Qadariyyah (Arabic: قَدَرِيَّة, romanized: Qadariyya), also Qadarites or Kadarites, from qadar (قدر), meaning "power",[1][2] was originally a derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who rejected the concept of predestination in Islam, qadr, and asserted that humans possess absolute free will, making them responsible for their actions, justifying divine punishment and absolving God of responsibility for evil in the world.[3][4] Some of their doctrines were later adopted by the Mu'tazilis and rejected by the Ash'aris.[3] They argued that evil actions of human beings could not be decreed by God, as they would have to be if there was no free will and all events in the universe were determined by God.[5]
Qadariyyah was one of the first philosophical schools in Islam.[6] The earliest document associated with the movement is the pseudoepigraphical text Risala attributed to Hasan al-Basri, which was composed between 75 AH/694 CE and 80/699, though debates about free will in Islam probably predate this text.[7][8] According to Sunni sources, the Qadariyah were censured by Muhammad himself by being compared to Zoroastrians, who likewise deny predestination.[9]
Sources
editThe medieval sources upon which information about the Qadariya is based include Risālat al-qadar ilā ʿAbd al-Malik (Epistle to ʿAbd al-Malik against the Predestinarians) which is incorrectly ascribed to Hasan al-Basri; anti-Qadari letters by Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and Caliph Umar II; the work of the 9th-century Islamic scholar Khushaysh; the list of Qadarites by Ibn Qutayba, Ibn Hajar, al-Suyuti, Ibn al-Murtada and al-Dhahabi; scattered references to the Qadariya in the work of al-Tabari; and counter-Qadari polemics in the standard hadith collections of Sahih Muslim.[10]
In Sunan Abu Dawood, it is narrated Abdullah ibn Umar that the Prophet said, "The Qadariyyah are the Magians of this community. If they are ill, do not pay a sick visit to them, and if they die, do not attend their funerals."[11][12]
Another report states "To every Ummah there is a magian and the magian of this ummah are those who reject the Qadr. If anyone amongst them dies, do not attend their funeral, and if anyone amongst them becomes sick don’t visit them and they are Shiat ad-Dajjal and it is the right of God to join them with the Dajjal.” (Sunan Abi Dawud 4692) [13]
In another Hadith attributed to Prophet Muhammad in Sunan Ibn Majah the Qadariyah along with the Murji'ah are excommunicated from Islam, “'There are two types of people among this Ummah who have no share of Islam: The Murji'ah and the Qadariyyah.'"[14]
Hanafi jurist Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi described the Qadariya group denies (negates) God's will for the actions of the mortals and believe the will for the mortals are absolute.[15]
See also
edit- Mu'tazili
- Ma'bad al-Juhani
- Jabariyah, a contrasting Islamic school of thought
References
edit- ^ J. M. Cowan (ed.) (1976). The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Wiesbaden, Germany: Spoken Language Services. ISBN 0-87950-001-8
- ^ Qadariyah, Britannica.com
- ^ a b John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Qadariyyah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
- ^ J. van Ess. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ķadariyya", vol.4, p. 368.
- ^ Guillaume, Alfred (January 1924). "Some Remarks on Free Will and Predestination in Islam, Together with a Translation of the Kitabu-l Qadar from the Sahih of al-Bukhari". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 (1): 46. JSTOR 25220438. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
- ^ History of Syria including Lebanon and Palestine, by Philip K. Hitti, pg. 499
- ^ J. van Ess. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ķadariyya", vol.4, p. 369.
- ^ Mourad, Suleiman A., “al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.
- ^ Sachiko Murata, William Chittick (1994). "6". The vision of Islam (illustrated ed.). Paragon House. p. 258. ISBN 9781557785169.
- ^ Van Ess 1978, p. 368.
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawood: Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah): Book 40: Hadith 4674.
- ^ "Sunan Abi Dawud 4691 - Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah) - كتاب السنة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- ^ "Sunan Abi Dawud 4692 - Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah) - كتاب السنة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- ^ "Sunan Ibn Majah 62 - The Book of the Sunnah - كتاب السنة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
- ^ Abu Ja’far Ath-Thahawi (2017). Kandir, Nor (ed.). 'Aqidah Ath-Thahawiyah/العقيدة الطحاوية (in Indonesian and Arabic). Pustaka Syabab Surabaya. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
Bibliography
edit- Islamic Philosophy A-Z, Peter S. Groff and Oliver Leaman. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-7486-2089-3.
- An Introduction to Islam, David Waines, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-53906-4.
- Van Ess, J. (1978). "Ḳadariyya". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 368–372. OCLC 758278456.
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