Kanonersky Tunnel (Russian: Канонерский тоннель)[5] is a tunnel under the Sea Canal[6] in the Kirovsky District of Saint Petersburg. The tunnel provides a link between Kanonersky Island and Dvinskaya Street on Gutuevsky Island.[7]
 Island's entrance | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Location | Kirovsky District of Saint-Petersburg, Russia |
| Coordinates | 59°54′13″N 30°13′28″E / 59.90361°N 30.22444°E |
| Start | Dvinskaya street of Gutuevsky Iseland |
| End | Kanonersky Island |
| Operation | |
| Work begun | 1970[1] |
| Constructed | 1975-1983[1] |
| Opened | 29 July 1983[2] |
| Owner | Saint Petersburg City Administration |
| Operator | SUE "Mostotrest"[1] |
| Traffic | Automotive |
| Character | City automobile movement |
| Vehicles per day | 1500[1] |
| Technical | |
| Length | 927 metres (3,041 ft),[3] 647 metres (2,123 ft) (between portals) |
| No. of lanes | One in each part |
| Operating speed | 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph) |
| Tunnel clearance | 9.05 metres (29.7 ft)[4] |
| Width | 13.3 metres (44 ft)[4] |
The tunnel was constructed in 1983 by using Immersed tube method.
History and backgrounds
editKanonersky Island is an artificial island in Saint-Petersburg. It was built as consequence of building Sea Canal to further deepening of Neva Bay.[8] By expansion of industrial area of St. Petersburg, it became home to large shipbuilding enterprises. Transport consisted of ferries or private boats using icebreakers during winter. Thus connecting this industrial island to the mainland was suggested either by bridge or tunnel, and a tunnel was preferred.
Construction
editFor the construction of Kanonersky Tunnel, several scientific institutes were involved for design and feasibility studies such as Lengiprotrans, LENMORNIIPROEKT, SKB Glavmostostroy, Research Institute of Transport Construction, PGUPS, MIIT, Metrogiprotrans, Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering. The tunnel project was prepared by Lengiprotrans[2] while the building work was carried out by Giprostroymost.[9] Geodetic maintenance of the building was assigned to the PGUPS.[10]
The Tunnel was built using a sunken tube or immersed tube method. The main part consists of five identical prefabricated reinforced concrete sections.[citation needed] Each length is 75 metres (246 ft), width 13.3 metres (44 ft), height 8.05 metres (26.4 ft), weight about 8,000 tonnes (8,800 short tons).[11] The structure is made of monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of the tray, walls and floors of 0.93 m of buried sections – The length of the site dipping sections totalled 375 metres (1,230 ft).
For the building of the sections on the bank of the Sea Canal, the original dock-sluice was constructed. After sluicing the created sections, the end faces were closed by metal partitions. They were counterbalanced by water and transported along the Sea Canal to the place of immersion. They were then joined to an earlier established section, forming a uniform design. For the control of the immersion, divers worked underwater.[9]
The full length of the tunnel was 927 metres (3,041 ft).[3] The tunnel has two lanes and a footpath. Along with cables for electrical supply and communication; water supply and central heating pipes connect Kanonersky Island with the city.[12]
Operation
editDue to nature of Immersed tube method, constant monitoring and repairing has been needed.[3] The first maintenance period was carried out between 1997 and 2002. Lighting, ventilation systems were replaced, and three drainage pumps were installed.[3] In 2004, Lengiprotrans, one of the principal contractors, carried out repair work.[2] In 2006, there was a mooring damaged over the tunnel; from it the tunnel was also damaged.[13] At the end of June 2009, tunnel repair was again required, after it was determined that the drainage systems needed a replacement.[14] The most recent maintenance was carried out in December 2017, at the cost of 127 million rubles.[15]
Operating speed limit has been a key for longevity and maintenance of the tunnel.[16] A new toll road, the central section of which is still under construction, will soon provide a north–south corridor over the island.[17]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Уникальный ремонт подводного тоннеля на Канонерский остров через Морской канал в Санкт-Петербурге будет закончен в конце 2002 года (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Saint Petersburg Business Guide. 2001-08-16. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
{{cite news}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ a b c "Lengiprotrans: objects" (in Russian). Russia: Lengiprotrans. Retrieved 2009-11-04. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d Kelner, Irina; Alexei Kuznetsov (2004). Часть города / Канонерский остров [Kanonersky Island]. Адреса Петербурга [Addresses of Petersburg] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ a b "Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений". undergroundexpert.info.
- ^ (an informal name, but used by inhabitants, mass-media and state structures)
- ^ "Kanonersky Tunnel". Retrieved 5 December 2016.
- ^ "Road tunnel under the Neva for St Petersburg". tunneltalk.com.
- ^ "Тоннель на Канонерский остров (статья) — Энциклопедия нашего транспорта". wiki.nashtransport.ru.
- ^ a b Канонерский тоннель г.Санкт-Петербурге. Projects: Tunnels (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Giprostroymost. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ Кафедра "Инженерная геодезия" (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Petersburg State University of Means of Communication. Retrieved 2009-11-04.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Строительство Канонерского подводного тоннеля в Санкт-Петербурге - новости строительства и развития подземных сооружений". undergroundexpert.info (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-07-17.
- ^ Tumakova, Irina. К владычице морской как уплыл за границу канонерский завод (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Lawmix.ru. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ Timofeev, E. P. Не спекулируйте, господа (in Russian). www.1917.com. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ Предстоящей ночью ограничат движение в Канонерском тоннеле. Roads (in Russian). Karpovka.net. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ "Ремонт тоннеля на Канонерский остров завершится по плану – в декабре этого года Тендеры на initpro.ru Инитпро тендеры". initpro.ru.
- ^ Фоторепортаж с места аварии в Канонерском тоннеле. Сейчас движение уже открыто. Incindents (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: fontanka.ru. 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
{{cite news}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ [Большой порт Санкт-Петербург, "Parameters WHSD"]. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help)