[17] he continued his work in Hong Kong at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and in the United States at ITT (the parent corporation for STC) and Yale University. Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication".[18] In 2010, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for "services to fibre optic communications".[7]

Kao was a permanent resident of Hong Kong,[19] and a citizen of the United Kingdom and the United States.[3]

Early life and education

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Charles Kao was born in Shanghai in 1933 and lived with his parents in the Shanghai French Concession.[20]: 1  He studied Chinese classics at home with his brother, under a tutor.[21][20]: 41  He also studied English and French at the Shanghai World School (上海世界學校)[22] that was founded by a number of progressive Chinese educators, including Cai Yuanpei.[23]

After the Communist revolution, Kao's family settled in Hong Kong in 1949. Much of his mother's siblings moved to Hong Kong in the late 1930s, among them, his mother's youngest brother took good care of him.[20]: 1 [24]

Kao's family lived in Lau Sin Street, at the edge of the North Point, a neighbourhood of Shanghai immigrants.[20] During Kao's time in Hong Kong, he studied at St. Joseph's College for 5 years and graduated in 1952.[25][26]

Kao obtained high score in the Hong Kong School Certificate Examination, which at the time was the territory's matriculation examination, qualifying him for admission to the University of Hong Kong. However, at the time electrical engineering wasn't a programme available at the University of Hong Kong, the territory's then only teritary education institute.[27][28]

Hence in 1953, Kao went to London to continue his studies in secondary school and obtained his A-Level in 1955. He was later admitted to Woolwich Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich) and obtained his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree.[29][20]: 1 [30][28] He then pursued research and received his PhD in electrical engineering in 1965 from the University of London, under Professor Harold Barlow of University College London as an external student while working at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, England, the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables.[4][28]

Ancestry and family

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Kao's father Kao Chun-Hsiang [zh] (高君湘),[20]: 13  originally from Jinshan City (now a district of Shanghai City), obtained his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1925.[31] He was a judge at the Shanghai Concession and later a professor at Soochow University (then in Shanghai) Comparative Law School of China.[32][33]

His grandfather Kao Hsieh was a scholar, poet and artist,[21][34] Several writers including Kao Hsü, Yao Kuang [zh] (姚光), and Kao Tseng [zh] (高增) were also Kao's close relatives.[citation needed]

His father's cousin was astronomer Kao Ping-tse[21][35] (Kao crater is named after him[36]). Kao's younger brother Timothy Wu Kao (高鋙) is a civil engineer and Professor Emeritus at the Catholic University of America. His research is in hydrodynamics.[37]

Kao met his future wife Gwen May-Wan Kao (née Wong; 黃美芸) in London after graduation, when they worked together as engineers at Standard Telephones and Cables. She was British Chinese. They were married in 1959 in London, and had a son and a daughter, both of whom reside and work in Silicon Valley, California.[38][39] According to Kao's autobiography, Kao was a Catholic who attended Catholic Church while his wife attended the Anglican Communion.[20]: 14–15 

Academic career

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Fibre optics and communications

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A bundle of silica glass fibres for optical communication, which are the de facto worldwide standard. Kao also first publicly suggested that silica glass of high purity is an ideal material for long range optical communication.[40]

In the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) based in Harlow, Essex, England, Kao and his coworkers did their pioneering work in creating fibre optics as a telecommunications medium, by demonstrating that the high-loss of existing fibre optics arose from impurities in the glass, rather than from an underlying problem with the technology itself.[41]

In 1963, when Kao first joined the optical communications research team he made notes summarising the background[42] situation and available technology at the time, and identifying the key individuals[42] involved. Initially Kao worked in the team of Antoni E. Karbowiak (Toni Karbowiak), who was working under Alec Reeves to study optical waveguides for communications. Kao's task was to investigate fibre attenuation, for which he collected samples from different fibre manufacturers and also investigated the properties of bulk glasses carefully. Kao's study primarily convinced him that the impurities in material caused the high light losses of those fibres.[43] Later that year, Kao was appointed head of the electro-optics research group at STL.[44] He took over the optical communication program of STL in December 1964, because his supervisor, Karbowiak, left to take the chair in Communications in the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.[45]

Although Kao succeeded Karbowiak as manager of optical communications research, he immediately decided to abandon Karbowiak's plan (thin-film waveguide) and overall change research direction with his colleague George Hockham.[43][45] They not only considered optical physics but also the material properties. The results were first presented by Kao to the IEE in January 1966 in London, and further published in July with George Hockham (1964–1965 worked with Kao).[46][a] This study proposed the use of glass fibres for optical communication. The concepts described, especially the electromagnetic theory and performance parameters, are the basis of today's optical fibre communications.[47][48]

"What Kao did in Harlow transformed the world and provided a backbone for the internet. He was the father of fiber optics."

—Harlow Museum's David Devine on Kao's pioneering work in fiber optics at STC's Standard Telecommunication Laboratories in Harlow[49]

In 1965,[44][50][b] Kao with Hockham concluded that the fundamental limitation for glass light attenuation is below 20 dB/km (decibels per kilometer, is a measure of the attenuation of a signal over a distance), which is a key threshold value for optical communications.[51] However, at the time of this determination, optical fibres commonly exhibited light loss as high as 1,000 dB/km and even more. This conclusion opened the intense race to find low-loss materials and suitable fibres for reaching such criteria.[citation needed]

Kao, together with his new team (members including T. W. Davies, M. W. Jones and C. R. Wright), pursued this goal by testing various materials. They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials. During this period, Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica (SiO2) made it an ideal candidate for optical communication. Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fibre, rather than fundamental physical effects such as scattering as many physicists thought at that time, and such impurity could be removed. This led to a worldwide study and production of high-purity glass fibres.[52] When Kao first proposed that such glass fibre could be used for long-distance information transfer and could replace copper wires which were used for telecommunication during that era, his ideas were widely disbelieved; later people realized that Kao's ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry.[53]

He also played a leading role in the early stage of engineering and commercial realization of optical communication.[54] In spring 1966, Kao traveled to the U.S. but failed to interest Bell Labs, which was a competitor of STL in communication technology at that time.[55] He subsequently traveled to Japan and gained support.[55] Kao visited many glass and polymer factories, discussed with various people including engineers, scientists, businessmen about the techniques and improvement of glass fibre manufacture. In 1969, Kao with M. W. Jones measured the intrinsic loss of bulk-fused silica at 4 dB/km, which is the first evidence of ultra-transparent glass. Bell Labs started considering fibre optics seriously.[55] As of 2017, fibre optic losses (from both bulk and intrinsic sources) are as low as 0.1419 dB/km at the 1.56 μm wavelength.[56]

Kao developed important techniques and configurations for glass fibre waveguides, and contributed to the development of different fibre types and system devices which met both civil and military[c] application requirements, and peripheral supporting systems for optical fibre communication.[54] In mid-1970s, he did seminal work on glass fibre fatigue strength.[54] When named the first ITT Executive Scientist, Kao launched the "Terabit Technology" program in addressing the high frequency limits of signal processing, so Kao is also known as the "father of the terabit technology concept".[54][57] Kao has published more than 100 papers and was granted over 30 patents,[54] including the water-resistant high-strength fibres (with M. S. Maklad).[58]

At an early stage of developing optic fibres, Kao already strongly preferred single-mode for long-distance optical communication, instead of using multi-mode systems. His vision later was followed and now is applied almost exclusively.[52][59] Kao was also a visionary of modern submarine communications cables and largely promoted this idea. He predicted in 1983 that world's seas would be littered with fibre optics, five years ahead of the time that such a trans-oceanic fibre-optic cable first became serviceable.[60]

Ali Javan's introduction of a steady helium–neon laser and Kao's discovery of fibre light-loss properties now are recognized as the two essential milestones for the development of fibre-optic communications.[45]

Later work

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Kao joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in 1970 to found the Department of Electronics, which later became the Department of Electronic Engineering. During this period, Kao was the reader and then the chair Professor of Electronics at CUHK; he built up both undergraduate and graduate study programs of electronics and oversaw the graduation of his first students. Under his leadership, the School of Education and other new research institutes were established. He returned to ITT Corporation in 1974 (the parent corporation of STC at that time) in the United States and worked in Roanoke, Virginia, first as Chief Scientist and later as Director of Engineering. In 1982, he became the first ITT Executive Scientist and was stationed mainly at the Advanced Technology Center in Connecticut.[15] While there, he served as an adjunct professor and Fellow of Trumbull College at Yale University. In 1985, Kao spent one year in West Germany, at the SEL Research Center. In 1986, Kao was the Corporate Director of Research at ITT.

He was one of the earliest to study the environmental effects of land reclamation in Hong Kong, and presented one of his first related studies at the conference of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) in Edinburgh in 1972.[61]

Kao was the vice-chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1996.[62] From 1991, Kao was an Independent Non-Executive Director and a member of the Audit Committee of the Varitronix International Limited in Hong Kong.[63][64] From 1993 to 1994, he was the President of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL).[65] In 1996, Kao donated to Yale University, and the Charles Kao Fund Research Grants was established to support Yale's studies, research and creative projects in Asia.[66] The fund currently is managed by Yale University Councils on East Asian and Southeast Asian Studies.[67] After his retirement from CUHK in 1996, Kao spent his six-month sabbatical leave at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of Imperial College London; from 1997 to 2002, he also served as visiting professor in the same department.[68]

Kao was chairman and member of the Energy Advisory Committee (EAC) of Hong Kong for two years, and retired from the position on July 15, 2000.[69][70] Kao was a member of the Council of Advisors on Innovation and Technology of Hong Kong, appointed on April 20, 2000.[71] In 2000, Kao co-founded the Independent Schools Foundation Academy, which is located in Cyberport, Hong Kong.[72] He was its founding chairman in 2000, and stepped down from the board of the ISF in December 2008.[72] Kao was the keynote speaker at IEEE GLOBECOM 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan.[73] In 2003, Kao was named a Chair Professor by special appointment at the Electronics Institute of the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University.[73] Kao then worked as the chairman and CEO of Transtech Services Ltd., a telecommunication consultancy in Hong Kong. He was the founder, chairman and CEO of ITX Services Limited. From 2003 to January 30, 2009, Kao was an independent non-executive director and member of the audit committee of Next Media.[74][75]

Awards

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Kao received numerous awards such as the Nobel Prize in Physics,[76] Grand Bauhinia Medal, Marconi Prize, Prince Philip Medal, Charles Stark Draper Prize, Bell Award, SPIE Gold Medal, Japan International Award, Faraday Medal, and the James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials.

Honours

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Society and academy recognition

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Country/Territory Year Institute Member Type Elected or Appointed Source
  Austria European Academy of Sciences and Arts Member
  United Kingdom Institution of Engineering and Technology Fellow
  United States Trumbull College of Yale University Fellow and Former Adjunct Professor [79]
  United States Optical Society of America Member [80]
  United States 1979 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Life Fellow Elected [81]
  United States 1985 Marconi Society Fellow Elected
  Sweden 1988 Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Foreign Member Elected
  Hong Kong 1989 Hong Kong Computer Society Distinguished Fellow Elected [82][83]
  United Kingdom 1989 Royal Academy of Engineering Fellow (FREng) Elected [1]
  United States 1990 National Academy of Engineering Member Elected [84][d]
  Taiwan 1992 Academia Sinica Academician Elected [85]
  Hong Kong 1994 Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences Honorary Fellow and Former President Elected [86][87]
  Hong Kong 1994 Hong Kong Institute of Engineers Honorary Fellow Elected [88]
  China 1995 Peking University Honorary Professor Appointed
  China 1995 Tsinghua University Honorary Professor Appointed
  China 1995 Beijing University of International Business and Economics Honorary Professor Appointed
  China 1995 Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Honorary Professor Appointed
  China 1996 Chinese Academy of Sciences Foreign Member Elected
  Hong Kong 1996 Chinese University of Hong Kong Honorary Professor Appointed [89]
  Hong Kong 1997 Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Honorary Professor Appointed [90]
  United Kingdom 1997 Royal Society Fellow (FRS) Elected [91][2]
  Hong Kong 2002 City University of Hong Kong Lifetime Honorary Professor Appointed
  Taiwan 2003 National Taiwan University Chair Professor Appointed [73]
  United Kingdom 2008 Queen Mary, University of London Honorary Fellow Appointed [92]

Honorary degrees

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Alexander Graham Bell, pioneer of telecommunication and an alumnus of University College London (UCL), was awarded the first U.S. patent for telephone in 1876. After 90 years in 1966, Kao and Hockham published their groundbreaking article in fibre-optic communication. Kao is also an alumnus of UCL, and was awarded the prestigious Alexander Graham Bell Medal of IEEE in 1985. Kao was awarded an honorary doctorate by UCL in 2010.
Country/Territory Year University Honour Source
  Hong Kong 1985 Chinese University of Hong Kong Doctor of Science honoris causa. [93]
  United Kingdom 1990 University of Sussex Doctor of Science honoris causa. [93]
  Taiwan 1990 National Chiao Tung University Doctor of Engineering honoris causa. [94][95]
  Japan 1991 Soka University Degree of Honorary Doctor [96]
  United Kingdom 1992 University of Glasgow Doctor of Engineering honoris causa. [96]
  United Kingdom 1994 Durham University Honorary DCL [97]
  Australia 1995 Griffith University Doctor of the university [96]
  Italy 1996 University of Padua Doctor of Telecommunications Engineering honoris causa. [98]
  United Kingdom 1998 University of Hull Doctor of Science honoris causa. [99]
  United States 1999 Yale University Doctor of Science honoris causa. [100][79]
  United Kingdom 2002 University of Greenwich Doctor of Science honoris causa. [29]
  United States 2004 Princeton University Doctor of Science honoris causa. [101]
  Canada 2005 University of Toronto Doctor of Laws honoris causa. [102]
  China 2007 Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Honorary Doctor
  United Kingdom 2010 University College London Doctor of Science [103]
  United Kingdom 2010 University of Strathclyde Honorary Degree [104]
  Hong Kong 2011 University of Hong Kong Doctor of Science honoris causa. [105]

Awards

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Guglielmo Marconi, pioneer of wireless telecommunication, was awarded half of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2009, the century anniversary of Marconi's Nobel, Kao was awarded half of the same prize for his pioneer work on optical fibre which has "rewired the world". Kao was also awarded the Marconi Prize in 1985, and is a Fellow of the Marconi Society.

Kao donated most of his prize medals to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.[77]

Country/Territory Year Institute Award Source

and Citation

  United States 1976 American Ceramic Society Morey Award
  United States 1977 Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal [77]
  United Kingdom 1978 The Rank Prize Funds Rank Prize in Optoelectronics
  United States 1978 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award.
  Sweden 1979 Ericsson L. M. Ericsson International Prize [77][f]
  United States 1980 Armed Forces Communications & Electronics Association International Gold Medal
  United States 1981 Chinese-American Engineers and Scientists Association of Southern California CESASC Achievement Award
  United States 1983 US-Asia Institute USAI Achievement Award [77]
  United States 1985 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal [77]
  United States 1985 Marconi Foundation Marconi International Scientist Award
  Italy 1985 City of Genoa Columbus Medal
  United States 1986 CIE-USA Annual Awards CIE Achievement Award [106]
  Japan 1987 Foundation for Communication and Computer Promotion C & C Prize
  United Kingdom 1989 Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal [77]
  United States 1989 American Physical Society James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials [107][g]
  United States 1992 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers Gold Medal of the Society [108]
  United Kingdom 1995 World Federation of Engineering Organizations Gold Medal for Engineering Excellence [77]
  United Kingdom 1996 Royal Academy of Engineering Prince Philip Medal [h]
  Italy 1996 la Citta di Padova [77]
  Japan 1996 Japan Prize Foundation 12th Japan Prize [77][i]
  United Kingdom 1998 Institution of Electrical Engineers International Lecture Medal [77]
  United States 1999 National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize [77][j]
  Hong Kong 2001 Millennium Outstanding Engineer Award [77]
  Hong Kong 2006 Hong Kong Institute of Engineers HKIE Gold Medal Award [86][109]
  Sweden 2009 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Nobel Prize in Physics [110][k]
  United Kingdom 2009 IEEE Photonics Society IEEE Photonics Society Plaque [111]
  United States 2010 Asian American Engineer of the Year Award Distinguished Science & Technology Award [112][l]
  Hong Kong 2010 Phoenix Television 2009/2010 World Chinese Grand Prize [113][114]
  United States 2010 Chinese American Distinction Award [115]
  Belgium 2014 FTTH Council Europe FTTH Operators Award and Individual Award [116]

Namesakes

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The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao on December 30, 2009.
  • The minor planet 3463 Kaokuen, discovered in 1981, was named after Kao in 1996.
  • 1996 (November 7): The north wing of the Chinese University of Hong Kong Science Center was named the Charles Kuen Kao Building.[89]
  • 2009 (December 30): The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao – the Charles K. Kao Auditorium.[117][118]
  • 2010 (March 18): Professor Charles Kao Square, a square of the Independent Schools Foundation Academy[119]
  • 2014 (September): Sir Charles Kao UTC (now known as BMAT STEM Academy) was opened.[120]
  • 2014: Kao Data, a data center operator based on the former site of Sir Charles Kao's work on fibre optics cables, was founded.[121]

Others

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Later life and death

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Kao's international travels led him to opine that he belonged to the world instead of any country.[142][143] An open letter published by Kao and his wife in 2010 later clarified that "Charles studied in Hong Kong for his high schooling, he has taught here, he was the Vice-Chancellor of CUHK and retired here too. So he is a Hong Kong belonger."[144]

Pottery making was a hobby of Kao's. Kao also enjoyed reading Wuxia (Chinese martial fantasy) novels.[145]

Kao suffered from Alzheimer's disease from early 2004 and had speech difficulty, but had no problem recognising people or addresses.[146] His father suffered from the same disease. Beginning in 2008, he resided in Mountain View, California, United States, where he moved from Hong Kong in order to live near his children and grandchild.[11]

On October 6, 2009, when Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibres and for fibre communication,[147] he said, "I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honor."[148] Kao's wife Gwen told the press that the prize will primarily be used for Charles's medical expenses.[149] In 2010 Charles and Gwen Kao founded the Charles K. Kao Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease to raise public awareness about the disease and provide support for the patients.

In 2016, Kao lost the ability to maintain his balance. At the end-stage of his dementia he was cared for by his wife and intended not to be kept alive with life support or have CPR performed on him.[150] Kao passed away at Bradbury Hospice in Hong Kong on September 23, 2018, at the age of 84.[151][152][153][154]

Works

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  • Optical Fiber Technology; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, U.S.A.; 1981.
  • Optical Fiber Technology, II; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, U.S.A.; 1981, 343 pages. ISBN 0-471-09169-3 ISBN 978-0-471-09169-1.
  • Optical Fiber Systems: Technology, Design, and Applications; by Charles K. Kao. McGraw-Hill, U.S.A.; 1982; 204 pages. ISBN 0-07-033277-0 ISBN 978-0-07-033277-5.
  • Optical Fibre (IEE materials & devices series, Volume 6); by Charles K. Kao. Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of IEEE; 1988; University of Michigan; 158 pages. ISBN 0-86341-125-8 ISBN 978-0-86341-125-0
  • A Choice Fulfilled: the Business of High Technology; by Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press/ Palgrave Macmillan; 1991, 203 pages. ISBN 962-201-521-2 ISBN 978-962-201-521-0
  • Tackling the Millennium Bug Together: Public Conferences; by Charles K. Kao. Central Policy Unit, Hong Kong; 48 pages, 1998.
  • Technology Road Maps for Hong Kong: a Preliminary Study; by Charles K. Kao. Office of Industrial and Business Development, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; 126 pages, 1990.
  • Nonlinear Photonics: Nonlinearities in Optics, Optoelectronics and fibre Communications; by Yili Guo, Kin S. Chiang, E. Herbert Li, and Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong; 2002, 600 pages.

Notes

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^ a: Kao's major task was to investigate light-loss properties in materials of optic fibers, and determine whether they could be removed or not. Hockham's was investigating light-loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fiber.
^ b: Some sources show around 1964,[155][156] for example, "By 1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard." from Cisco Press.[155]
^ c: In 1980, Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, "for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications".[54]
^ d: In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website, Kao's country is indicated as "People's Republic of China".[84]
^ e: OFC/NFOEC – Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference[135]
^ a: Kao's major task was to investigate light-loss properties in materials of optic fibers, and determine whether they could be removed or not. Hockham's was investigating light-loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fiber.
^ b: Some sources show around 1964,[155][156] for example, "By 1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard." from Cisco Press.[155]
^ c: In 1980, Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, "for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications".[54]
^ d: In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website, Kao's country is indicated as "People's Republic of China".[84]
^ e: OFC/NFOEC – Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference[135]
^ f: for making communication at optical frequencies practical by discovering, inventing, and developing the material, techniques and configurations for glass fibre waveguides and, in particular, for recognizing and proving by careful measurements in bulk glasses that silicon glass could provide the requisite low optical loss needed for a practical communication system
^ g: for contribution to the materials research and development that resulted in practical low loss optical fibres, one of the cornerstones of optical communications technology
^ h: in recognition of his pioneering work which led to the invention of optical fibre and for his leadership in its engineering and commercial realization; and for his distinguished contribution to higher education in Hong Kong
^ i: for pioneering research on wide-band, low-loss optical fibre communications
^ j: co-recipient with Robert D. Maurer and John B. MacChesney
^ k: for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication

References

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  1. ^ a b "List of Fellows". Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 – Press Release. Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  4. ^ a b "Prof Charles K. Kao". Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering. University College London. September 24, 2018. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  5. ^ Charles K. Kao was elected in 1990 Archived February 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics, Communication & Information Systems Engineering for pioneering and sustained accomplishments towards the theoretical and practical realization of fiber-optic communication systems.
  6. ^ a b "306 people to receive honours". The Government of Hong Kong SAR. July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010. [dead link]
  7. ^ a b c "No. 59446". The London Gazette (1st supplement). June 12, 2010. p. 23.
  8. ^ "- Royal Society".
  9. ^ "The Fellowship – List of Fellows". Raeng.org.uk. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
  10. ^ Hecht, Jeff (1999). City of Light, The Story of Fiber Optics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-19-510818-3.
  11. ^ a b Mesher, Kelsey (October 15, 2009). "The legacy of Charles Kao". Moun. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  12. ^ dpa (October 6, 2009). "PROFILE: Charles Kao: 'father of fiber optics,' Nobel winner". Earthtimes. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  13. ^ Record control number (RCN):31331 (October 7, 2009). "'Father of Fibre Optics' and digital photography pioneers share Nobel Prize in Physics". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original (cfm) on January 25, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Bob Brown (Network World) (October 7, 2009). "Father of fiber-optics snags share of Nobel Physics Prize". cio.com.au. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
  15. ^ a b "The father of optical fiber – Narinder Singh Kapany/Prof. C. K. Kao" (in Chinese and English). networkchinese.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  16. ^ a b Erickson, Jim; Chung, Yulanda (December 10, 1999). "Asian of the Century, Charles K. Kao". Asiaweek. Archived from the original on July 21, 2002. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  17. ^ "Prof. Charles K Kao speaks on the impact of IT in Hong Kong". The Open University of Hong Kong. January 2000. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  18. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009. Nobel Foundation. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
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Further reading

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Awards and achievements
Preceded by IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Japan Prize
1996 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics
with Willard Boyle and George E. Smith
2009 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
1987–1996 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_K._Kao&oldid=1254167519"