The Karkar language, also known as Yuri, is the sole Eastern Pauwasi language of Papua New Guinea. There are about a thousand speakers along the Indonesian border spoken in Green River Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.
| Karkar | |
|---|---|
| Yuri | |
| Karkar-Yuri | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Green River Rural LLG, Sandaun Province: along the PNG-Indonesia border. |
Native speakers | (1,100 cited 1994)[1] |
Pauwasi
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yuj |
| Glottolog | kark1258 |
| ELP | Karkar-Yuri |
| Coordinates: 3°44′S 141°5′E / 3.733°S 141.083°E | |
Writing system
edit| a | á | ae | ao | e | é | i | ɨ | o | ou | u | f | fw | k | kw | m |
| mw | m | mp | mpw | n | nk | nkw | nt | p | pw | r | s | t | w | y |
Dialects
edit- North Central Yuri dialect, spoken in Yuri village (3°53′42″S 141°10′35″E / 3.89509°S 141.176452°E), Abaru ward, Green River Rural LLG
- Auia-Tarauwi dialect, spoken in Auia (Auiya) village (3°50′19″S 141°08′18″E / 3.838611°S 141.138294°E), Auiya 1 ward, Green River Rural LLG; and in Tarauwi (Trowari) village (3°50′16″S 141°02′07″E / 3.837695°S 141.035174°E), Kambriap ward, Green River Rural LLG
- Usari dialect, spoken in Usari village (3°51′15″S 141°08′53″E / 3.854202°S 141.148112°E), Auiya 1 ward, Green River Rural LLG
Classification
editKarkar-Yuri is not related to any other language in Papua New Guinea, and was therefore long thought to be a language isolate. This is the position of Wurm (1983), Foley (1986), and Ross (2005). However, Timothy Usher noticed that it is transparently related to the Pauwasi languages across the border in Indonesia. Indeed, it may even form a dialect continuum with the Eastern Pauwasi language Emem. This was foreshadowed in non-linguistic literature: a 1940 map shows the 'Enam' (Emem)–speaking area as including the Karkar territory in PNG, and the anthropologist Hanns Peter knew that the Karkar dialect continuum continued across the border into Emem territory.[5]
Pauwasi cognates
editCognates between Karkar-Yuri and the Pauwasi family (Tebi and Zorop languages) listed by Foley (2018):[6]
Karkar-Yuri and Pauwasi family cognates gloss Tebi Zorop Karkar-Yuri ‘I’ na nam ɔn ‘you (sg)’ fro nem am ‘we’ numu nim nəm (incl)/yin (excl) ‘belly’ dialə yalək yare ‘bird’ olmu awe ant ‘black’ təŋəra seŋgəri yəkəre ‘blood’ təri mob yəri ‘breast’ mamu muam mɔm ‘come’ kəlawai kwalopai koʔrop ‘eat’ ne fer- fɨr ‘eye’ ei ji yi ‘foot’ puŋwa fuŋi pu ‘give’ taʔa tipi səp ‘good’ pani kiap kwapwe ‘hand’ təro jae yæ ‘head’ məndini məndai me ‘hear’ fei fau wao ‘house’ nab nap ‘louse’ mi yemar yəʔmər ‘man’ toŋkwar arab arɔp ‘mosquito’ mimi yəŋkar təʔnkarəp ‘name’ kini jei e ‘road’ fiaʔa mai mwæ ‘root’ periŋgu fiŋgu arak ‘sand’ tədən gərək kaʔrək ‘tooth’ kle jurai yu ‘tree’ weyalgi war yao ‘water’ ai jewek ənt ‘who’ mate waunap wao ‘one’ kərowali aŋgətəwam ankər ‘two’ kre anəŋgar anənk
Pronouns
editPronouns listed by Ross (2005):
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1ex | on-o | yin-o |
| 1in | nám-o | |
| 2 | am-o | yum-o |
| 3 | ma-o | |
Object forms take -an, sometimes replacing the -o: onan, amoan, man, yinan, námoan, yumoan. Mao is a demonstrative 'that one, those'; it contrasts with nko, nkoan 'the other one(s)'.
Pronouns listed by Foley (2018) are:[6]
Karkar-Yuri pronouns sg pl 1incl nʌmɔ 1excl ɔn yin 2 amɔ yumɔ 3 ma
Phonology
editThe Karkar inventory is as follows.[7]
Stress assignment is complex, but not phonemic within morphemes. Syllable structure is CVC, assuming nasal–plosive sequences are analyzed as prenasalized consonants.
Vowels
editKarkar has a vowel inventory consisting of 11 vowels, which is considered very high for a Papuan language.
| i | ɨ | u |
| e | ə | o |
| ɛ | ɔ | |
| ɐ | ||
| ɑ |
There is also one diphthong, ao /ɒɔ/. Vowels are written á /ɐ/, é /ə/, ae /ɛ/, o /ɔ/, ou /o/, ɨ /ɨ/.
Foley (2018) lists the 11 Karkar-Yuri vowels as:[6]: 370
| i | ɨ | u |
| e | ə | o |
| æ | ʌ | ɔ |
| a | ɒ |
Some vowel height contrasts in Karkar-Yuri (Foley 2018):[6]: 370
- ki ‘yam’
- kɨ ‘loosen’
- ku ‘cut crosswise in half’
- ke ‘edible nut’
- kər ‘put in netbag’
- ko ‘pig’
- kæ ‘egg’
- kʌʔr ‘swamp’
- kɔ ‘again’
- kar ‘speech’
- kɒ ‘bird species’
There are four contrasting central vowel heights:[6]: 370
- kɨr ‘red bird of paradise’ (Paradisaea rubra)
- kər ‘put in net bag’
- kʌʔr ‘swamp’
- kar ‘speech’
Consonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex/ palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | plain | m | mʷ | n | ||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ||||||
| Stop | prenasalized | ᵐp | ᵐpʷ | ⁿt | ᵑk | ᵑkʷ | ||
| plain | p | pʷ | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | ||
| Fricative | f | fʷ | s | |||||
| Flap | ˀɾ | ɽ | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||
The rhotics and glottal(ized) consonants do not appear initially in a word, and plain /t/, the approximants, and the labialized consonants do not occur finally. Glottal stop only occurs finally. Final k spirantizes to [x]. Plosives are voiced intervocalically. Intervocalic f and p neutralize to [β] (apart from a few names, where [f] is retained), and intervocalic k is voiced to [ɣ]. Phonemic labialized stops only occur in two words, apwar 'weeds, to weed' and ankwap 'another'. [contradictory] Otherwise consonants are labialized between a rounded and a front vowel, as in pok-ea [pɔɣʷeɑ] 'going up'. In some words, the plosive of a final NC is silent unless suffixed: onomp [ɔnɔm̚] 'my', onompono [ɔnɔmbɔnɔ] 'it's mine'.
Prenasalized and labialized consonant contrasts:[6]: 370
- pi ‘bird tail’, pwi ‘enough’, mporan ‘tomorrow’
- kar ‘voice’, ŋkɔte ‘over there’, kwar ‘ground’, ŋkwakwo ‘many kinds’
Plain and preglottalized sonorants contrasts, which only occur in word finals:[6]: 370
- ərər ‘sore’, ərəʔr ‘dig a hole’
- pan ‘sago flour’, pəʔn ‘blunt’
Basic vocabulary
editBelow are some basic vocabulary words in Karkar-Yuri.[6]
Karkar-Yuri basic vocabulary ‘I’ ɔn ‘you (sg)’ am ‘we’ nəm (incl) / yin (excl) ‘belly’ yare ‘bird’ ant ‘black’ yəkəre ‘blood’ yəri ‘breast’ mɔm ‘come’ koʔrop ‘eat’ fɨr ‘eye’ yi ‘foot’ pu ‘give’ səp ‘good’ kwapwe ‘hand’ yæ ‘head’ me ‘hear’ wao ‘house’ nap ‘louse’ yəʔmər ‘man’ arɔp ‘mosquito’ təʔnkarəp ‘name’ e ‘road’ mwæ ‘root’ arak ‘sand’ kaʔrək ‘tooth’ yu ‘tree’ yao ‘water’ ənt ‘who’ wao ‘one’ ankər ‘two’ anənk
Further reading
edit- Price, Dorothy and Veda Rigden. 1988. Karkar-Yuri – English Dictionary. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Rigden, Veda n.d. Karkar grammar essentials. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG.
References
edit- ^ Karkar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ SIL 2004.
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ Harald Hammarström, 2010. The status of the least documented language families in the world
- ^ a b c d e f g h Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Dorothy Price, 1993. Organised Phonology Data: Karkar-Yuri Language [YUJ]: Green River – Sandaun Province
Works cited
edit- Karkar Yuri organised phonology data. SIL. 2004.