Kuwae was a landmass that existed in the vicinity of Tongoa and was destroyed by volcanic eruption in fifteenth century, probably through caldera subsidence. The exact location of the caldera is debated. A submarine caldera, now known as Kuwae caldera that is located between the Epi and Tongoa islands, is a potential candidate. Kuwae caldera cuts through the flank of the Tavani Ruru volcano on Epi and the northwestern end of Tongoa. Another potential candidate is a proposed caldera between Tongoa and Tongariki.
| Kuwae | |
|---|---|
 Shepherd Islands and associated underwater volcanoes. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | –2 m (–6 ft) avg less than –400 m (–1,312 ft) [1][2] |
| Listing | List of volcanoes in Vanuatu |
| Coordinates | 16°49′45″S 168°32′10″E / 16.82917°S 168.53611°E[1] |
| Geography | |
 | |
| Location | Shepherd Islands, Vanuatu |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Caldera[1] |
| Volcanic arc/belt | New Hebrides arc[1] |
| Last eruption | February to September 1974[1] |
The submarine volcano Karua, one of the most active volcanoes of Vanuatu, is near the northern rim of Kuwae caldera.
Caldera location and Kuwae landmass
editIn Tongoan folklore, Kuwae is a lost land in the vicinity of Tongoa and was destroyed by a massive volcanic eruption, probably associated with caldera subsidence. In the legend of Ti Tongoa Liseiriki, the young man in Tongoa escaped the eruption along the coast of Kuwae to Tongariki which became a remnant of submerged Kuwae. This implies that Tongoa and Tongariki were connected by Kuwae landmass before the eruption. A submerged caldera is proposed in southeast of Tongoa and part of its western rim is above sea-level to form islands of Ewose, Buninga, and Tongariki. These islands are also described to be fragments of old Kuwae landmass in the folklore, consistent with presence of caldera in this location.[3][4] But a bathymetric survey of this area could not confirm the presence of a caldera.[5]
In 1994, bathymetry north of Tongoa revealed a large, 6 x 12 km, caldera between Tongoa and Epi, and it was named Kuwae caldera.[6] However, whether or not the Kuwae caldera was responsible for the disappearance of Kuwae landmass and fifteenth century eruption in the folklore is debated, because oral traditions clearly describe it being south of Tongoa.[7]
From which of these two calderas did the fifteenth century eruption derived from has not been definitely identified.
Eruptive history
editLittle is known about the pre-fifteenth century eruptive history of Kuwae volcano. Thick basalt and andesite lava flows and scoria agglomerates were produced from early effusive and strombolian eruptions over a long period of time. Oldest outcrop on Tongoa island is basalt dated to 73 thousand years ago.[8]
Fifteen-century eruption
editThe major ignimbritie eruption was preceded by a period of low-intensity hydromagmatic eruptions lasting months to years. These pre-climatic eruptions are similar to or less explosive than Surtseyan-style. Then the hydromagmatic phase was followed by major pyroclastic flows with gradually increasing eruptive temperature. Much of Tongoa and Epi islands are thickly blanketed with these pyroclastic flow deposits. The extent of pumice fall from this stage reached Tongariki island, and possibly southern end of Efaté Island.[9] Pyroclastic flow with thickness >1 m is reported some 50 km from the eruptive centre. However, no plinian deposit is observed during any phase of the eruption.[10][11][12]
Direct estimation of erupted magma volume based on field mapping of the deposits is impossible because the majority of the Kuwae ignimbrite was deposited in the sea. Further oceanographic surveys are needed to study the distribution of submarine ignimbrites and tephra fall deposits.[13] If assuming the entire Kuwae caldera was formed during this eruption, then caldera dimension (total caldera subsidence may have been as great as 0.8–1.1 km) shows that about 30–60 km3 (DRE) was erupted, making this eruption of one of the largest in the last 10,000 years.[11]
This assumption has been challenged by another team on the basis of that preserved ignimbrite indicates only small- to moderate-size eruption, implying that Kuwae caldera did not form through this eruption. The team also hinted that the eruptive source of ignimbrite may not at all be Kuwae caldera based on the direction of pyroclastic flows on Tongoa, which came from southeast.[7] Ongoing investigation by a team of volcanologists and anthropologists will try to resolve the debate around the nature of Kuwae eruption.[12]
The age of eruption and its association to the cataclysm in Tongoa folklore are established by radiocarbon dating of samples found in pyroclastic flows and the burial of Ti Tongoa Liseiriki. In the Tongoa folklore, Ti Tongoa Liseiriki survived the volcanic eruption and was the first to resettle. An analysis of the bone collagens of Ti Tongoa Liseiriki yields a date of 1475 ± 85 AD.[14] Ages of carbonized trunks killed by pyroclastic flows cluster around 1410–1450 AD.[6]
Early studies linked this eruption to a major sulfate spike in Antarctic ice cores.[10] The sulfate spike was initially dated to 1452 AD with uncertainty up to a few years, but 2012 revised ice core chronology re-dated this major Southern Hemispheric origin sulfate spike to 1458 AD with zero year uncertainty.[15][16] The tephra occurred with the spike in ice core discards Kuwae as the source of tephra on geochemical basis.[17] The source of this spike has not been definitely identified, while Kuwae eruption remains a potential candidate.
Recent activity
editSince its most recent historic large eruption, Kuwae caldera has had several smaller eruptions ranging from 0 to 3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). The latest confirmed eruption occurred on 4 February 1974 ± 4 days. It had a VEI of 0, and was a submarine eruption that formed a new island.[1]
Islands have regularly formed in Kuwae caldera.[1] The 1897–1901 eruption built an island 1 km long and 15 m high. It disappeared within 6 months. The 1948–1949 eruption formed an island and built a cone 1.6 km in diameter and 100 m high. That island also lasted less than one year. All the islands have disappeared from wave action and caldera floor movements. In 1959, the island reappeared for a short time and again in 1971. The last structure remained an island until 1975.[18]
Activity at present at Kuwae is confined to intermittent fumarole activity, which stain the water yellow. Over the top of the volcano hydrogen sulfide bubbles reach the surface.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g "Kuwae". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-10-31.
- ^ Nemeth, K; Cronin, SJ; White, JDL (2007). "Kuwae caldera and climate confusion". The Open Geology Journal. 1 (1): 7–11. Bibcode:2007OGJ.....1....7N. doi:10.2174/1874262900701010007.
- ^ Garanger, José (1972). Archéologie des Nouvelles-Hébrides. doi:10.4000/books.sdo.859. ISBN 978-2-85430-054-3.
- ^ "Unnamed Volcano, Vanuatu | John Seach". volcanolive.com. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
- ^ Eissen, Jean-Philippe; Robin, Claude; Mollard, Lucien; Ihilly, Claude; Seoule, S. (1991). "Rapport de la mission CALIS : calderas du Vanuatu (N.O. ALIS du 13 au 31 mai 1991) = CALIS cruise report : calderas of Vanuatu (R/V ALIS, 13 to 31 may 1991) : document de travail" (in French).
- ^ a b Monzier, Michel; Robin, Claude; Eissen, Jean-Philippe (January 1994). "Kuwae (≈ 1425 A.D.): the forgotten caldera". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 59 (3): 207–218. Bibcode:1994JVGR...59..207M. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(94)90091-4.
- ^ a b Nemeth, Karoly; Cronin, Shane J.; White, James D.L. (26 December 2007). "Kuwae Caldera and Climate Confusion". The Open Geology Journal. 1 (1): 7–11. Bibcode:2007OGJ.....1....7N. doi:10.2174/1874262900701010007.
- ^ Gorton, Michael Peter (1974). The geochemistry and geochronology of the New Hebrides (Thesis). doi:10.25911/5d6f9d5027a49. hdl:1885/140100. OCLC 12822851.
- ^ Wirrmann, Denis; Eagar, Stephen H.; Harper, Margaret A.; Leroy, Éric; Sémah, Anne-Marie (December 2011). "First insights into mid-Holocene environmental change in central Vanuatu inferred from a terrestrial record from Emaotfer Swamp, Efaté Island". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (27–28): 3908–3924. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.3908W. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.10.003.
- ^ a b Robin, Claude; Monzier, Michel; Eissen, Jean-Philippe (August 1994). "Formation of the mid-fifteenth century Kuwae caldera (Vanuatu) by an initial hydroclastic and subsequent ignimbritic eruption". Bulletin of Volcanology. 56 (3): 170–183. Bibcode:1994BVol...56..170R. doi:10.1007/BF00279602. S2CID 73704523.
- ^ a b Witter, J. B.; Self, S. (9 November 2006). "The Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption of AD 1452: potential magnitude and volatile release". Bulletin of Volcanology. 69 (3): 301–318. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0075-4. S2CID 129403009.
- ^ a b "Secrets of Kuwae begin to be revealed - CHL - ANU". chl.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 2023-01-18.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Witter, Jeffrey B. (1997). Volatile Emissions and Potential Climatic Impact of the Great Kuwae (Vanuatu) Eruption of [Circa] 1452-3 A.D. (Thesis). ProQuest 2561564926.
- ^ Garanger, José (1976). "Tradition orale et préhistoire en Océanie" [Oral tradition and prehistory in Oceania]. Cahiers ORSTOM Série Sciences Humaines (in French). 13 (2): 147–161.
- ^ Cole-Dai, Jihong; Ferris, David G.; Lanciki, Alyson L.; Savarino, Joël; Thiemens, Mark H.; McConnell, Joseph R. (27 July 2013). "Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118 (14): 7459–7466. Bibcode:2013JGRD..118.7459C. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50587. S2CID 129790360.
- ^ Plummer, C. T.; Curran, M. A. J.; van Ommen, T. D.; Rasmussen, S. O.; Moy, A. D.; Vance, T. R.; Clausen, H. B.; Vinther, B. M.; Mayewski, P. A. (2 May 2012). "An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu". doi:10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Hartman, Laura H.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Winski, Dominic A.; Cruz-Uribe, Alicia M.; Davies, Siwan M.; Dunbar, Nelia W.; Iverson, Nels A.; Aydin, Murat; Fegyveresi, John M.; Ferris, David G.; Fudge, T. J.; Osterberg, Erich C.; Hargreaves, Geoffrey M.; Yates, Martin G. (8 October 2019). "Volcanic glass properties from 1459 C.E. volcanic event in South Pole ice core dismiss Kuwae caldera as a potential source". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 14437. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914437H. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50939-x. PMC 6783439. PMID 31595040.
- ^ Vanuatu : îles de cendre et de corail
- ^ Dossier
Further reading
edit- Witter, J B; Self, S (2007). "The Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption of AD 1452: potential magnitude and volatile release". Bulletin of Volcanology. 69 (3): 301–318. Bibcode:2007BVol...69..301W. doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0075-4. S2CID 129403009.
- "Research project—Geological Evidence and Oral History of Tsunamis in Vanuatu". UNSW Australian Tsunami Research Centre. Archived from the original on 2011-02-19.