Wikipedia

KWKW

(Redirected from KFAC (defunct))
This article is about the Los Angeles radio station which has identified as KWKW since 1989. For the radio station that identified as KWKW from 1941 to 1950, see KMRB. For the radio station that identified as KWKW from 1950 to 1989, see KAZN.
"KFAC (radio station)" redirects here. For other uses, see KFAC.

KWKW (1330 AM) is a commercial Spanish-language radio station licensed to serve Los Angeles, California, United States, featuring a sports format known as "Tu Liga Radio 1330".[2] Owned by Lotus Communications, the station services Greater Los Angeles and much of surrounding Southern California and, since September 2019, has been the Los Angeles affiliate for Univision's TUDN Radio.[3] Having adopted the current sports format on October 1, 2005,[4] KWKW is the Spanish language flagship station for multiple Los Angeles professional sports franchises including the Rams, Lakers, Clippers, Kings, Angels and the LA Galaxy. KWKW itself is Southern California's oldest Spanish language radio station, having begun operations in 1941 at 1430 AM and licensed to Pasadena and transferring to 1300 AM—also based in Pasadena—in 1950. KWKW's programming and call sign moved to 1330 AM from 1300 AM in 1989 following Lotus' acquisition of the former and sale of the latter.

KWKW
Broadcast areaGreater Los Angeles
Frequency1330 kHz
BrandingTu Liga Radio 1330 AM
Programming
Language(s)Spanish
FormatSports radio
AffiliationsTUDN Radio
Ownership
Owner
History
First air date
March 22, 1922
(102 years ago) (1922-03-22)
Former call signs
  • KJS (1922–1925)
  • KTBI (1925–1931)
  • KFAC (1931–1989)
Former frequencies
  • 830 kHz (1922–1925)
  • 1020 kHz (1925–1927)
  • 1040 kHz (1927–1928)
  • 1090 kHz (1928–1929)
  • 1300 kHz (1929–1941)
Call sign meaning
Carried over from the former KWKW (1300 AM) in Pasadena; now KAZN
Technical information[1]
Licensing authority
FCC
Facility ID38454
ClassB
Power5,000 watts
Transmitter coordinates
34°01′10″N 118°20′44″W / 34.01944°N 118.34556°W / 34.01944; -118.34556
Translator(s)100.7 K264CQ (Los Angeles)
Repeater(s)1220 KTMZ (Pomona)
Links
Public license information
WebcastListen live
Websitewww.tuligaradio.com

Historically, this station is perhaps best known as KFAC, one of the most visible commercial fine arts/classical music stations in the United States, and one of the first to have adopted the format on a full-time basis. For all but the final two years of their tenure with the format, KFAC boasted an airstaff with unprecedented stability and continuity including announcers Carl Princi and Fred Crane, and possessed the largest classical music library of its kind west of the Mississippi. By the time of their sales and format changes in 1989, KFAC and FM adjunct KFAC-FM (92.3) were two of only 41 stations—out of 9,000 commercial U.S. radio stations in operation—that played classical music,[5] with The New York Times eulogizing KFAC as "a staple of Los Angeles's cultural life for 58 years".[6] Launched by the antecedent of Biola University in 1922, the current KWKW license also holds a distinction of being the oldest surviving radio station in the United States to have been built and signed on by a religious institution.

Since 2003, the studios for KWKW have been located in the Los Angeles Hollywood Hills neighborhood, while the station transmitter is located in the nearby Crenshaw District, shared with KABC (790 AM) and KFOX (1650 AM).[7] In addition to a standard analog transmission, KWKW's programming is streamed online and relayed over both low-power FM translator K264CQ (100.7 FM) and full-power Pomona station KTMZ (1220 AM).

History

edit

KJS and KTBI

edit
 
The Bible Institute of Los Angeles's downtown Los Angeles headquarters (pictured in 1916) was also the home for KJS, established by Biola in 1922 and renamed KTBI in 1925.

The Bible Institute of Los Angeles signed on station KJS on March 22, 1922,[8] operating from their headquarters at Sixth and Hope Streets. Standing for "King Jesus Saves", KJS was the second religious broadcast station to have been established in the United States,[9] four months after the Church of the Covenant established WDM in Washington, D.C.[10] and four months before John Wanamaker launched WOO in Philadelphia.[11] Not long after going on air, a 1,000-watt transmitter was scheduled to be put into service in October.[12] As KJS was one of fourteen radio stations in operation in the region, a complex time-share arrangement between all stations to operate at 360 meters (830 kHz)[13] was established with preference given to KHJ,[14] itself recently established by the Los Angeles Times.[15] Consequently, KJS only operated for one hour on Sunday mornings, 45 minutes on Sunday evenings and 30 minutes on Wednesday nights at launch.[16] Programming primarily consisted of church services, including from the institute's affiliated Church of the Open Door,[17] though programs from other churches were also featured[18] along with live musical offerings.[16] Charles E. Fuller, who would later become board chairman of the Bible Institute and host of The Old Fashioned Revival Hour, began his radio career at KJS in 1924.[11]

In August 1925, the station changed its call letters to KTBI to identify the station with The Bible Institute.[8] KTBI's program director in 1927, Herbert G. Tovey, also conducted the institute's women's glee club; the Bible Institute offered a range of music courses to its students.[19] Programming continued to feature the Church of the Open Door, as well as devotionals and a "Jewish Radio Hour", in addition to a daily children's program, Aunt Martha's Children's Hour.[20] The station broadcast on a variety of frequencies—including 830 kHz, 1020 kHz (sharing time with KHJ), 1040 kHz[20] and 1090 kHz[18]—before receiving the 1300 kHz assignment in General Order 40 reallocation.[21] KTBI moved to new studios in June 1928[22] alongside a power increase to 1,000 watts.[23] General Order 40 paired the station with another religious outlet: KGEF, the station of controversial evangelist Robert P. Shuler and his Trinity Methodist Church.[24]

KTBI operated on a noncommercial basis. As a result, when the Great Depression hit and donations fell, the station became unsustainable for the institute to operate. While oil magnate Lyman Stewart helped found and finance construction of the institute,[25] he failed to endow it prior to his death, exacerbating their financial crisis.[26] Additionally, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) informed the institute that it preferred religious programs be broadcast over commercially operated stations.[27] In 1931, the Bible Institute sold KTBI for $37,500 (equivalent to $751,313 in 2023) to the Los Angeles Broadcasting Company. Following a brief period of silence for technical repairs,[28] it relaunched as a commercial outlet on April 30 under the KFAC call sign;[29] the KFAC calls had themselves previously been used between 1922 and 1923 on a short-lived station in Glendale, California, owned by the Glendale Daily Press.[30] Along with the sale, the institute continued to have several programs broadcast over the new KFAC[8] and the time share with KGEF was to be maintained.[31]

A very visible reminder of KJS/KTBI's past existence would soon be constructed by the Bible Institute: two large red "Jesus Saves" neon signs on top of their headquarters next to the former transmission tower.[25][32] Removed after the building's 1988 demolition,[33] the sign was purchased by Gene Scott and placed on the United Artists Theatre in Los Angeles' downtown (renamed "University Cathedral")[34] and later were moved to Glendale along with the ministry's headquarters.[35][36] A replica sign exists at the current Biola University campus in La Mirada.[37]

KFAC

edit

Move to Wilshire

edit
 
Automobile manufacturer and industrialist Errett Lobban Cord, pictured on the cover of Time in 1932. The sole owner of KFAC from 1932 to 1962, he presided over the station's evolution into one of the first full-time fine arts/classical music outlets in the United States.

The Los Angeles Broadcasting Company was headed up by Errett Lobban Cord, a manufacturer best known for the Auburn and Cord automobile lines, and by O.R. "Ollie" Fuller, a dairy farmer who owned the Los Angeles dealership for Auburn-Cord, Fuller Motors;[38] accordingly, KFAC stood for "Fuller-Auburn-Cord".[39] Cord and Fuller also had purchased KFVD in Culver City, based at Hal Roach Studios; both they and KFAC would remain at their original sites until both relocated to the Fuller Motors dealership in Wilshire Center,[40] directly adjacent to the Wilshire Community Church.[41] KFAC broadcast a live three-hour program on April 12, 1932, to celebrate the grand opening of the new studios, with on-air talent from competing stations as special guests.[42] As the studios were located in the dealership's fifth floor penthouse,[40] large radio towers were erected on the roof but were purely for display and advertisement purposes[41] as KFAC's actual transmitter site was moved to Los Angeles' Crestview neighborhood.[29] O.R. Fuller and his company went bankrupt prior to completion of the studios in 1932,[43] prompting Cord to acquire KFAC and KFVD outright.[38]

In the wake of the Lindbergh kidnapping, the Associated Press and Los Angeles Times ran stories on March 21, 1934, regarding a kidnapping threat made against E.L. Cord's children.[44] In response, Cord secretly fled with his immediate family to the United Kingdom, the news of his fleeing would not be made known until a New York Times story that May 30, when a company associate only would say that Cord "would remain away for an indefinite period".[45][46] The full reason for this sudden action was never truly disclosed.[44] KFVD would be spun off to Standard Broadcasting Co. for $50,000 on July 15, 1936,[47][48] and moved out of the dealership two years later.[41] Cord divested his automotive holdings, which were merged into the Aviation Corporation in 1933, to separate interests in 1937 for $2.5 million.[49]

Starting in 1932, KFAC began broadcasting unlimited time through a series of authorizations under special temporary authority; this arrangement became permanent in January 1933 when the FRC deleted KGEF's license over Shuler's controversial views following a series of failed appeals.[50] This would soon extend to 24-hour broadcasting for KFAC starting on March 8, 1935, joining KGFJ, which broadcast around the clock starting in 1927; both stations preceded WNEW in New York City, which started unlimited broadcasting that August 6.[51] Between 1933 and 1935, the Los Angeles Herald-Express was affiliated with KFAC, though it held no ownership interest; the alliance ended when the newspaper bought KTM in Santa Monica and KELW of Burbank.[52] The station was almost forced to share its frequency again when, in January 1936, a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) hearing examiner approved an application by Los Angeles city councilmember and real estate operator Will H. Kindig for a new shared-time station with KFAC (which would have been renewed for half-time only), saying the proposed Kindig station would increase media diversity in Los Angeles;[53] the FCC broadcast division, however, reversed the examiner's ruling that July.[54] When the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) was enacted in 1941, KFAC moved to 1330 kHz.[55]

Whoa Bill and a springboard to stardom

edit
 
Postcard photo illustration of Wilshire Boulevard in the mid-1930s with the Fuller Motors Auburn-Cord dealership (and penthouse studios for KFAC and KFVD) behind the Wilshire Boulevard Christian Church. The radio towers with "Auburn KFAC" lettering on top of the building existed only for advertising purposes.[41]

Shortly after relaunching as KFAC, on July 30, 1931, an afternoon children's radio program titled the "Whoa Bill" Club debuted, hosted by Harry Jackson with the alternative rural title The Keeper of the Pig,[56] carrying over a show he had previously hosted for four years on KFWB.[57][58] Sponsored by Bullock's department store,[59] the "Whoa Bill" Club aired every weekday afternoon at 5:30 p.m. for the next 20 years, and found lasting success when Nick Nelson took over as main emcee in 1941 under the name "Uncle Whoa Bill".[60] At its peak, the Bullock's "Whoa Bill" Club boasted a membership of 50,000 fans—known as "Whoa Billers"—in 1944.[61] The show also broadcast live performances every Friday afternoon for a live studio audience of children under the age of 12,[59][60] Nelson himself also performed weekly puppet shows at Bullock's on Saturday afternoons.[60] Among the child actors who performed on the "Whoa Bill" Club, bobby soxer Louise Erickson found the most fame, having started her professional career at age seven, cast as a fairy princess.[62] Publicist/talent agent Aaron "Red" Doff, who managed the careers of Mickey Rooney, Doris Day, Liberace and Frankie Laine, also was a recurring child actor on the program.[63][64]

The station also carried games from the Los Angeles Angels of the Pacific Coast League starting with the 1936 season, the majority of which would be recreations produced at their studios.[65] Entertainer Bing Crosby hosted a half-hour "radio rally" over KFAC on November 21, 1937, to promote the upcoming Loyola-Gonzaga college football matchup that included a musical performance by Crosby—a Gonzaga alum—and an on-air debate between Crosby and Times sports editor Bill Henry.[66] KFAC would also debut a popular music program, Lucky Lager Dance Time, on August 1, 1941;[67] hosted by Ira Cook, the late-evening program would later be regarded as one of the first record chart programs of its kind,[68] and even featured conductor Leopold Stokowski as a guest host once.[69]

KFAC would prove to be a springboard for entertainers and performers. Legendary broadcaster Stan Chambers began his career in 1937 as an actor for a weekly children's program produced by one of his teachers at St. Brendan School, visiting the station repeatedly.[65] John Conte started his career in show business as an announcer at KFAC for two years.[70] Barbara Eiler was cast for a KFAC show portraying famous actresses in their teens after being approached by a high school classmate asking if she wanted to act on the radio;[71] that sustaining program led to supporting roles in The Life of Riley and A Day in the Life of Dennis Day, along with various film and television roles.[72] Following a broadcast of the Radio Chautauqua Show in 1936, the station received a phone call from Eddie Cantor inquiring about one of the young girls who performed on the program; Deanna Durbin would become a part of Cantor's radio show and later, a movie star signed to Universal Studios.[73]

Classical evolution

edit
Comparing Evening Concert in 1947 to a live classical music concert

We open with an overture so people can finish their dishes and sit down in time to catch the symphony. Do you realize that a conductor programs five concerts a year while I have to do six a week? Multiply that by fifty-two and see what you get!

Thomas Cassidy, KFAC Evening Concert host[74]
 
A 25th "birthday party" advertisement for KFAC's Gas Company Evening Concert featuring caricatures of multiple classical music composers including Richard Wagner, Maurice Abravanel and George Szell. Thomas Cassidy, Evening Concert host from 1943 to 1987, is seen standing at far right.

While KFAC later regarded January 15, 1938, as their "birthdate" in the station's 1978 "40th Anniversary" program guide—which was in reality the birthday of then-general manager George Fritzinger[75]—the station began playing recorded classical music on a set schedule with the launch of Concert Hall on October 14, 1935, a daily program narrated by P. Alfred Leonard.[76] Leonard had been hired as KFAC's "director of symphonic music" and promised in a Times interview to lift the station's musical standards with shows devoted to music appreciation.[77] Through the remainder of the 1930s, and indeed on that aforementioned 1938 date, KFAC's program lineup was a mixture of Concert Hall, live and recorded music, Times newscasts, sporting events, the "Whoa Bill" Club and scripted fare.[78]

Their first regularly-scheduled long-form classical music program, The Gas Company Evening Concert, debuted on October 1, 1940, and aired six nights a week, Sundays excluded.[79][80] Having been encouraged by his wife to enter radio broadcasting,[74] Thomas Cassidy joined the station from KIDO in Boise, Idaho, in December 1943 as the host of Evening Concert,[81] a role he would maintain for the next 43 years.[82] Cassidy would become so closely associated with the program that his obituary erroneously regarded his joining the station as when Evening Concert began.[83] KFAC and The Gas Company eventually expanded Evening Concert's reach via regional syndication to both Riverside's KPRO (1440 AM) on January 1, 1958,[84] and Santa Barbara's KDB (1490 AM) by June 1963.[85]

During this transitional period, Steve Allen was hired as an overnight announcer on KFAC in 1943, having been recommended for the job by Madelyn Pugh Davis, who heard him perform on KOY (550 AM) in Phoenix.[86][87] Allen lasted at the station for only six months in part due to not following directives and his humorous tone not fitting the station's classical selections,[73] but soon landed at KHJ co-hosting Smile Time with Wendell Noble over the Don Lee Network.[88] That program, and a future late-night variety program on the CBS Radio Network, would be precursors to his tenure as the first host of NBC's The Tonight Show franchise.[89]

The success of Evening Concert, as well as Musical Masterpieces, another program hosted by Cassidy,[81][90] facilitated the station's evolution into a full-time classical music outlet. Harry Mitchell, a former announcer at the Hollywood Palladium, was appointed as program director on July 6, 1944, and pledged to have the station place a greater emphasis on live programming.[91] E.L. Cord allegedly toured the studios one day in 1945 and recognized the substantial investments KFAC had made in classical recordings, finalizing the evolution.[92] While very much still a commercial station, Cord continued to operate KFAC mostly as a personal hobby despite not knowing much about the classical music genre;[93] his own personal tastes and expectations were eventually reflected in the station's on-air presentation that persisted for decades.[94]

Unprecedented on-air continuity

edit
"Faith in an Idea"

In hectic prewar days when all four network stations were pounding away with chain programs and a dozen locals yacked away all day long between run-of-the-mill records and canned news . . . KFAC raised an eyebrow, cocked an ear, cleared its throat and announced to one and all its now nationally known basic programming policy . . . it proved that it pays to be different and that there's a big exclusive audience for good music . . . and so, KFAC became the Music Station for Southern California, and it still is.

Excerpt from a KFAC industry trade advertisement, Broadcasting, December 29, 1952[95]

KFAC also was in the process of slowly assembling an airstaff that had an unprecedented level of continuity. Fred Crane, an actor most famous for his supporting role as Brent Tarleton in Gone with the Wind,[94] was hired as a part-time announcer while still continuing to perform on film and television; Fred's position became full-time in the early 1960s.[96] Tom Dixon and Dick Crawford notably were hired on the same date in 1947. Dixon—an Edmonton native who joined the station after simultaneous work at KHJ, KNX (1070 AM) and KMPC (710 AM) emceeing multiple programs, including The Billie Burke Show[97]—served as afternoon announcer for nearly 39 years,[98] while Crawford primarily worked on weekends.[90]

Carl Princi joined the station in 1953 after freelance work at KMGM-FM[99] and a short stint as a bilingual presenter at KWKW (1300 AM).[100] While at KWKW, that station's general manager referred Princi to KFAC's general manager in hopes of securing full-time work; KFAC host Mark Breneman unexpectedly died the day after Princi's job interview, prompting the station to hire him.[101] Referring to himself as "the newest of the old timers",[90] when Princi was interviewed by Hamilton Radio Quarterly in 1976 about his longevity, he replied that "he'd only been there 23 years."[102] Princi hosted The World of Opera every weekday afternoon throughout his entire tenure with the station and conducted most of the station interviews with musicians.[100] Bill Carlson also joined KFAC in 1953 as host of the Noontime Concert,[90] which he presided over for the next 30 years.[103] This core group of Cassidy, Crane, Dixon, Crawford, Princi, and Carlson was fundamentally unchanged between 1953 and 1983.[104]

Pacific Coast League baseball broadcasts, Lucky Lager Dance Time and Uncle Whoa Bill were among the last remaining non-classical programs to remain on the schedule; the baseball games at times wound up delaying the start time for Evening Concert by as much as two hours before being dropped at the end of the 1945 season.[73] Ira Cook began working for both KFAC and KMPC, and even KSL in Salt Lake City,[105] in similar capacities before Lucky Lager Dance Time was cancelled at the end of 1948,[69][106] Cook would continue the show, itself later supervised by Bill Gavin,[67][107] at KMPC. Meanwhile, Uncle Whoa Bill—whom Thomas Cassidy's son was a fan of[74]—lasted up to September 14, 1951, when it was quietly dropped from the lineup;[108] Viennese Varieties, sponsored by Baker Boy Bakeries and hosted by Dick Crawford, replaced it the following Monday.[109] Uncle Whoa Bill host Nick Nelson would subsequently join KTTV as the emcee of Mister Whistle, airing at the same time period on Sunday afternoons.[110]

Howard Rhines was hired away from KMPC in 1949 to become KFAC's program director.[111] Under Rhines' oversight, KFAC continued to place a heavy emphasis on sustained programming like Evening Concert and forbade the use of commercial jingles on-air, explaining to Billboard that "you can't go out of Beethoven and into a rhythmic jingle."[112] In addition, all seven staff announcers—including Rhines—were now required to be fluent in at least four distinct languages.[113] KFAC also hired veteran radio announcer/actor Dick Joy as their news director in 1951, handling all newscasts in the morning and some in the early afternoon[114][115] until 1967.

Branching to FM; solidifying the format

edit
 
KFAC announcer Fred Crane. Perhaps best known for his role as Brent Tarleton in Gone with the Wind, Crane was hired by the station in 1946 and stayed until a controversial mass firing on December 31, 1986.[96]

KFAC signed on an FM adjunct, KFAC-FM, on December 29, 1948, at 104.3 MHz.[116] The FM antenna was initially placed at the AM transmitter site, which had moved to the Crenshaw district in 1947[117] along with a power increase for the AM station to 5,000 watts; this site is still in use today by KWKW, as well as KABC and KFOX.[29] KFAC started carrying live concerts from the Hollywood Bowl amphitheater in 1952 as part of Evening Concert. The station pioneered an early form of stereo broadcasting by having two microphones placed on different sides of the venue, with the audio separately fed to the AM and FM stations. Advertisements placed by The Gas Company encouraged Evening Concert listeners at home who had two radios were instructed to place them seven to twelve feet apart, with one tuned to KFAC-FM and the other tuned to KFAC.[118]

The first such broadcast in 1953 had mixed reviews due to KFAC-FM's relatively weak signal strength; an opinion column in the Redlands Daily Facts concluded their review by publicly advocating for KFAC-FM's antenna to be moved to Mount Wilson alongside the TV stations.[119] KFAC-FM would do just that, filing paperwork with the FCC in March 1954 to move the antenna to Mount Wilson and shifting frequencies from 104.3 MHz to 92.3 MHz,[117] increasing the potential audience by 1.5 million people and the overall coverage area from 720 square miles to 8,300 square miles.[120] While the facility changes took place a few days prior, it was formally dedicated as part of another pseudo-stereo broadcast from the Bowl on July 15, 1954.[118] As KFAC-FM moved to Mount Wilson prior to the FCC enacting limits for power output by FM stations in 1962, it is formally classified as a "superpower" FM by operating at a maximum power level, but with the antenna being placed well above the height limit.[121]

Both KFAC and KFAC-FM would move out of the Fuller Motors dealership penthouse to new studios at the Prudential Square in the Miracle Mile district,[122] now known as SAG-AFTRA Plaza.[123] An advertisement taken out by KFAC in Broadcasting Magazine celebrating the studio move also boasted that they now held a library of music recordings that weighed over 28 tons, enough to ensure that the stations could be programmed for a full year without any duplication.[95] The studio move was completed in April 1953 when KFAC general manager Calvin Smith, Los Angeles Mayor Fletcher Bowron and Prudential Insurance vice president Harry Volk participated in a ceremonial soldering ceremony; KFAC experienced no loss of air time in the process.[124]

As KFAC solidified its reputation and format as a classical music outlet, it also set out to remove some of the few remaining deviations from its format. On February 15, 1957, it notified the First Methodist Church of Los Angeles, which paid commercial rates to broadcast its Sunday morning service over KFAC, that it would terminate the agreement.[125] First Methodist claimed to have the oldest church service broadcasts in America, which were first made in 1923.[126] KFAC carried First Methodist's morning and evening services beginning in 1942;[127] in 1951, the station had removed the evening service from its schedule.[128] After First Methodist asked the FCC for a hearing into the issue, claiming that the cancellation affected the station's commitment at its last license renewal to carry 1.79 percent religious programming, the commission denied the request in May.[129] With the petition denied, the church began airing its services over KPOL.[126]

From Cleveland to Atlantic

edit
 
Former Cleveland, Ohio mayor Ray T. Miller (pictured in 1938) purchased KFAC-AM-FM in 1962 and would operate them—along with other radio stations in Cleveland and Sandusky—until his death in 1966.

The two stations would remain in E.L. Cord's name until August 1962, when he would sell them to Cleveland Broadcasting Incorporated, headed by former Cleveland, Ohio mayor Ray T. Miller, for a combined $2 million (equivalent to $20.1 million in 2023). Miller also owned WLEC and WLEC-FM in Sandusky, Ohio, and had founded WERE and WERE-FM in Cleveland, and pledged to maintain KFAC's classical format.[130] The Los Angeles Times would later write of Cord's ownership, "What seems indisputable is that Cord oversaw the station like a benevolent, disinterested patriarch."[93][131] The pseudo-stereo broadcasts over KFAC and KFAC-FM continued until KFAC-FM converted to stereophonic sound in 1964, at one point, those broadcasts were offered for 12 hours each week.[132] General manager Ed Stevens regarded the $20,000 investment in FM multiplexing as a "big bonanza" for the radio and recording industries, pledging to increase KFAC-FM's stereo output over time; Evening Concert was cited as a program that would be unable to see such a complete stereo conversion due to the volume of titles for that show valued for their initial mono pressings.[133] By 1971, the last remaining program devoted to selections from their original 78 rpm phonograph record collection, Collector's Shelf, was dropped from the schedule.[134]

KFAC at this time boasted weekly concert broadcasts by the Hollywood Bowl Symphony and the Los Angeles Philharmonic, in addition to concert series from the Los Angeles Symphonies' high school and the Los Angeles Art Museum.[132] Another long-running weekday program, Luncheon at the Music Center, debuted in 1965. Taking place every weekday at the Los Angeles Music Center's Pavilion Restaurant, Thomas Cassidy was the program's original host, primarily interviewing classical music artists.[83] Martin Workman became a substitute host in 1973 and succeeded Cassidy as host in 1976,[90] broadening the show's focus to include opera, ballet, operetta and theater.[135]

How Carl Princi and an average listener to KFAC defined music as art

You take (a listener to KFAC) who listens to Brahms or Beethoven and enjoys it thoroughly because it's great romantic music, but he'll hear modern music and he'll be up in arms. I have letters here that are driving me out of my mind because people are accusing us of spending most of our time playing modern classical music, which isn't true but that's the way they see it. So it's ugly. To them it's ugly; to us it's beautiful.

Carl Princi, KFAC operations manager[102]

Ray T. Miller died on July 13, 1966.[136] One of his sons, Robert Miller, divested his stake in Cleveland Broadcasting Incorporated in April 1968 into an irrevocable trust when he acquired WDBN in Medina, Ohio—but served both the Cleveland and Akron markets—for $1 million, then a record valuation for a full-power FM signal.[137] The following month, Atlantic States Industries (ASI), a subsidiary of McGavren-Guild Radio, purchased the company for a combined $9 million (equivalent to $78.9 million in 2023).[138] Due to ASI already owning five AM stations and one FM station, and because of an interim policy/proposed rule by the FCC prohibiting the purchase of an AM and FM station in the same market—the "one-to-a-customer" policy—KFAC and KFAC-FM would need a waiver in order to be exempted. Both stations purchased two full-page ads in the Los Angeles Times on January 19 and 23, 1969, soliciting listeners to write to KFAC in support of a waiver, claiming that if both stations were separated—even with a forced adoption of separate programming via the FM Non-Duplication Rule[139]—the format would be rendered unsustainable.[140] Approximately 3,000 people sent letters to KFAC in the first few days;[141] by February 9, a total of 15,000 letters were sent in support, including 500 letters from San Bernardino County alone. KFAC then forwarded the letters to the FCC.[139]

The waiver for KFAC and KFAC-FM was ultimately granted by the commission, and the deal was approved on October 29, 1969, on the condition that WERE-FM would be sold "as soon as practicable";[142] WERE-FM and the Sandusky stations had already been ordered for divestiture instead of either KFAC or KFAC-FM earlier in the process.[143] After initial deals for all three fell through,[144] the Sandusky stations were spun off to a separate entity run by another son of Raymond Miller.[145][146] General Cinema Corporation acquired WERE-FM in May 1970 for $525,000.[147]

The Listeners' Guild and innovative programming

edit
 
"How classical music changed my life." A 1978 newspaper advertisement for KFAC that poked fun at the station's audience being wealthy, educated and attractive to high-end advertisers.

Despite the arguments presented to the FCC that separate program lineups and philosophies on KFAC and KFAC-FM would be unworkable, the full-time simulcast ended in 1970 with the FM station programmed separately for 18 hours a day; both stations also eschewed "semi-classical" programming in favor of more serious works.[148] Another noticeable change was the adoption of clustered commercial breaks and on-air identifications similar to the Top 40 format, which was claimed to help increase the amount of music the stations could play.[149] The stations also established the KFAC Listeners' Guild in 1970 supported by an annual $3 membership fee, allowing listeners to provide direct feedback to the station and its operations.[150] The Guild boasted over 11,000 paid members within the first year.[134][151]

On January 17, 1972,[152] under newly installed program director Bernie Alan,[153] the AM station took a more "popular" approach to music selections, playing familiar tunes and melodies with the aim of attracting younger listeners, while KFAC-FM took a more serious approach via a deeper playlist and broader spectrum of selections.[154] Both stations continued to simulcast core programming like Evening Concert, Luncheon at the Lincoln Center, and Continental Classics.[155] All of these changes were not without controversy as a group of listeners filed challenges to KFAC's licenses with the FCC over the newly instituted programming policies.[131] The station settled the dispute by November 1972 by resuming publication of a program guide, seeking to tone down commercials, increasing the variety of selections aired on the AM frequency[156] and ultimately relieving Bernie Alan of his programming duties.[157]

 
Now known as SAG-AFTRA Plaza, this Miracle Mile building—under the Prudential Square name—housed KFAC's studios from 1953 to 1982.

Clyde Allen, Ph.D. served as KFAC's music director for 14 years[158] in addition to being the music director for the Los Angeles Ballet upon their 1974 formation.[159] Allen wrote and produced multiple documentaries, including a 12-hour KFAC retrospective that aired over both stations on January 14, 1979. Billed as celebrating "40 years of classical music programming," with an assortment of interviews, airchecks from past programs and other archival material, it was a largely apocryphal marketing promotion.[69] After moving studios from Prudential Square to the former Villa Capri restaurant on Hollywood's Yucca Street in 1982,[94][160] KFAC unveiled a large mural painted by Thomas Surlyz outside of the station building on Christmas Day, 1983, showing their long-tenured airstaff cavorting with their respective favorite historical composers.[104]

The station formally broke the glass ceiling in May 1985 with actress Lynne Warfel's hiring as the station's first female staff announcer; Carl Princi explained he had to wait several years for a job opening among the heavily tenured all-male staff.[161] Despite this distinction, Nicola Lubitsch—daughter of movie director Ernst Lubitsch—had an on-air tryout to be a regular station announcer, with later press accounts erroneously attributing her as the first female announcer,[162] but management opted to hire Warfel.[163] Moreover, Leonora Schildkraut had been the first female to host a regularly scheduled program over KFAC in 1972 with the youth-oriented Through the Looking Glass.[164] Co-produced by the Los Angeles Board of Education for additional use within the city's school district,[165] this weekly show won KFAC its lone Peabody Award in 1974.[166] Gertrude "Gussie" Moran also began a short-lived daily sportscast over KFAC on May 8, 1972, becoming the second female radio sportscaster in the city after KNX's Jane Chastain.[167]

KFAC would continue to develop different specialty shows. Global Village debuted in 1971 and aired for two hours every Friday night; developed by Dennis Parnell, it was a "mosaic program concept" that included selections of any type of music, along with poetry and other readings.[168] After Dennis Parnell left the station, KCSN host Doug Ordunio assumed several of Parnell's duties, taking over Global Village's production and provided the impetus for other shows.[169] Those shows included: Soundscape, simulcast over both stations, with no set format but the intent to display similarities between different music styles, along with discussions over the selections by Fred Crane;[169] At Home With, featuring interviews recorded at the homes of classical musical celebrities who lived in Southern California;[92] The Circular Path, a set of five four-hour specials surrounding music concepts and forms which would eventually repeat themselves; and Making Waves, a weekly program of new-age music. Soundscape replaced a self-titled show hosted by Skip Weshner that ran from 1973 to 1979,[90][169] Weshner would return to the station in 1983 to host the show again for one additional year.[170] Ordunio also became a staff announcer in 1981 hosting Artsline, a daily call-in talk show devoted to the arts that aired exclusively on the AM frequency.[171]

Dismissing the "KFAC Old Guard"

edit

Because publicity is rather obscure in our pursuit of broadcasting the classics--we are not, after all, your typical day-to-day hot copy--we felt more or less like anonymous creatures. I have actually received more recognition by being fired than at almost any other time in my career. I had no idea that so many people considered me a part of their daily lives.

Tom Dixon, former KFAC host[94]

Classic Communications, Inc., a group of investors headed by Louise Heifetz—the daughter-in-law of violin virtuoso Jascha Heifetz[94]—purchased the two stations from ASI on April 8, 1986, for $33.5 million (equivalent to $93.1 million in 2023);[172] KFAC executive vice president/sales manager Edward Argow was also a part of the group and was named chief operating officer.[173] At age 57, Ralph Guild, the head of ASI, thought it was time to sell KFAC.[172] When the sale closed on December 17, program director Carl Princi announced his departure effective January 1, 1987, KUSC executive Robert Goldfarb was appointed as his replacement; while Heifetz did mention some program changes would take place, she denied KFAC would change format.[174] In a shocking move, however, Princi, Tom Dixon, Fred Crane, Martin Workman, Doug Ordunio and A. James Liska were all fired outright on December 31, 1986, along with most of the engineering staff.[94][175] Dixon notably was dismissed in the middle of his airshift, while Workman was fired immediately after his show ended; The Gas Company Evening Concert was the lone show retained on the schedule due to being a sponsored program under a separate contract.[176] Evening Concert host Thomas Cassidy himself retired from full-time duties on February 7.[82]

Los Angeles Times commentary excerpt on KFAC's mass firings

In retrospect, the multi-decade tenure of Crane and Dixon and Princi must stand as one of the airwaves' major miracles. And that's just the point. These men deserve a better fate... all that's missing here is a simple show of respect. Not just for the announcers who've lost their jobs, but for the thousands of listeners who feel they've lost some old friends.

Marc Shulgold, January 15, 1987[177]

Robert Goldfarb publicly re-positioned KFAC as "100% classical", eschewing jazz selections and Broadway show tunes, with a younger airstaff consisting of Mary Fain from Seattle's KING-FM, KUSC announcer Rich Capparela, KFAC part-timer John Santana,[178] returning staffer Bernie Alan[94][175] and Martin Perlich.[179] KFAC also cancelled Adventures in Good Music[94] and dropped their Mutual Broadcasting System affiliation.[176] Jeff Pollack, a programming consultant famously associated with album-oriented rock stations, signed a contract to consult KFAC.[175] Heifetz and Argow defended the moves by saying that KFAC's programming scope needed to be broadened in order to attract younger listeners and improve perennially low Arbitron ratings, and the tenured airstaff just didn't fit their plans.[94] One month later, KMET's entire airstaff was dismissed and format changed outright due to declining ratings of their own, echoing Heifetz and Argow's rationale.[82] This was still a major departure from prior ASI management who regarded KFAC's audience as wealthy, educated and attractive to loyal high-end advertisers, a belief supported by the fact KFAC never operated with a financial loss.[94]

The firings and programming adjustments were met with a generally negative response from the public and dismay among the fired personnel. A commentary piece for the Los Angeles Times by Marc Shulgold noted how he had an "unsettling experience" while listening to the revamped format and concluded by saying the fired air talent and their listeners all deserved a better fate.[177] For their part, Carl Princi, Tom Dixon and Fred Crane all told the Times that Heifetz, Goldfarb and Argow badly misjudged the station's audience and predicted that KFAC's ratings and revenue would suffer as a result, while Dixon noted the outpouring of support from listeners upset at his removal far exceeded the recognition he received at any other point in his career.[94] The dismissed announcers would subsequently file an age-discrimination lawsuit against KFAC and prevailed in court.[96]

The end of KFAC

edit
See also: KRRL

KFAC and KFAC-FM were sold in two separate deals for a combined $63.7 million. After being put on the market in April 1988,[180] KFAC was sold to Lotus Communications for $8.7 million (equivalent to $22.4 million in 2023) on July 15.[181][182] Just before that deal closed on January 17, 1989, KFAC-FM was subsequently sold to Evergreen Media for $55 million (equivalent to $135 million in 2023).[183] The FM alone set a record for the most expensive sale of a classical music outlet in the United States.[184] At the end, just five percent of KFAC-AM-FM's combined total audience listened to the AM frequency, which is why it was sold off first;[185] even though KFAC-FM was not on the market, the offer made by Evergreen was high enough that it prompted Classic Communications to consider selling.[184]

Immediately, the news of the KFAC-FM sale in particular raised alarms from industry experts that the station was about to exit the classical format. While Evergreen head Scott Ginsberg initially told Radio & Records that the station's format would remain in place,[186] American Radio publisher James Duncan Jr. warned, "Classical radio stations are not in vogue. What's in vogue is FM stations in Los Angeles", saying that Evergreen would have no choice but to change formats in order to make the revenue needed to pay the debt service incurred in acquiring KFAC-FM.[184] After months of speculation, Evergreen donated the music library from both stations, estimated at 50,000 recordings, to KUSC, along with a $35,000 check;[187] Stanford University and the Los Angeles Public Library acquired KFAC's compact disc library, the majority of titles KUSC already held.[188] KUSC also acquired the programming rights to the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Texaco Metropolitan Opera broadcasts.[187]

Opening to Rich Capparela's KFAC farewell speech

While it is too late to save KFAC, I believe that we should be able to draw a lesson from this passing, and turn this event into something good. I know that there are some who would say, "well, what's the big deal? We've got bigger problems to deal with!" And to people like that, and if you're thinking that way, I say this: if you want to make this country a better place to live in...you can start with nothing more important than the arts. Now, I'm not just talking here about classical music... literature, architecture, dance: the humanities. The humanities and a study of things greater than themselves is the most important way to impress people–especially young people!–of their place. Of their worth.

Rich Capparela, September 20, 1989[189]

KFAC's demise was seen as the end of an era in Los Angeles. In July, KPFK held a two-hour program that served as an "early wake" for KFAC, during which 20 listeners called into the station.[190] KCRW presented a three-hour documentary—titled "KFAC: Requiem for a Radio Station"—hosted by Nicola Lubitsch with appearances from Fred Crane, Carl Princi, Thomas Cassidy and Tom Dixon, and a look back at KFAC's history.[162] The Los Angeles Times editorial board mused on the pending switch, noting the dubious distinction of Los Angeles becoming the only major American city without a commercial classical music radio station, and advocated for another station in the market to adopt the format.[191] Mount Wilson FM Broadcasters' KKGO-FM had already announced the adoption of classical programming during the daytime starting in January 1990,[178][158] with its existing jazz format being transferred to KKGO (540 AM).[192] Mount Wilson chairman Saul Levine expressed interest in acquiring the entire KFAC music library, but abandoned the offer when presented with a $1 million asking price; newly appointed general manager Jim de Castro—who joined the station in March from Evergreen's Chicago outlet WLUP[193] and presided over the station's music library donations—denied seeking that amount, but that two appraisers valued the collection at upwards of $1.8 million.[188]

Meanwhile, new ownership capitalized on the attention to begin teasing 92.3's next format. The station carried part of a Rolling Stones press conference in Los Angeles in mid-July,[158][192] and in August, it paid for a billboard on Sunset Boulevard reading, "Pirate Radio, KLSX, KLOS: Get Ready to Move Over and Let the Big Dogs Eat!"[194] While published reports speculated that the station was to call itself "KBDE" as an acronym for "Big Dogs Eat",[193] James de Castro admitted to Radio & Records that the Sunset Boulevard billboard installation only came about after he won a bet playing golf, providing him (and Evergreen) full use of it for a full month.[195] The earlier warnings posited by James Duncan Jr. and the dismissed KFAC personnel would become prophetic, as de Castro told The New York Times that KFAC suffered a significant decline in advertising revenue that rendered the format economically impossible to continue.[6] Evergreen hired Liz Kiley from KOST as program director for the replacement format; despite her background in adult contemporary and contemporary hit radio, Kiley ordered for the station several AOR-related syndicated radio specials.[196] De Castro also expressed surprise in a Los Angeles Times interview that no organized effort to challenge the format change ever materialized, even as the station received a steady amount of protest letters and phone calls.[187]

While the station had prepared a final schedule of music programming for the entire month of September 1989, the switch ended up occurring mid-month, as had been anticipated. That schedule for the last two days of the month was to have included, at the end of every air shift, Haydn's "Farewell" Symphony.[197] The soon-to-be-dismissed airstaff made pointed references on-air to the station's demise in the days leading up to it; Rich Capparela compared it to an execution by firing squad before reading a weather forecast, while after playing Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6, Mary Fain said that the piece was "composed just a few months before his death, and played just a few hours before ours at KFAC."[6] The classical music station in San Diego, KFSD, ran advertising on KFAC promoting itself as "classical music for San Diego—and now for Orange County".[198] At the same time, Evergreen took out local ads on L.A. Law, the 1989 MTV Movie Awards, and The Arsenio Hall Show that teased the new station.[193]

At noon on September 20, 1989, KUSC, which had also placed advertising for its classical offerings on KFAC in the final days, simulcast the final hour of KFAC's classical programming.[187] This included Jim de Castro ceremoniously "passing a baton" to KUSC general manager Wallace Smith,[193] followed by a farewell message from Rich Capparela, who would rejoin KUSC's airstaff; the hour concluded with KFAC-FM's final classical selection—the "Farewell" Symphony[187]—and a moment of silence led by de Castro.[189] At 1 p.m., after 60 seconds of silence, the FM station began stunting with heartbeat sounds, interspersed with brief snippets of rock songs,[193] ahead of the debut of KKBT "The Beat" the next day.[199] The mural of KFAC's core airstaff outside of the Villa Capri studios was eventually painted over[193] and an outdoor "wall of fame" of brass plaques honoring classical music composers was supplanted by a series of plaques honoring contemporary music artists.[187]

The KFAC call letters, which were also donated to KUSC,[188] were placed on one of their repeater stations in Santa Barbara from 1991 to 2004;[200] that station is now KCRW repeater KDRW.

KWKW

edit
For information on KWKW at 1300 AM prior to 1989, see KAZN.

KWKW moves to 1330

edit
 
The lead Spanish-language play-by-play announcer for the Los Angeles Dodgers since 1959, Jaime Jarrín began his career at KWKW (1300 AM) in 1955. At both 1300 AM and 1330 AM, KWKW served as the team's Spanish flagship from 1958 to 1972 and again from 1986 to 2007.[201]

In contrast to the FM, the AM station would have a more straightforward fate. In order to facilitate their acquisition of KFAC and comply with then-existing FCC regulations, Lotus divested their existing Los Angeles AM property, KWKW (1300 AM) in Pasadena, to NetworksAmerica—headed by former KFAC station manager George Fritzinger—for $4.5 million (equivalent to $11.6 million in 2023);[181] paperwork filed with the FCC showed Classic Communications purchasing KWKW from Lotus for the same dollar amount then acting as the seller.[182] Lotus retained the KWKW call letters, all on and off-air personnel, programming, and history; the previous KWKW, owned by Lotus since 1962, was Southern California's oldest Spanish-language outlet, which had been broadcasting since 1941[202] and operated on the 1300 AM facility since 1950 following a similar asset/license swap.[203] KWKW had been owned by Lotus since 1962 and was the first station to be purchased by the nascent broadcast chain.[204]

On January 14, 1989, KFAC's call letters were changed to KWKW, and the programming heard on the previous KWKW effectively "moved" from 1300 to 1330, representing a coverage boost improving reception in the San Fernando Valley.[185] In the process, a British comedy program known as Cynic's Choice hosted by Brian Clewer, which had aired only on the AM frequency since 1971, was displaced.[185][205] NetworksAmerica concurrently changed the former KWKW's call letters to KAZN and relaunched it as an Asian radio station—the first such radio station to operate in the Los Angeles area.[185][206] With the switch to 1330 AM, KWKW expanded its focus on regional Mexican music (including mariachi and banda), calling itself "La Mexicana". It also brought with it its sports coverage, which included Spanish-language broadcasts of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Raiders.[207] Dodgers broadcasts were headed up by play-by-play announcer Jaime Jarrín, a position he has held continuously since the 1959 season;[201] Jarrín began working at KWKW in 1955 as a news reporter.[208] The station was further recognized by the National Association of Broadcasters as 1992's Spanish-language station of the year during their annual Marconi Radio Awards.[202] That same year, Jim Kalmenson of Lotus attributed the success of KWKW to an audience that preferred tradition over change and needed a source of community information.[209]

In 1994, new program director Alberto Vera shuffled the station's lineup, leading to the resignations of several members of the air staff and protests from listeners; Vera sought to make the station better for family listening and reduce the number of double entendres heard on the air.[210] KWKW experimented with a talk format in 1995 but could not fully commit to it because of contracts relating to the hosts of its music-driven shows.[211] On August 11, 1997, KWKW left its regional Mexican music format and became just the second Spanish-language all-talk station in the United States (KTNQ was the first).[211] It was the only Spanish-language radio station in the United States to send a crew to cover the 1998 visit of Pope John Paul II to Cuba.[202] In 2000, Arbitron surveys showed its listenership included the oldest and wealthiest Spanish speakers in the area; its programming, in addition to the Dodgers, included a live call-in show on immigration topics (Inmigración 1330) and hourly newscasts covering Mexican and Central American news.[202] In 1996, the station became the Spanish-language flagship of the Los Angeles Lakers in Kobe Bryant's rookie season, timing that was credited with helping the Lakers cement themselves as the most important sports franchise in the Los Angeles Hispanic market.[212]

Lotus acquired KWPA (1220 AM), a 250-watt station in Pomona, from Multicultural Broadcasting in 1999 for $750,000 (equivalent to $1.37 million in 2023).[213] Lotus renamed it KWKU and converted it to a simulcast of KWKW's sports programming improving reception in Pomona and Ontario, in addition to serving as an overflow station for KWKW sports coverage; KWKU also exclusively carried broadcasts of the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA. The KWKU nominal main studio in Pomona would prove critical to getting KWKW back on the air on December 6, 2001, when a major fire at the Sunset Vine Tower, home to the Lotus cluster, caused extensive electrical damage to the building, which was deemed unsafe by fire officials. 105 computers, mixers and other equipment were carted out of the building, and John Cooper, the chief engineer for Lotus Los Angeles, drove them to Pomona, where the station was back on the air in six hours.[214] As a result of the extensive damage, Lotus relocated temporarily to the recently vacated KTNQ studios and later purchased a building near Universal Studios Hollywood to be fitted out for its operation.[214]

In 2003, Armando Aguayo—today one of the radio voices of Los Angeles FC, heard in Spanish on KWKW's sister station KFWB—got his start in the market on KWKW.[215]

ESPN Deportes and Tu Liga Radio

edit

I'm excited (about the Dodgers' new radio contract)... it's fantastic. But I was with KWKW for 51 years and a little bit of my heart will always be with KWKW.

Jaime Jarrín, on the Dodgers' Spanish language radio flagship changing from KWKW to KHJ for the 2008 season[201]

On October 1, 2005, KWKW went full-time as a Spanish-language sports station, the flagship of a new radio network, ESPN Deportes Radio.[4] At the time, the station also carried Chivas USA games.[216] However, the station's relationship with the Dodgers—which had been on KWKW from 1958 to 1972 and then again beginning in 1986—ended after the 2007 season, when the franchise, citing its dislike of soccer preemptions that could have happened under the station's new deal to carry LA Galaxy games, opted to sign with KHJ.[201] The Galaxy deal was arranged after David Beckham signed a landmark contract with the MLS club, boosting the club and leagues' visibility on an international scale.[217] Consequently, the station inked a five-year contract to become the Spanish-language flagship of the Los Angeles Angels, but Jaime Jarrín remained with the Dodgers broadcast team, ending a 51-year long run at KWKW as both a news reporter and sportscaster.[201] Current Galaxy announcer Rolando 'Veloz' González has credited Jarrín with helping him get a start in U.S. broadcasting after immigrating from his native Guatemala.[218]

Along with the Galaxy coverage, the station has carried the FIFA World Cup; while coverage of the 2006 edition was in Spanish, KWKW carried most of ESPN Radio's English-language coverage of the 2010 edition, allowing ESPN Radio affiliates KSPN and KLAA to continue with their normal program schedules. In 2018, the station contracted with Fútbol de Primera, the national soccer radio network that holds World Cup rights, to exclusively produce coverage for KWKW.[219] KWKW and Fútbol de Primera teamed up again in 2019 to broadcast the first ever Spanish-language U.S. radio coverage of the FIFA Women's World Cup.[220]

KWKW also was the Spanish flagship of the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League until the team folded in April 2009.[4] Also in 2009, KWKW added the other NBA team in Los Angeles, the Clippers, to its rights portfolio, carrying 48 games in the first season.[221] In 2016, KWKW became the Spanish-language home of the Los Angeles Rams, heading up a multi-station network that also includes Lotus's Spanish sports outlet in Las Vegas, KENO.[222] Two years later, the station picked up 10 games of the Los Angeles Kings—the first time in 20 years that any of the NHL team's games were broadcast in Spanish.[223] With Francisco X. Rivera and Nano Cortes as the announcers, this addition coincided with the Kings moving their English-language coverage onto the iHeartRadio platform; the team evaluated the KWKW partnership's viability through social media feedback and interactions.[224] The relationship was renewed for the 2019–20 season, with 12 home games airing on KWKW.[225]

When ESPN Deportes ended operations on September 8, 2019, KWKW affiliated with TUDN Radio, another Spanish-language sports network operated by Univision, airing its programming on nights and weekends.[3][226] KWKW did not learn of the network's folding until it was publicly announced; general manager Jim Kalmenson said that ESPN Deportes programming was largely supplemental to the station's local sports talk programming which earned higher ratings.[219] The station also rebranded to Tu Liga (Your League) reflecting the addition of Liga MX soccer to the lineup via TUDN Radio's play-by-play.[226] Along with the switch, prior TUDN affiliate KTNQ—itself owned by Univision—switched back to a talk format.[227]

Programming

edit

Weekdays and weekends

edit

Local sports programming on KWKW includes Mi Raza...Tu Liga with Rafael Ramos Villagrana, Mario Amaya, and Armando Aguayo in early afternoons; the latter two also host SuperGol with Armando Aguayo, Troy Santiago and Mario Amaya in late afternoons.[228] TUDN Radio programming airs on nights and weekends.[226]

There are several non-sports specialty programs that air on KWKW, notably on Saturdays when the station airs eight hours of specialty programs under the banner Sábados Centroamericanos (Central American Saturdays).[228] On weekdays, KWKW broadcasts a health program, Nutrición al Día (Nutrition Today), hosted by Dr. Neyda Carballo-Ricardo.[229]

Play-by-play

edit

KWKW is currently the flagship of a four-station Spanish-language network for the Los Angeles Lakers (NBA), with Jose "Pepe" Mantilla, Fernando González and Francisco Pinto as announcers; all games are broadcast live.[230] The station is additionally the flagship of a multi-station Spanish-language network for the Los Angeles Rams (NFL) featuring play-by-play announcer Troy Santiago and color analyst Ricardo López.[231] All games from the LA Galaxy (MLS) are broadcast exclusively on KWKW with play-by-play announcer Rolando 'Veloz' González, whose involvement with the team dates back to 1996.[218]

KWKW also airs Spanish-language play-by-play of the following teams: the Los Angeles Angels (MLB)[201] with announcer José Tolentino,[232] the Los Angeles Clippers (NBA) with announcer Armando Garcia[233] and the Los Angeles Kings (NHL) with announcer Francisco X. Rivera. Select coverage of Liga MX matches are broadcast on KWKW via TUDN Radio. Co-owned KFWB also carries select play-by-play from the aforementioned teams in the event of schedule conflicts.[226]

FM translator

edit

In 2017, KWKW began broadcasting on an FM translator, K264CQ (100.7 FM), which has its transmitter mounted to one of KWKW's AM towers.[234]

Broadcast translator for KWKW
Call sign Frequency City of license FID ERP (W) HAAT Class Transmitter coordinates FCC info
K264CQ 100.7 FM Los Angeles 141734 60 110 m (361 ft) D 34°01′10″N 118°20′45″W / 34.01944°N 118.34583°W / 34.01944; -118.34583 LMS

References

edit
  1. ^ "Facility Technical Data for KWKW". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
  2. ^ "Station Search Details". Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  3. ^ a b Venta, Lance (September 10, 2019). "TUDN & Unanimo Deportes Fill ESPN Deportes Sized Hole". RadioInsight. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "KWKW to Join ESPN Team for Major Push of Sports en Español". LA Business Journal. July 25, 2005. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  5. ^ Gerard, Jeremy (October 16, 1989). "The Media Business; Classical Stations Do Their Best To Survive". The New York Times. New York, New York.
  6. ^ a b c Mydans, Seth; Special To the New York Times (September 20, 1989). "Los Angeles Journal; In a Quest For Profit, Beethoven Is Ousted". The New York Times. New York, New York. p. A16. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  7. ^ Cox, Bobby (December 23, 2016). "Kintronic Triplexes KABC(AM)". Radio World. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Wilkins, Michael J. (1987). "Choosing a Church Home". Biola Radio. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  9. ^ "After hiatus, Biola Radio sings again". The Chimes. May 27, 2008. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  10. ^ "Radio Heritage Foundation - KFSG Los Angeles - Setting the Record Straight". www.radioheritage.net. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  11. ^ a b Fuller, Daniel P. (1972). Give the Winds a Mighty Voice: The Story of Charles E. Fuller. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 75–76. ISBN 9781498207157. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  12. ^ "Bible Institute Plans Building Kilowatt Radio". Los Angeles Times. August 10, 1922. p. 8. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ "Nearly 70 Sending Broadcast: Los Angeles Has Sixteen Stations and This District Has Sixty-seven". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. June 18, 1922. p. II6. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Daggett, John S. (May 11, 1922). "Broadcasting times changed: Southland Radio Association Amends Schedule; "Times" to be on the Air Twice Daily; New Sending Periods Are Effective Friday". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. 1, 10. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Thousands listen to wireless program: Dedicatory Concert from Great New Air Station is Heard Throughout Southland". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles, California. April 14, 1922. pp. 1, 9. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ a b "Pulpit Topics Cover Many Affairs of Day". Los Angeles Daily Times. Los Angeles, California. April 22, 1922. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "K. J. S. Bible Institute Radiophone: Program for the Week August 21st to August 27th" (PDF). Radio Doings. August 19, 1922. p. 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Church of the Open Door/The Bible Institute of Los Angeles". Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1928. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ "Bible Institute Stresses Music". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. September 23, 1927. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b "KTBI" (PDF). Radio Doings. December 18, 1927. p. 74. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  21. ^ Powers, Ralph L. (November 11, 1928). "New Broadcast Changes May Puzzle Radio Fan". Los Angeles Times. p. 15. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "New Studio at KTBI Station". Los Angeles Times. June 4, 1928. p. 14. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "Children's Program for Institute Radio". Los Angeles Times. April 20, 1928. p. 8. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "Radio Schedule for Trinity Methodist". Los Angeles Times. November 4, 1928. p. 29. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ a b Humes, Edward (March 2, 2007). "How Biola University Is Out to Prove That It's No Old-fashioned Bible School Los Angeles Magazine". Los Angeles Magazine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  26. ^ "Bible Institute in Challenge". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. October 19, 1930. p. II5. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ Frogley, Kenneth (April 29, 1931). "Big Names, New Programs Due to Reach One's Ear". Daily News. Los Angeles, California. p. 26. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ Treanor, Thomas (April 27, 1931). "Grace Moore Sings on Weekly Opera Star Broadcast Tonight". Los Angeles Evening Express. Los Angeles, California. p. 14. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ a b c FCC History Cards for KWKW
  30. ^
  31. ^ Treanor, Thomas (April 17, 1931). "Entertaining Schedule of Familiar Features on Airways This Evening". Los Angeles Evening Express. Los Angeles, California. p. 20. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ Hilliker, Jim. "First Religious Radio Station in Los Angeles, California". www.laalmanac.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  33. ^ "PCAD - Bible Institute of Los Angeles, Downtown, Los Angeles, CA". pcad.lib.washington.edu. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  34. ^ Kudler, Adrian Glick (September 12, 2011). "One of Downtown's Jesus Saves Signs Taken Away in Dead of Night". Curbed LA. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  35. ^ Shaw, Alexis (September 14, 2011). ""Jesus Saves" Moves to Glendale". NBC Los Angeles. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  36. ^ Harnisch, Larry (September 11, 2011). "Jesus Unsaved? [Updated]". The LA Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  37. ^ Pool, Bob (July 4, 2013). "Biola University settles for replica of iconic 'Jesus saves' sign". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  38. ^ a b "O.R. Fuller, Auburn-Fuller Co., Pioneer Commercial Auto Co., White Auto Co., KFVD, KFAC, Los Angeles, Pioneer Truck and Transfer Co., Auburn California Co., Auburn Automobile Sales Co. California Branch, Olive Ransome Fuller, Motor Transit Co. - CoachBuilt.com". www.coachbuilt.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  39. ^ Brannigan, Alice (January 1990). "Remembering Old Time Radio: We Dig Through The Dusty Archives to Keep You Posted on the Past" (PDF). Popular Communications. p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  40. ^ a b "Artistic Wilshire Business Addition: Will Be Formally Dedicated and Opened This Week". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. April 3, 1932. p. V-3. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ a b c d Barrett, Don; Hilliker, Jim (February 11, 2017). "Email Saturday, 2.11: ** KFAC Clarifications". laradio.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  42. ^ Douglas, Doug (April 12, 1932). ""Joe Palooka" in Radio Bow". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. 18. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ^ "Auburn-Fuller Company Gets New Receiver". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. June 4, 1932. p. II-6. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ a b Borgeson, pp. 174.
  45. ^ "CORD FAMILY FLED KIDNAPPING THREAT; Went Abroad Suddenly After Repeated Warnings That 4 Children Faced Harm. IN ENGLAND TWO MONTHS Motor Man Now Is Expected to Take 'Indefinite Cruise' as Yacht Clears for Europe". The New York Times. May 30, 1934. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  46. ^ Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES (May 31, 1934). "CORD DOES NOT DENY HE FLED KIDNAPPERS; But Refuses Definite Comment -- Sons' Wisconsin School Tells of Threats". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  47. ^ "KVFD [sic] Sale Arranged" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 1, 1936. p. 50. ProQuest 1014782822. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  48. ^ "KFVD, Los Angeles, purchased several weeks ago by J. F. Burke..." (PDF). Broadcasting. July 1, 1936. p. 131. ProQuest 1014911312. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  49. ^ "Errett Cord Is Dead at 79; Developer of Luxury Car". The New York Times. July 4, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  50. ^ Palmer, Kyle (January 17, 1933). "Supreme Court Rejects Radio Plea of Shuler; Counsel Indicates Further Battle; Decision Viewed as Final Sets Up Precedent on Broadcasting". Los Angeles Times. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  51. ^ "KGFJ - Los Angeles, The Original 24-Hour Radio Station". jeff560.tripod.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  52. ^ "Hearst Interests Ready To Assume Operation of Two West Coast Stations" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 1, 1935. p. 31. ProQuest 1505578380. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  53. ^ "New Los Angeles Station With Half KFAC's Time Is Favored by Examiner" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 1, 1936. p. 65. ProQuest 1014790507. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  54. ^ "Kindig Station Denied" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 1, 1936. p. 57. ProQuest 1014915684. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  55. ^ "Radio Changes Set For Saturday". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 1941. p. 24. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  56. ^ ""The Keeper of the Pig" ..." Los Angeles Evening Express. Los Angeles, California. July 30, 1931. p. 18. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "Keeper of the Pig: With His Family of Radio Porkers, Harry Jackson Entertains the Kids and at the Same Time Molds Their Characters" (PDF). Radio Doings. September 1931. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  58. ^ "Behind the Microphone" (PDF). Broadcasting. November 15, 1931. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  59. ^ a b "Radio in Review: Uncle Whoa Bill" (PDF). Radio Life. June 1, 1947. pp. 10–11. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  60. ^ a b c "You Have to Be Young" (PDF). Radio Life. February 3, 1946. pp. 29, 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  61. ^ "Seen on the Radio Scene" (PDF). Radio Life. May 9, 1944. p. 59. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  62. ^ Obituaries, Telegraph (May 9, 2019). "Louise Erickson, actress who became an emblem of the Bobby Soxer generation – obituary". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  63. ^ Galloway, Doug (June 19, 1997). "Aaron (Red) Doff". Variety. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  64. ^ Oliver, Myrna (June 18, 1997). "Aaron 'Red' Doff; Talent Agent, Publicist and Movie Producer". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  65. ^ a b Chambers, Stan; Brokaw, Tom (2008). KTLA's News At 10: Sixty Years with Stan Chambers. Lake Forest, California: Behler Publications. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781933016696.
  66. ^ "Crosby Interprets Football Fever in 'Times' Program". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. November 22, 1937. p. I-4. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. ^ a b Fong-Torres, Ben (1998). The Hits Just Keep on Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. pp. 22, 60–64. ISBN 9780879306649.
  68. ^ Shepherd, John; Horn, David; Laing, Dave; Oliver, Paul (2003). Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 1: Media, Industry, Society. London: Continuum. p. 462. ISBN 9781847144737.
  69. ^ a b c Brown, James (January 14, 1979). "KFAC Celebrates a Classic Stage of Nostalgia". Los Angeles Times. pp. 74, 75. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. ^ "Keeping Up With Fast Company" (PDF). Radio Life. January 16, 1944. p. 25. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  71. ^ "Soap Suds Alley: Five-A-Day" (PDF). Radio Album. Dell Magazines. Fall 1948. pp. 74–75. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  72. ^ "Barbara is a homebody" (PDF). Radio Mirror. July 1947. pp. 30–32, 90–92. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  73. ^ a b c Princi, Carl (January–February 1979). "Cover Profile" (PDF). The KFAC Listeners Guild Magazine. p. 2. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  74. ^ a b c Buchanan, Joan (July 13, 1947). "Mikemen--Thomas Cassidy" (PDF). Radio Life. pp. 33, 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  75. ^ Lax, Cecille (January–February 1979). "NEWS & VIEWS" (PDF). The KFAC Listeners Guild Magazine. p. 14. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  76. ^ Palmer, Zuma (October 12, 1935). "Entertainment On The Air for Tonight and Tomorrow". Citizen-News. Hollywood, California. p. 13. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  77. ^ Armstrong, Dale (August 16, 1935). "Ruth Etting to Sing for 'Army Night'". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. L14. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ^ "LA Times radio log". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. January 15, 1938. p. 8. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. ^ "Commemorating - 5th Anniversary of Your Gas Company's "Evening Concert": Advertisement". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. October 21, 1945. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. ^ Corbett, Noel (November 5, 1940). "Valley Radio-Voices". San Fernando Valley Times. p. 3. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  81. ^ a b Lamon, Corine (August 6, 1944). "He Gets a Word In Edgeways" (PDF). Radio Life. pp. 8, 35. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  82. ^ a b c McDougal, Dennis (February 7, 1987). "Sudden, drastic changes at KMET". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. VI-8. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. ^ a b "PASSINGS: Thomas Cassidy, Valerie Eliot". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. November 13, 2012. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  84. ^
  85. ^
  86. ^ ZeVan, Barry (June 17, 2002). ""I Love Lucy" script writer was one fascinating lady". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  87. ^ Cox, Jim (2012). Musicmakers of Network Radio: 24 Entertainers, 1926-1962. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9780786489626.
  88. ^ "All Opening For You In Radio!" (PDF). Radio Life. December 16, 1945. pp. 30–31. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  89. ^
  90. ^ a b c d e f Princi, Carl (January–February 1979). "Message from the Office of Community Involvement" (PDF). The KFAC Listeners Guild Magazine. pp. 4, 8, 56. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  91. ^ "It'll Be a Different KFAC; Everything New" (PDF). The Billboard. July 15, 1944. p. 7. ProQuest 1032337295. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  92. ^ a b Simanaitis, John (September 9, 2015). "KFAC, REMEMBERED FONDLY". Simanaitis Says. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  93. ^ a b Borgeson, pp. 113.
  94. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k McDougal, Dennis (January 15, 1987). "Dismay in the Voices Dismissed from KFAC". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. VI1, VI8, VI10. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  95. ^ a b "KFAC MOVES WEST* - Advertisement" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 29, 1952. p. 35. ProQuest 1285697256. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  96. ^ a b c McLellan, Dennis (August 24, 2008). "Fred Crane, radio announcer, actor, at 90". Boston.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  97. ^ Carter, Peggy (June 17, 1945). "He'd Rather Be On Time Than President" (PDF). Radio Life. pp. 30–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  98. ^ McLellan, Dennis (April 1, 2010). "Tom Dixon dies at 94; L.A. radio's voice of classical music for over 50 years". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  99. ^ Tepper, Ron (December 4, 1960). "Music: the Long and Short of It". Los Angeles Times Calendar. Los Angeles, California. p. 23. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. ^ a b Folkart, Burt A. (May 5, 1992). "Carl Princi, 71; Voice of Opera on L.A. Radio". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  101. ^ Rich, Allen (November 30, 1954). "Listening Post and TV Review". Valley Times. Valley News Corporation. p. 22. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  102. ^ a b Hamilton, Bob (July–September 1976). "Carl Princi, Newest Staff Member - Only 23 Years" (PDF). Hamilton Radio Quarterly Report '76. pp. 144–147. Retrieved January 12, 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  103. ^ "Bill Carlson; Classical Music Announcer at KFAC". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. December 22, 1999. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  104. ^ a b "Classical dimension" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 2, 1984. p. 76. ProQuest 963232871. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  105. ^ "What Cooks? Ira Cook" (PDF). The Billboard. June 19, 1948. p. Convention 54. ProQuest 1039911373. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  106. ^ "Radio In Review: News and Comment- Looks Like" (PDF). Radio Life. February 13, 1949. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  107. ^ "Bill Gavin, the Founder in '58 Of List on Air Play of Records". The New York Times. New York, New York. January 30, 1985. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  108. ^ Weinstock, Matt (September 21, 1951). "Matt Weinstock: End of an era". Daily News. Los Angeles, California. p. 18. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  109. ^ "Roundup: Local sponsor's program build international good will" (PDF). Sponsor Magazine. September 2, 1952. p. 52. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  110. ^ Ames, Walter (April 12, 1952). "Early Easter Services Set for Radio". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. 19. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  111. ^ "Production" (PDF). Broadcasting-Telecasting. Vol. 37, no. 1. July 4, 1949. p. 40. ProQuest 1505579566. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021 – via World Radio History.
  112. ^ Zhito, Lee (January 31, 1961). "Discourse: LP Programming" (PDF). Billboard Music Week. Vol. 73, no. 4. p. 76. ProQuest 1438622150. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021 – via World Radio History.
  113. ^ Tiegel, Eliot (March 27, 1965). "Minority Rules at Longhair KFAC: Classical Played With a Capital C" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 77, no. 13. p. 56. ProQuest 1286304372. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021 – via World Radio History.
  114. ^ "air-casters" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 10, 1951. p. 74. ProQuest 1401196711. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  115. ^ Bundy, June (December 22, 1951). "Vox Jox" (PDF). The Billboard. p. 22. ProQuest 1040152196. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  116. ^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1950 (PDF). Broadcasting. 1950. p. 83. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  117. ^ a b FCC History Cards for KRRL
  118. ^ a b "Tonight: Hear Your Gas Company's Evening Concert Direct from Hollywood Bowl - Advertisement". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. July 15, 1954. p. 28. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  119. ^ Moore, Frank; Moore, Bill (October 16, 1953). "With a Grain Of Salt". Redlands Daily Facts. Redlands, California. p. 10. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  120. ^ "KFAC Will Move, Increase Coverage". Los Angeles Times. July 13, 1954. p. 5. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  121. ^ "Superpower FMs". www.w9wi.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  122. ^ "KFAC STUDIOS: Smith Announces Move" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 29, 1952. p. 30. ProQuest 1285687046. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  123. ^ "Historic Miracle Mile Building Dedicated as SAG-AFTRA Plaza". SAG-AFTRA. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  124. ^ "KFAC in New Studios; No Loss of Air Time" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 4, 1953. p. 78. ProQuest 1285695747. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  125. ^ "Church, Refused KFAC Time, Takes Protest to Commission" (PDF). Broadcasting. March 18, 1957. p. 7. ProQuest 1401221012. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  126. ^ a b "Broadcasts Set for First Methodist". Los Angeles Times. May 25, 1957. p. 15. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  127. ^ "First Methodist Church: Advertisement". Los Angeles Times. May 23, 1942. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  128. ^ Shannon, Don (March 19, 1957). "L.A. Church Asks FCC to Keep Services on Air". Los Angeles Times. p. 8. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  129. ^ "Church Complaint Denied" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 20, 1957. p. 68. ProQuest 1401223543. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  130. ^ "KFAC-AM-FM bought by Miller group" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 20, 1962. p. 66. ProQuest 1014458198. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via World Radio History.
  131. ^ a b Rockwell, John (September 2, 1972). "KFAC and Listeners at the Crossroads". Los Angeles Times Calendar. Los Angeles, California. pp. 1, 56, 59. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  132. ^ a b Tiegel, Eliot (January 4, 1964). "Loyalty, Dedication, Music Give Classics Strong Pulse" (PDF). Billboard. p. 25. ProQuest 1286275484. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  133. ^ "Classical Station Attracts Music Shops as Sponsors" (PDF). Billboard. January 30, 1965. p. 44. ProQuest 1286275484. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  134. ^ a b Sippel, John (June 12, 1971). "Classical Outlet Woos Listeners" (PDF). Billboard. pp. 30, 42. ProQuest 1049650111. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  135. ^ Folkart, Burt A. (May 20, 1990). "Martin Workman; Music Center Radio Host". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  136. ^ "Ray T. Miller Sr. Is Dead at 73". The Plain Dealer. July 14, 1966. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved June 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  137. ^ "$1-million FM sale sets new high" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 15, 1968. pp. 46–47. ProQuest 1014513553. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  138. ^ "Closed Circuit: Group transfer" (PDF). Broadcasting. May 27, 1968. p. 5. ProQuest 1014519700. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via World Radio History.
  139. ^ a b Perlee, Charles D. (February 9, 1969). "500 Area Listeners Back KFAC". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. C-10. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  140. ^ "An Urgent Message to the Friends of KFAC: Advertisement". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. January 19, 1969. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  141. ^ "Public at odds with one-to-customer: KFAC ad campaign prompts 3,000 letters for common ownership in stations' sale" (PDF). Broadcasting. January 27, 1969. p. 30. ProQuest 1014512506. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via World Radio History.
  142. ^ "Station-sale block hot at FCC: WDBJ spin-offs, WERE-AM-FM, WALA-TV are among 14 transactions approved by commission" (PDF). Broadcasting. November 3, 1969. pp. 42, 44. ProQuest 1014524884. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via World Radio History.
  143. ^ "ASI adds a Calif. UHF, awaits OK of radio buy" (PDF). Broadcasting. September 15, 1969. p. 82. ProQuest 1014524021. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via World Radio History.
  144. ^
  145. ^ "For the Record: Ownership Transfers, Final Actions" (PDF). Broadcasting. November 10, 1969. p. 96. ProQuest 1014536900. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via World Radio History.
  146. ^ "A tax break on WERE-FM sale" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 14, 1970. p. 71. ProQuest 1016861972. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2019 – via World Radio History.
  147. ^
  148. ^ "KFAC Sheds 'Semi' For 'Pure' Sound" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 82, no. 7. February 14, 1970. p. 34. ProQuest 1040642463. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021 – via World Radio History.
  149. ^ Hall, Claude (July 7, 1972). "Bruce Johnson: Classical Fans Hurt Format" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 84, no. 27. pp. 1, 16. ProQuest 1040677857. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021 – via World Radio History.
  150. ^ Tiegel, Eliot (January 16, 1971). "KFAC Acts to Boost Classical" (PDF). Billboard. pp. 1, 13. ProQuest 1040554253. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  151. ^ "Special Report: Radio '71" (PDF). Broadcasting. June 21, 1971. p. 72. ProQuest 1285745558. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  152. ^ "KFAC Changes Format". San Bernardino Sun-Telegram. January 15, 1972. p. B-10. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  153. ^ Page, Don (January 23, 1972). "Sound of Growing Pains at KFAC". Los Angeles Times Calendar. Los Angeles, California. p. 58. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  154. ^ Paik, Felicia (July 22, 1989). "THE ROOTS OF KFAC". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  155. ^ "KFAC AM-FM Change" (PDF). Billboard. January 29, 1972. pp. 24, 28. ProQuest 1286364308. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  156. ^ Beigel, Jerry (November 16, 1972). "An Uneasy Truce at KFAC". Los Angeles Times. p. 34. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  157. ^ Hilliker, Jim (January 18, 2007). "Remembering KPPC-AM: The birth and death of a heritage radio station". laradio.com. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  158. ^ a b c Puig, Claudia (July 22, 1989). "KFAC to Face the Music—but It May Not Be Classical". Los Angeles Times. pp. 1, 8, 9. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  159. ^ Cariaga, Daniel (December 23, 1979). "Back-to-basics 'Nutcracker'". Los Angeles Times Calendar. Los Angeles, California. p. 84. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  160. ^
  161. ^ Bornstein, Rollye (March 2, 1985). "Vox Jox" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 9. pp. 12, 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via World Radio History.
  162. ^ a b Wagoner, Richard (September 15, 1989). "Classical station KFAC-FM takes final bow Wednesday". The Daily Breeze/News-Pilot. p. E-15. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  163. ^ Gabler, Jay (March 28, 2015). "Lynne Warfel: From the silver screen to the Silver City". www.yourclassical.org. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  164. ^ Erwin, Fran (February 16, 1973). "Dream's on High Note". Valley News: San Fernando Valley Living. Van Nuys, California. pp. 1, 3. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  165. ^ De Wolfe, Evelyn (September 7, 1972). "She Uses Radio as Classroom Tool". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. 16, 19. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  166. ^
  167. ^ Page, Don (May 8, 1972). "Gussie to Air Sports on KFAC". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. IV-20. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  168. ^ Parnell, Dennis (2004). "The Global Village". dennisparnell.net. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  169. ^ a b c Darling, Cary (August 18, 1979). "L.A. KFAC's 'Soundscape' Offers Little Of Everything" (PDF). Billboard. p. 20. ProQuest 1286288551. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  170. ^
  171. ^ "LA's KFAC-AM Kicks Off Talk Show" (PDF). Billboard. February 7, 1981. p. 46. ProQuest 1286423245. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  172. ^ a b Perez, Daniel (April 18, 1986). "KFAC CHANGES HANDS AFTER 20 YEARS". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  173. ^ "Ed Argow Dies At Age 87". Radio Ink. February 12, 2016. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  174. ^ McDougal, Dennis (December 18, 1986). "KFAC-AM and FM Sold to Heifetz Kin for $33.5 Million". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  175. ^ a b c "R&R Street Talk" (PDF). Radio & Records. January 9, 1987. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  176. ^ a b McDougal, Dennis; Margulies, Lee (January 7, 1987). "Staff Veterans Replaced: New Owner Cleans House at KFAC". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. VI-8. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  177. ^ a b Shulgold, Marc (January 15, 1987). "'New' KFAC Sparks Many Fond Memories of the 'Old'". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. VI1, VI8. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  178. ^ a b Pasles, Chris (September 21, 1989). "KFAC Refugees Look for a New Place to Call Home on Radio Dial". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. V10–V11. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  179. ^ "Martin Perlich Interviews". KCSN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  180. ^ Harris, Kathryn (April 14, 1988). "Classical Station KFAC-AM for Sale; Ratings Decline". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. IV-18. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  181. ^ a b "For the Record: Changing Hands" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 18, 1988. p. 73. ProQuest 1014728723. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  182. ^ a b "For the Record: Ownership Changes" (PDF). Broadcasting. August 29, 1988. p. 68. ProQuest 1016920926. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  183. ^ Sandoval, Rick (January 18, 1989). "L.A. classical music station sells for $63.7 million". UPI. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  184. ^ a b c Sánchez, Jesús (January 19, 1989). "Dallas Firm To Acquire KFAC-FM". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  185. ^ a b c d Valle, Victor (January 3, 1989). "The Sun Threatens to Set on British Radio Comedy". Los Angeles Times. pp. 2, 5. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  186. ^ "Evergreen Buys KFAC For $55 Million" (PDF). Radio & Records. January 20, 1989. pp. 10, 28. ProQuest 1017211845. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  187. ^ a b c d e f Puig, Claudia (September 20, 1989). "Waltz Ends at KFAC as New Crew Gears Up for Rock". Los Angeles Times. p. 4. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  188. ^ a b c Puig, Claudia; McQuilkin, Terry (August 24, 1989). "KFAC Parcels Out Classical Library". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. V1, V4-V5. Retrieved January 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  189. ^ a b "KFAC Signs-Off". Format Change Archive. RadioBB Networks. September 20, 1989. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  190. ^ "First Off..." Los Angeles Times. July 19, 1989. p. 2. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  191. ^ Editorial Board (September 5, 1989). "Farewell to KFAC". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. 29. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  192. ^ a b Wagoner, Richard (July 28, 1989). "Changes likely at KFAC, but new owners remain mum". San Pedro News-Pilot. pp. E8-E14. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  193. ^ a b c d e f Puig, Claudia (October 8, 1989). "Music to Someone's Ears : How demographics transformed classical radio station KFAC into big-beat KKBT". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. 8, 80, 81. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  194. ^ "A New Radio Mystery". Los Angeles Times. August 11, 1989. p. 21. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  195. ^ "KFAC Rockin' The Dogs" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 11, 1989. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  196. ^ "Street Talk - Not-So-Closet Headbanger" (PDF). Radio & Records. August 11, 1989. p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  197. ^ Colker, David (August 27, 1989). "Life without KFAC: What killed L.A.'s only commercial classical station and what's next". Los Angeles Times. pp. 3, 57, 94. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  198. ^ "Other Stations Move to Fill Classical Void". Los Angeles Times. September 21, 1989. p. 11. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  199. ^
  200. ^
  201. ^ a b c d e f Stewart, Larry (August 22, 2007). "Three teams switch up radio". Los Angeles Times. p. D6. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  202. ^ a b c d Calvo, Dana (March 2, 2000). "It's All About the Audience". Los Angeles Times. pp. 30, 31. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  203. ^
  204. ^ "Changing Hands: Approved" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 23, 1962. p. 68. ProQuest 1014454470. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2020 – via World Radio History.
  205. ^ Rourke, Mary (May 5, 2008). "Brian Clewer - longtime host of British radio show in L.A." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2008. Brian Clewer, a London-born radio personality who was host of "Cynic's Choice," a program of British comedy and music that aired in Los Angeles for more than 40 years, has died. He was 79.
  206. ^ Mednick, Harvey (June 4, 1989). "Dial shakes, rattles 'n' rolls with format changes". Los Angeles Times. p. 17. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  207. ^ Wagner, Shelley (June 4, 1989). "Local radio stations cover all the bases of athletic arena". Los Angeles Times. p. 17. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  208. ^ Plaschke, Bill (March 25, 2018). "Jarrin no se va anywhere just yet". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. D1, D3. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  209. ^ Shuster, Fred (February 17, 1992). "Radio News & Notes: Spanish stations grasp a big share of the mercado". Los Angeles Daily News. p. L26 – via NewsBank.
  210. ^ Arroyo, Blanca (January 13, 1994). "Causa protestas el cambio de formato de KWKW: Los planes del nuevo director de programacion estan dirigidos a lograr lo que el llama una estacion 'decente y familiar', y por eso los cambios" [KWKW format change causes protests: The plans of the new program director are aimed at making it what he calls a 'decent and family' station, thus the station]. La Opinión (in Spanish). p. 1F. ProQuest 368125891.
  211. ^ a b Baxter, Kevin (August 21, 1997). "Conversation, Not Corridos". Los Angeles Times. p. 28R. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  212. ^ Baxter, Kevin. "For Latino basketball fans, 'Lakers' is a magic word in any language". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  213. ^ "Radio & Records: Transactions" (PDF). December 17, 1999. p. 8. ProQuest 1017337735. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  214. ^ a b Thomas, Barry (August 2002). "The Tower and the Almost Inferno" (PDF). Broadcast Engineering Radio. pp. 34, 42. ProQuest 212428472. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  215. ^ El Reda, Jad (May 9, 2018). "Armando Aguayo recuerda su camino antes de llegar a ser la voz oficial del LAFC" [Armando Aguayo recalls his road to becoming the official voice of LAFC]. Hoy Los Ángeles (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  216. ^ Hoffarth, Tom (October 7, 2005). "Zelasko's baseball instincts kick in". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  217. ^ Bandini, Nicky (January 11, 2007). "Beckham confirms LA Galaxy move". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  218. ^ a b El Reda, Jad (September 13, 2017). "Rolando 'Veloz' González, la voz del Galaxy, recuerda su llegada como inmigrante a Los Ángeles" [Rolando 'Veloz' González, the voice of the Galaxy, remembers his arrival to Los Angeles as an immigrant]. Hoy LA (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  219. ^ a b Jacobson, Adam (June 11, 2019). "'El último adiós': ESPN Deportes Radio To Make Podcast Shift". RBR. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  220. ^ "News Bites: John D. Dingell, Jr., WCMF-FM, CRS, FIFA". InsideRadio. February 27, 2019. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  221. ^ Peltz, Jim (November 5, 2009). "Kaman gets comfortable outside". Los Angeles Times. p. C5. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  222. ^ "LA Rams Make Big Play for Latino Market on KWKW". Inside Radio. July 19, 2016. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  223. ^ "LA Kings Partner with ESPN Deportes to Broadcast 10 Games in Spanish". LA Kings. September 12, 2018. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  224. ^ Hoffarth, Tom (November 6, 2018). "Kings courting Latino fans". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. D2. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  225. ^ Rosen, Jon (September 6, 2019). "Broadcast details announced; 78 games on FSW as audio streaming expands". LA Kings Insider. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  226. ^ a b c d ""TUDN Picks Up Some Former ESPN Deportes Radio Affiliates". Radio & Television Business Report. September 9, 2019. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  227. ^ Venta, Lance (September 12, 2019). "KTNQ Returns To Spanish News/Talk". RadioInsight. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  228. ^ a b "Programación" [Programming]. www.tuligaradio.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  229. ^ Lopez, Steve (July 15, 2018). "The wrong hero for L.A. basketball". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. pp. B1, B5. Archived from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  230. ^ "Lakers Broadcast Information". Los Angeles Lakers. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  231. ^ "Ricardo López y Troy Santiago, la cara de Rams en español para el Super Bowl LIII" [Ricardo López and Troy Santiago, the face of the Rams in Spanish for Super Bowl LIII]. 24 Horas (in Mexican Spanish). February 1, 2019. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  232. ^ "Angels Broadcasters". MLB.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  233. ^ "Clippers Broadcasters - Spanish Radio". Los Angeles Clippers. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  234. ^ Irwin, Doug (January 24, 2018). "Know Your FM Translator Basics". Radio World. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KWKW&oldid=1250552532"