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KRS-One

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Lawrence "Kris" Parker (born August 20, 1965), better known by his stage names KRS-One (/ˌkeɪ ɑːr ɛs ˈwʌn/; an abbreviation of "Knowledge Reigns Supreme Over Nearly Everyone"[1]) and Teacha, is an American rapper from The Bronx. He rose to prominence as part of the hip hop group Boogie Down Productions, which he formed with DJ Scott La Rock in the mid-1980s. KRS-One is known for his songs "Sound of da Police", "Love's Gonna Get'cha (Material Love)", and "My Philosophy". Boogie Down Productions received numerous awards and critical acclaim in their early years. Following the release of the group's debut album, Criminal Minded, fellow artist Scott La Rock was shot and killed, but KRS-One continued the group, effectively as a solo project. He began releasing records under his own name in 1993. He is politically active, having started the Stop the Violence Movement after La Rock's death. He is also a vegan activist, expressed in songs such as "Beef".[2] He is widely considered an influence on many hip-hop artists.

KRS-One
KRS-One in 2008
KRS-One in 2008
Background information
Birth nameLawrence Parker
Also known as
  • KRS
  • Teacha
  • The Blastmaster
  • Big Joe Krash
  • The Temple of Hip Hop
Born (1965-08-20) August 20, 1965 (age 59)
Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
OriginThe Bronx, New York City, U.S.
Genres
Occupations
  • Rapper
  • singer
  • lyricist
  • record producer
DiscographyKRS-One discography
Years active1986–present
Labels
Formerly ofBoogie Down Productions
Websitekrs-one.com

Biography

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Early life

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Lawrence Parker was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn in 1965 to an American mother. His biological father, who was not involved in his upbringing, was from the Caribbean island of Barbados.[3] He had a troubled childhood, suffering severe beatings[4] from his American stepfather John Parker[5] when the family lived in Harlem, New York.[6] When his mother left the marriage both he and his younger brother Kenny moved with her to the Bronx,[7] before again moving a year later to Brooklyn.[8] Home life continued to be difficult, including further physical abuse at the hands of his mother's new Jamaican partner,[9] and he ran away from home several times.[10]

At age 16 he left home permanently, and spent a time living homeless in New York,[11] before eventually signing himself into a group home[12] in the Bronx.

Hip hop

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Growing up, Parker had developed a deep love of the emerging hip hop culture in New York, and by that time he was honing his craft as an MC, as well as being an active graffiti writer.[12] In 1984, he left the group home and moved into a homeless shelter[12] in the South Bronx where he was dubbed "Krishna" by the residents due to his curiosity about the Hare Krishna spirituality of some of the anti-poverty workers.[13] During his stay at the community shelter he encountered youth counsellor Scott Sterling a.k.a. DJ Scott La Rock and there began a DJ-MC relationship. He also engaged in the street art activity graffiti under the alias KRS-One (Knowledge Reigns Supreme Over Nearly Everyone[citation needed]). Together he and Sterling created Boogie Down Productions, releasing their debut album, Criminal Minded, in 1987.[14]

KRS-One also practices activism in his career and is a leading figure and founder of several hip hop groups that worked to promote peace and education, such as the Stop the Violence Movement and Human Education Against Lies (H.E.A.L.). He also founded the Temple of Hip Hop, a group dedicated to preserving and expanding hip hop culture and spirituality.[15] Through this, KRS-One intends to decriminalize Hiphop and "raise hip-hop's identity and self-esteem".[16] In an Interview with Aki X in the January 2003 issue of Thrasher Magazine, KRS-One observes: "Hip-hop has manifested Martin Luther Kings "I Have A Dream" speech where he envisioned that the sons and daughters of former slave owners and sons and daughters of former slaves would join hands in brotherhood towards justice and freedom. Hip-hop express that through Eminem and Dr Dre, through Russell simmons and the Beastie Boys, through MC, search. Run DMC and Aerosmith. This is what it is to be hip-hoppa."[17]

Early Influences

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In KRS-One's song, "Outta Here", he reflects on the early days of New York hip-hop, influenced by acts like Run-DMC and Whodini, who he heard on the Awesome Two's radio show on WHBI. KRS-One explains how the release of BDP's "Criminal Minded", and Eric B and Rakim's "Paid in Full" had the unintended effect of turning both groups into Hip Hop pioneers. He also claims that his album "By All Means Necessary" and Public Enemy's "It Takes A Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back" were a main influence that set off consciousness in rap.[12]

Boogie Down Productions

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Main article: Boogie Down Productions

KRS-One began his recording career as one third of the hip hop group Boogie Down Productions, or BDP, alongside DJ Scott La Rock and Derrick "D-Nice" Jones. Additionally, KRS-One had taken offense to "The Bridge", a song by Marley Marl's protege, MC Shan (KRS-One later reconciled with Marley Marl, producing an album with him in 2007 titled Hip Hop Lives). The song could be interpreted as a claim that Queensbridge was the monument of hip-hop, though MC Shan has repeatedly denied this claim. Still, KRS-One "dissed" the song with the BDP record "South Bronx". A second round of volleys ensued with Shan's "Kill That Noise" and BDP's "The Bridge Is Over". KRS-One, demonstrating his nickname "The Blastmaster", gave a live performance against MC Shan, and many conceded he had won the battle. Many[who?] believe this live performance to be the first MC battle where rappers attack each other, instead of a battle between who can get the crowd more hyped.[18]

Parker and Sterling decided to form a rap group together, initially calling themselves "Scott La Rock and the Celebrity Three". That was short-lived, however, as the two peripheral members quit, leaving Parker (now calling himself KRS-One) and Sterling. They then decided to call themselves "Boogie Down Productions". "Success is the Word", a 12-inch single produced by David Kenneth Eng and Kenny Beck, was released on indie Fresh/Sleeping Bag Records (under the group name "12:41") but did not enjoy commercial success.

Boogie Down Productions released their debut album Criminal Minded in 1987. KRS-One was the first Emcee to be holding a 9mm on the album cover,[17] and Scott La Rock was killed in a shooting later that year after attempting to mediate a dispute between teenager and BDP member D-Nice and local hoodlums.

During this time KRS-One also gained acclaim as one of the first MCs to incorporate Jamaican style into hip-hop, using the Zung gu zung melody, originally made famous by Yellowman in Jamaican dance halls earlier in the decade.[19] This is particularly evident in the song titled "Remix for P is Free". Dancehall influence is also very prominent in the BDP hit "The Bridge is Over", which uses the same melody as Super Cat's 1986 dancehall hit "Boops",[20] and lyrical inflections in a Jamaican style. KRS-One is credited as one of the more influential figures to bridge the gap between Jamaican music and American hip-hop.

Following the fatal shooting of Scott La Rock in 1987, KRS was determined to continue Boogie Down Productions through the tragedy, releasing the album By All Means Necessary in 1988. He was joined by beatboxer D-Nice, rapper Ramona "Ms. Melodie" Parker (whose marriage to Kris would last from 1988 to 1992[21]), and Kris's younger brother DJ Kenny Parker, among others. However, Boogie Down Productions would remain KRS' show, and the group's content would become increasingly political through the subsequent releases Ghetto Music: The Blueprint of Hip Hop, Edutainment, Live Hardcore Worldwide and Sex and Violence.

KRS-One was the primary initiator behind the H.E.A.L. compilation and the Stop the Violence Movement; for the latter he would attract many prominent emcees to appear on the 12-inch single "Self Destruction". As KRS adopted this "humanist", less defensive approach, he turned away from his "Blastmaster" persona and towards that of "The Teacha", although he has constantly used "Blastmaster" throughout his career.

Solo career

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KRS-One performing in Belgium in May 2006

After five largely solo albums under the name "Boogie Down Productions", KRS-One decided to set out on his own. On his first solo album, 1993's Return of the Boom Bap, he worked together with producers DJ Premier, Kid Capri and Showbiz, the latter providing the track "Sound of da Police". His second album, 1995's KRS-One, featured Channel Live on "Free Mumia", a song in which they criticize Civil Rights activist C. Delores Tucker among others. Other prominent guest stars on KRS-One included Mad Lion, Busta Rhymes, Das EFX and Fat Joe.

In 1991, KRS-One appeared on the alternative rock group R.E.M.'s single "Radio Song", which appeared on the band's album Out of Time, released the same year.[22]

In 1992, Bradley Nowell from Sublime featured an acoustic song named "KRS-One" with his voice and DJ's samples.

In 1995, KRS organized a group called Channel Live, whose album Station Identification he produced most of, along with Rheji Burrell and Salaam Remi.

In 1997, KRS surprised many with his release of the album I Got Next. The album's lead single, "Step into a World (Rapture's Delight)", containing an interpolation of punk and new wave group Blondie, was accompanied by a remix featuring commercial rap icon Puff Daddy; another track was essentially a rock song. While the record would be his best-selling solo album (reaching #3 on the Billboard 200), such collaborations with notably mainstream artists and prominent, easily recognizable samples took many fans and observers of the vehemently anti-mainstream KRS-One by surprise.

In August 1997, in an appearance on Tim Westwood's BBC Radio 1, KRS-One criticized the station for not playing underground hip hop while also crediting Westwood for his promotion of hip hop over time. KRS-One said that Jive Records and Radio 1 did not support him, but finished by saluting Westwood with "you know you're my man".

In 1999, there were tentative plans to release Maximum Strength; a lead single, "5 Boroughs", was released on The Corruptor soundtrack. However, KRS apparently decided to abort the album's planned release, just as he had secured a position as a Vice-President of A&R at Reprise Records. The shelved album was again scheduled to be released in 2008, but ultimately an unrelated album entitled Maximum Strength 2008 was released in its place. He moved to southern California, and stayed there for two years, ending his relationship with Jive Records with A Retrospective in 2000.

In 2000, KRS-One and DJ Tomekk made a video for their single Return of Hip-Hop with German rappers Torch and MC Rene, in which hip-hop was revived by hospital staff. The song stayed in the German charts for nine weeks.[23][24]

 
Backstage 2002

KRS resigned from his A&R position at Reprise in 2001, and returned to recording with a string of albums, beginning with 2001's The Sneak Attack on Koch Records. In 2002, he released a gospel-rap album, Spiritual Minded, surprising many longtime fans; he had once denounced Christianity as a "slavemaster religion" which African-Americans should not follow. During this period, KRS founded the Temple of Hiphop, an organization to preserve and promote "Hiphop Kulture". Subsequent releases included 2003's Kristyles and D.I.G.I.T.A.L., 2004's Keep Right, and 2006's Life.

The only latter-day KRS-One album to gain any significant attention has been Hip Hop Lives, his 2007 collaboration with fellow hip hop veteran Marley Marl, partly attributed to the Bridge Wars between the pair, but also the title's apparent response to Nas' 2006 release Hip-Hop Is Dead. While many critics have commented they would have been more excited had this collaboration occurred twenty years earlier, the album was met with positive reviews.

KRS-One has collaborated with other artists including Canadian rap group Hellafactz, Jay-Roc N' Jakebeatz and New York producer Domingo. He and Domingo publicly squashed their beef, which started over financial issues, and released a digital single on iTunes on November 25.[when?] The single, titled "Radio", also featured Utah up and comer Eneeone and is dedicated to underground MCs that don't get the radio airplay they deserve.[25] In 2009 KRS-One guest-starred on several albums, including Arts & Entertainment on the song "Pass the Mic" by fellow hip hop veterans Masta Ace and Ed O.G. KRS-One also featured on the posse cut "Mega Fresh X" by Cormega (alongside DJ Red Alert, Parrish Smith, Grand Puba, and Big Daddy Kane) on his album Born and Raised.

KRS-One and Buckshot announced that they would be collaborating on an album set to be released in 2009. The first single, "ROBOT", was released on May 5, 2009. The music video was directed by Todd Angkasuwan and debuted as the New Joint of the Day on 106 & Park on September 4, 2009. The album itself, called Survival Skills, leaked on the Internet on September 9, 2009, and the album was officially released on September 15, 2009. It debuted at #62, making it onto the Billboard 200. It sold around 8,500 copies its first week and was met with generally positive reviews. Steve Juon of RapReviews.com gave the album a flawless 10 out of 10, claiming, "Buckshot and KRS have achieved something rather remarkable here – an album I can't find a single fault with. There's not a bad beat, there's not a whack rhyme, there's not a collaborator on a track that missed the mark, and the disc itself is neither too short nor too long."[26]

In 2010 KRS-One was honored, along with Buckshot, by artists Ruste Juxx, Torae & Skyzoo, Sha Stimuli, Promise, J.A.M.E.S. Watts and Team Facelift, on their mixtape Survival Kit, an ode to the 2009 album Survival Skills. The mixtape was released for free download on DuckDown.com. The album features new version of KRS classics "South Bronx", "Sound of da Police" and "MC's Act Like They Don't Know", as well as new versions of well-known Buckshot songs and "Past Present Future" from the Survival Skills album. The MC Fashawn said in his verse on MC's Act Like They Don't Know, "I did it to make Kris smile / I figured he'd appreciate it".[27]

KRS-One was featured as the voice of Chris Cringle in Nike's Most Valuable Puppets commercials. KRS-One performed in May 2010 at SUNY New Paltz at their annual "Rock Against Racism" concert. He narrated the 2011 film Rhyme and Punishment, a documentary about hip-hop artists who have done jail time. The same year, KRS-One was featured in the title song for the film You Got Served: Beat the World. The song is entitled "Hip Hop Nation", and features K'naan and Lina. It was produced for the film by Frank Fitzpatrick.[28]

In 2012, KRS-One toured Australia for the first time.[29] He travelled there by cruise ship,[30][31] as he hates flying.[32]

In December 2020, KRS-One released his 23rd solo album Between Da Protests.[33][34] In February 2022 he released his 24th one: I M A M C R U 1 2.[35]

Stop the Violence Movement

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The Stop the Violence Movement was formed by KRS-One in 1988/1989 in response to violence in the hip hop and black communities.

During a concert by Boogie Down Productions and Public Enemy, a young fan was killed in a fight. Coming soon after the shooting death of his friend and fellow BDP member Scott La Rock, KRS-One was galvanized into action and formed the Stop the Violence Movement. Composed of some of the biggest stars in contemporary East Coast hip hop, the movement released a single, "Self Destruction", in 1989, with all proceeds going to the National Urban League.[36] A music video was created, and a VHS cassette entitled Overcoming Self-Destruction – The Making of the Self-Destruction Video was also released.

"Self-Destruction" was produced by KRS-One and D-Nice of Boogie Down Productions (Hank Shocklee of the Bomb Squad is credited as an associate producer).

Temple of Hip Hop

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The Temple of Hip Hop is a ministry, archive, school, and society (M.A.S.S.) founded by KRS-One. Its goal is to maintain and promote Hip Hop Kulture. Another goal of the temple of Hip-Hop is to finance educational centers which store archives and host lectures devoted to hip-hop culture.[16]

The Temple of Hip Hop maintains that hip hop is a genuine political movement, religion, and culture. It calls on all fans to celebrate Hip Hop Appreciation Week on the third week of May each year. It encourages DJs and MCs to teach people about the culture of hip hop and to write more socially conscious songs, and radio stations to play more socially conscious hip hop.

KRS-One describes Hiphop as a metaphysical principle, "an energy, a consciousness, it is an awareness, it is a behavior, it is an attitude, that's what hip-hop is.[37]

KRS-One asserted that due to hip-hop's intangible nature, it cannot be documented using conventional historical methods. He argued that approaching history from a physical perspective confines individuals to their color, ethnicity, and race. Instead, he advocated for examining history from the standpoint of first causes and origins, allowing for a departure from physical constraints and a focus on ideas rather than tangible matter.[37]

Hip Hop History Month (November), founded by the Universal Zulu Nation, is also recognized.

Gospel of Hip Hop comments

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In an interview with AllHipHop about his book The Gospel of Hip Hop, KRS-One said:

I'm suggesting that in 100 years, this book will be a new religion on the earth ... I think I have the authority to approach God directly, I don't have to go through any religion [or] train of thought. I can approach God directly myself and so I wrote a book called The Gospel of Hip Hop to free from all this nonsense garbage right now. I respect the Christianity, the Islam, the Judaism but their time is up. ... In a hundred years, everything that I'm saying to you will be common knowledge and people will be like, 'Why did he have to explain this? Wasn't it obvious?'[38]

These comments have been referred to by numerous media outlets[39][40][41] such as The A.V. Club, which commented that "KRS-One writes 600-page hip-hop bible; blueprint for rap religion",[42] and "KRS-One has never been afraid to court controversy and provoke strong reactions. Now the Boogie Down Productions legend has topped himself by writing The Gospel of Hip Hop: The First Instrument, a mammoth treatise on the spirituality of hip-hop he hopes will some day become a sacred text of a new hip-hop religion".[42]

Personal life

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KRS-One is a vocal supporter of veganism.[2]

KRS-One's step-son (Randy Parker) was found dead in his Atlanta, Georgia, apartment on July 6, 2007. The Medical Examiner's office stated that Parker had died of a gunshot wound to the head, and listed the cause of death as suicide.[43][44]

His son Kris Parker (born 1992) is an aspiring music producer and DJ known as Predator Prime.[45]

Political views

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KRS-One supported Republican Ron Paul for president during his 2012 run.[46] He criticized then-President Barack Obama on Alex Jones' radio show, stating "[T]hey put a black face on the New World Order and now we all happy. KRS ain’t buying it".[47]

During the 2016 United States presidential election, KRS-One indicated he was hesitant to support Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton or Bernie Sanders, arguing he was unconvinced by their professed support for ending police brutality. He stated that Republican candidate Jeb Bush had "some pretty cool” ideas, but added “they’re not our ideas". On Donald Trump, KRS-One stated the Republican candidate "was a friend to hip hop in his early days", but cautioned that " When we say, look, Donald Trump was a friend to hip hop back in the day, so was Bill Clinton".[48]

Break the Chain

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In 1994, KRS-One and illustrator Kyle Baker published a 32 page comic book titled "Break the Chain" about a hero named Big Joe Krash. The comic book was sold with an accompanying 3-song tape by KRS-One. The original idea was pitched to KRS-One from Marshall Chess, who wanted an educationally oriented tape and comic book combo. In an interview with VIBE Magazine, KRS-One says: "People say the chain was taken off our feet and hands and put onto our minds. Break that chain of slave mentality." KRS-One also released an animated music video, featuring himself as Big Joe Krash.[49]

Controversies

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September 11 comments

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In 2004, KRS said during a panel discussion hosted by The New Yorker magazine that "we cheered when 9/11 happened". His comment was criticized by many sources, including the New York Daily News, which called him an "anarchist" and said that "If Osama bin Laden ever buys a rap album, he'll probably start with a CD by KRS-One."[50]

KRS responded with an editorial written for AllHipHop.com, stating:

I was asked about why hiphop has not engaged the current situation more (meaning 9/11), my response was "because it does not affect us, or at least we don't perceive that it affects us, 9/11 happened to them". I went on to say that "I am speaking for the culture now; I am not speaking my personal opinion." I continued to say; "9/11 affected them down the block; the rich, the powerful those that are oppressing us as a culture. Sony, RCA or BMG, Universal, the radio stations, Clear Channel, Viacom with BET and MTV, those are our oppressors, those are the people that we're trying to overcome in hiphop everyday, this is a daily thing. We cheered when 9/11 happened in New York and say that proudly here. Because when they were down at the trade center we were getting hit over the head by cops, told that we can't come in this building, hustled down to the train station because of the way we dressed and talked, and so on, we were racially profiled. So, when the planes hit the building we were like, "mmmm, justice." And just as I began to say "now of course a lot of our friends and family were lost there as well" I was interrupted ...

In late 2005, KRS was featured alongside Public Enemy's Chuck D on the remix of the song "Bin Laden" by Immortal Technique and DJ Green Lantern, which blames American neo-conservatives, the Reagan Doctrine, and U.S. President George W. Bush for the World Trade Center attacks, and indicates a parallel to the devaluation, destruction, and violence of urban housing project communities.

On April 29, 2007, KRS-One again defended his statements on the September 11 attacks when asked about them during an appearance on Hannity's America on the Fox News network. He stated that he meant that people cheered that the establishment had taken a hit, not that people were dying or had died.[51] He also discussed, among other things, the Don Imus scandal and the use of profanity in hip-hop.

Awards

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VH1

  • 2004, VH1 Hip Hop Honors

BET Hip Hop Awards

  • 2007, I am Hip Hop
  • 2007, Lifetime Achievement

Urban Music Awards

Discography

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Main article: KRS-One discography
Main article: Boogie Down Productions discography

Filmography

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Year Film Role Note
1988 I'm Gonna Git You Sucka himself
1993 Who's the Man? Rashid
1997 Subway Stories: Tales from the Underground Vendor
1997 Rhyme & Reason himself
1997 The Cut Judge
2000 Boricua's Bond
2000 Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme himself
2002 The Freshest Kids himself
2003 2Pac 4 Ever narrator
2003 Beef himself
2003 Hip-Hop Babylon 2 himself
2003 Soundz of Spirit himself
2003 5 Sides of a Coin himself
2003 MuskaBeatz himself
2004 War on Wax: Rivalries In Hip-Hop himself
2004 Beef II himself
2004 And You Don't Stop: 30 Years of Hip-Hop himself
2004 Hip-Hop Honors himself
2004 Keep Right himself
2005 The MC: Why We Do It himself
2005 The Art of 16 Bars: Get Ya' Bars Up himself
2005 Zoom Prout Prout himself
2006 A Letter to the President himself
2007 Bomb It himself
2008 The Obama Deception himself
2009 Good Hair himself
2011 Rhyme and Punishment narrator
2011 GhettoPhysics himself
2012 Something from Nothing: The Art of Rap himself
2012 Hidden Colors himself
2014 True Detective Jukebox song at strip club Season 1, episode 4, 12
2015 Hustlers Convention himself
2018 Luke Cage himself "Can't Front on Me"

Publications

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Book Year
The Science of Rap (self published, 1996, out of print[52]) 1996
Ruminations (Welcome Rain Publishers, July 25, 2003, out of print[53]) 2003
The Gospel of Hip Hop: The First Instrument[54] 2009

References

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  1. ^ Parmar, Priya (January 1, 2009). Knowledge Reigns Supreme: The Critical Pedagogy of Hip-Hop Artist KRS-ONE. Brill. ISBN 978-90-77874-64-6.
  2. ^ a b "KRS-One Vegan Go Veg 2/12/11 The Roxy West Hollywood, CA". YouTube. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013.
  3. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 1: One Giant Leap". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. You kids have a real father. His name is Sheffield, and he's from Barbados.
  4. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 1: One Giant Leap". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. He once beat my brother Larry so severely that if left red welt marks all over his body.
  5. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 1: One Giant Leap". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. When John and I got married he adopted both of you, and changed your last name to Parker.
  6. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 1: One Giant Leap". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. "The Parkers," lived in a Harlem apartment complex called Lenox Terrace.
  7. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 1: One Giant Leap". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. The following day, on Christmas Eve, we moved to the Bronx with nothing. My mother's marriage of three years was over.
  8. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 2: Big Wheels". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. Our financial situation forced us to move into a small two-bedroom apartment in of all places, East New York, Brooklyn.
  9. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 2: Big Wheels". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. By this time, the beatings increased in both frequency and severity. Joe beat us almost daily.
  10. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 3: The Devil Is In The Details". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. During the spring of 1977, at age eleven, Larry ran away from home for the first time. It wouldn't be the last.
  11. ^ Parker, Kenny (May 31, 2022). "Chapter 7: Rice & Butter". My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books, LLC. ISBN 978-1736275634. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023. it was clear by Larry's appearance that something was wrong. Everyone could tell Larry was homeless.
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  16. ^ a b Mitchell, Gail (August 1999). "As Reprise VP And Jive Artist KRS-One. Parker Aims To 'Decriminalize' Hip-Hop". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 25.
  17. ^ a b Parker, Lawrence. "KRS-One". Thefreelibrary.com. Thrasher Magazine. Archived from the original on December 14, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  18. ^ "Beef". IMDb.com. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
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  21. ^ Rapper Ms. Melodie has died, Toronto Sun; July 19, 2012
  22. ^ Gill, Andy (March 5, 1991). "The Home Guard". Q Magazine. 55: 56–61.
  23. ^ YouTube: "Return Of Hip Hop" DJ Tomekk feat KRS One, Torch, Mc Rene – Official Video) Archived March 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ GfK Entertainment charts: Offizielle Charts Archived March 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "Archived copy". Krsone.org. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  30. ^ 18 mins ago (April 5, 2012). "KRS-One – Sydney". Eventfinder. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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Further reading

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  • Parmar, Priya (2009). Knowledge Reigns Supreme: The Critical Pedagogy of Hip-Hop Artist KRS-One. Sense Publishers. ISBN 978-9-0778-7450-9.
  • Parker, Kenny; Daniels, Rose (2022). My Brother's Name Is Kenny: The Greatest True Hip-Hop Story Ever Told. Kenny Parker Books. ISBN 978-1-7362-7563-4.
edit
 
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