Kanaung Mintha (Burmese: ကနောင်မင်းသား; 31 January 1820 – 2 August 1866) was crown prince of Burma and son of King Tharrawaddy and younger brother of King Mindon of Burma. Towards the end of the Second Anglo-Burmese War, Kanaung and Mindon overthrew their half brother Pagan (1848–1853); Mindon ascended the throne and Kanaung became the Heir Apparent on 11 July 1853.[1] He was the fiery "War Prince" and the peoples' idol.[2] Kanaung attempted to modernize the country by sending scholars to Western countries and by founding an arms industry. However, his efforts were cut short when he was killed by his two nephews. Notwithstanding his short life, he is revered by Burmese nationals for his innovations in modernizing Burma.
| Kanaung Mintha ကနောင်မင်းသား | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viceroy of Konbaung, Prince of Kanaung | |||||
 | |||||
| Viceroy of Burma | |||||
| Tenure | 18 February 1853 – 2 August 1866 | ||||
| Coronation | 11 June 1853 | ||||
| Predecessor | Pagan | ||||
| Successor | Thibaw | ||||
| Monarch | Mindon Min | ||||
| Born | 31 January 1820 Amarapura | ||||
| Died | 2 August 1866 (aged 46) Mandalay | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | 18 wives in total, including Hlaing Hteik Khaung Tin, Crown Princess | ||||
| Issue | 20 sons, 15 daughters | ||||
| |||||
| House | Konbaung | ||||
| Father | Tharrawaddy | ||||
| Mother | Me Nu, Queen of South Palace | ||||
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism | ||||
Role as a modernizer
editKing Mindon was dedicated to religion, but Kanaung was skillful in administration, serving as the leader (သမ္မတ, thamada) of the Hluttaw, the kingdom's administrative body. Under Kanaung's guidance, the following reforms were undertaken: centralization of the kingdom's internal administration, introduction of a salary system for the bureaucracy (to dampen the authority and income of bureaucrats), fixed judicial fees, comprehensive penal laws, reorganization of the financial system, removal of trade barriers including custom duties, reform of the thathameda taxes (to increase direct taxation), and modernization of the kingdom's army and introduction of new police forces.[3]
Kanaung tried to rebuild the Burmese Army with modern weapons. He sent men to study in Western countries to establish an up-to-date arms industry. His efforts were well depicted in contemporary stories and poems. One story relates to his effort in testing depth charges in order to repulse British troops sailing up the Irrawaddy. Eventually, these testings were thwarted by the head of the Buddhist Sangha who protested against them by asserting their harmful effects on aquatic lives. Another story tells about his visits to the factories on cold early winter mornings while wrapping in a blanket. He was also known for his waywardness as depicted in a famous love song called Seinchu Kya-nyaung bawlè written by his wife, Princess Hlaing Hteik Khaung Tin.
Assassination
editIn an unsuccessful palace coup on 2 August 1866, Kanaung Mintha was beheaded by the princes Myingun and Myinkhondaing (sons of King Mindon),[4] at the Hluttaw (People's Assembly), killed along with 3 of his sons.[3] Nevertheless, he managed to hold off the assassins to gain enough time for the King's escape.[2] Kanaung's eldest son, the Padein Prince fled to Shwebo and launched a rebellion against Mindon. Royal forces defeated the revolt, and Padein was captured 6 October. He was executed in 1867 for his part in another alleged plot.[5]
Upon his death, he was conferred the royal title Thiri Pawara Maha Dhamma Yaza, nominally reserved for kings, as part of a yadaya ritual to "substitute" for Mindon's death.[3] From almost a year (4 August 1866 to 6 June 1867), Kanaung's corpse was displayed in the middle of a temporary ceremonial palace (during the time, Mindon had relocated to a temporary palace as a form of yadaya, owing to a prophecy that claimed a king would be lost in BE 1228. Kanaung, by assassination, had 'fulfilled' this prophecy and was thus entitled proper rites reserved for a monarch.)[3] His body was buried in the grounds of the Sandamuni Pagoda, built in his memory at the foot of Mandalay Hill by Mindon.[6]
In 1878, King Mindon died and his son Prince Thibaw acceded to the throne. In November 1885, King Thibaw surrendered to the British after the defeat at Third Anglo-Burmese War. Consequently, Thibaw was sent to exile in India. To this day, Burmese citizens believe that their history would have been considerably different if Kanaung were to survive and accede to the Burmese throne. The loss of Kanaung Mintha has been mourned by the Burmese nearly as much as that of Aung San. In addition, Burmese people believe British officers were behind the assassination plot of Aung San and Kanaung.
Epilogue
editIn 1978 Ne Win, dictator of Burma since leading a military coup in 1964, married June Rose Bellamy, aka Yadana Nat-Me (Precious Angel), a great-granddaughter of Ka Naung, daughter of Princess Hteiktin Ma Lat and Herbert Bellamy, an Australian orchid collector long settled in Burma. The marriage lasted only a few months and ended in divorce.
References
edit- ^ Dr Yi Yi (1982). "Life at the Burmese Court under the Konbaung Kings" (PDF). Historical Research Department, Rangoon. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
- ^ a b Shway Yoe (Sir James George Scott) 1882. The Burman – His Life and Notions. New York: The Norton Library 1963. p. 456.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Candier, Aurore (December 2011). "Conjuncture and Reform in the Late Konbaung Period". Journal of Burma Studies. 15 (2). doi:10.1353/jbs.2011.0008. S2CID 144209331.
- ^ Aung, Wei Yan (2 August 2019). "A Palace Assassination that Altered Myanmar's History". Irrawaddy. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ Pollak, Oliver (1979). Empires in Collision:Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. London: Greenwood. pp. 145–147.
- ^ "Sandamuni paya – the grave of Kanaung".
External links
edit- Burmese Encyclopedia Vol 1, p-49 printed in 1955
- Seinchu Kya-nyaung by Yadana Oo on the Burmese harp on YouTube