Kawerau is a town in the Bay of Plenty Region on the North Island of New Zealand. It is situated 100 km south-east of Tauranga and 58 km east of Rotorua.[3] It is the seat of the Kawerau District Council, and the only town in Kawerau District.
Kawerau | |
|---|---|
 Kawerau, with Putauaki in the background | |
 Kawerau district within the North Island | |
| Coordinates: 38°06′S 176°42′E / 38.100°S 176.700°E | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Bay of Plenty |
| Established | 1953 |
| Electorates | East Coast (general) Waiariki (Māori) |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Faylene Tunui |
| • Territorial authority | Kawerau District Council |
| Area | |
| • Land | 23.56 km2 (9.10 sq mi) |
| Population (June 2024)[2] | |
• District | 7,610 |
| • Urban | 7,610 |
| Time zone | UTC+12 (NZST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+13 (NZDT) |
| Postcode | 3127 |
| Area code | 07 |
| Website | Kawerau District Council |
Kawerau is a small community, with an economy that is largely driven by the nearby pulp and paper mill that is run by Norske Skog and OJI Fibre Solutions. It is located along State Highway 34, southwest of Onepu, and is the terminus of the East Coast Main Trunk Railway, and the commencing point of the Murupara Branch railway.
Kawerau is among the three towns in New Zealand with a majority Māori population, along with Ōpōtiki and Wairoa. Kawerau was one of the worst-affected towns in the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake.
History and culture
editEuropean settlement
editKawerau, one of the youngest towns in New Zealand, was founded in 1953 as a mill town for the new Tasman pulp and paper mill. The site for the mill was chosen by the Tasman Pulp and Paper Company because of the ready availability of geothermal energy,[4] water from the Tarawera River and the large supply of pine timber from the nearby Kaingaroa Forest.[5] The town site was chosen in February 1953.[6]
Unlike most other towns of its size, Kawerau was carefully planned before construction.[7] The town was built with an impressive number of facilities, to accommodate a multinational specialist workforce. The mill continues to drive the local economy and greatly influences the fortunes of the town. The town's population peaked in the early 1980s (8718 in the 1981 census) but has declined significantly since then due to the restructuring of the mill and of associated industries.
Recent history
editIn 2012, mill owner Norske Skog said it would be shutting one of the two newsprint machines at the mill.[8] In January 2013, it was confirmed nearly half the mill's jobs would be lost.[9]
Norse Skog of Norway, which is the world's second-biggest producer of newsprint, confirmed the closure of one of its two paper machines at the Tasman Mill at Kawerau with the loss of 110 jobs. The company first announced its intention to shut one machine last September, following a review of its newsprint capacity in Australasia. The remaining Tasman machine would continue to produce newsprint, predominantly for the New Zealand and Australian markets. Norske Skog management would work closely with employees, unions and other stakeholders on the detailed closure arrangements, including a mill-wide restructuring programme. Peter McCartey, General Manager of Tasman Mill said it was widely understood the decision had been brought about by global market forces within the industry. The second paper machine had operated successfully for over 50 years. Norske Skog has the widest geographical spread of all the paper producers, with mills in 11 countries on all continents except Africa.[10]
As of July 16, 2021, all of the three newsprint paper machines have ceased operation due to less demand as the world is going digital.[citation needed]
Kawerau is also home to geothermal power supply Kawerau Power Station for the local industry as well as the rest of New Zealand.
Marae
editThe local marae, Tohia o te Rangi, is affiliated with the Ngāti Tūwharetoa hapū of Ngāi Tamarangi.[11] It features the Waitaha Ariki Kore meeting house.[12]
Demographics
editKawerau District covers 23.56 km2 (9.10 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 7,610 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 323 people per km2.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 6,921 | — |
| 2013 | 6,363 | −1.19% |
| 2018 | 7,146 | +2.35% |
| 2023 | 7,539 | +1.08% |
| Source: [13][14] | ||
Kawerau District had a population of 7,539 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 393 people (5.5%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 1,176 people (18.5%) since the 2013 census. There were 3,720 males, 3,804 females and 15 people of other genders in 2,418 dwellings.[15] 1.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 38.6 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 1,680 people (22.3%) aged under 15 years, 1,332 (17.7%) aged 15 to 29, 2,994 (39.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,527 (20.3%) aged 65 or older.[14]
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 53.8% European (Pākehā); 63.2% Māori; 4.7% Pasifika; 3.3% Asian; 0.3% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 1.8% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.3%, Māori language by 18.3%, Samoan by 0.2% and other languages by 3.5%. No language could be spoken by 2.3% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 10.0, compared with 28.8% nationally.
Religious affiliations were 26.7% Christian, 0.3% Hindu, 0.1% Islam, 9.6% Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.5% New Age, and 0.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 53.4%, and 9.0% of people did not answer the census question.
Of those at least 15 years old, 411 (7.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 3,549 (60.6%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 1,794 (30.6%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $29,200, compared with $41,500 nationally. 249 people (4.2%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 2,220 (37.9%) people were employed full-time, 609 (10.4%) were part-time, and 480 (8.2%) were unemployed.[14]
| Name | Area (km2) |
Population | Density (per km2) |
Dwellings | Median age | Median income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monika Reserve | 14.18 | 3,297 | 233 | 1,140 | 41.4 years | $30,600[16] |
| Kawerau Industrial | 5.82 | 75 | 13 | 48 | 48.0 years | $22,000[17] |
| Kawerau Central | 1.75 | 2,634 | 1,505 | 723 | 34.2 years | $28,900[18] |
| Tarawera Park | 1.81 | 1,530 | 845 | 507 | 40.8 years | $28,300[19] |
| New Zealand | 38.1 years | $41,500 |
Geography
editThe 820 metres (2,690 ft) volcanic cone of Mount Edgecumbe/Putauaki lies 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the east of Kawerau, and is easily visible from the town. The Tarawera River straddles Kawerau to the east and continues north to the Bay of Plenty. Water is supplied to the town from two natural springs. Kawerau's water was judged the best-tasting in New Zealand in 2003 and 2004.[20]
Kawerau has access to vast geothermal resources. There are a number of geothermal hot springs in the surrounding bush owned and operated by local families. The Kawerau geothermal field provides steam power for the paper mill, and a 90 MW geothermal power station is currently under construction.[21]
The District has a land area of 23.56 km2 (9.10 sq mi), making it the smallest territorial authority in New Zealand in terms of land area. It is completely surrounded by the Whakatāne District.
Climate
editDuring summer (December to February), the average daily maximum temperature in Kawerau is 23.7 °C. In January 2008, the temperature exceeded 30 °C for five days. In winter (July to August) crisp early morning frosts are usually followed by clear, sunny days, and the average daily maximum temperature is around 15.6 °C.[22]
Rainfall is spread throughout the year, though it is not uncommon to experience a drought during summer.
| Climate data for Kawerau (1971–2000 normals, extremes 1954–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.0 (98.6) |
35.6 (96.1) |
32.1 (89.8) |
29.7 (85.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
19.9 (67.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.7 (67.5) |
19.8 (67.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
4.8 (40.6) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
0.7 (33.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 118.4 (4.66) |
131.6 (5.18) |
134.8 (5.31) |
134.3 (5.29) |
115.8 (4.56) |
155.4 (6.12) |
140.0 (5.51) |
148.7 (5.85) |
127.8 (5.03) |
162.3 (6.39) |
140.9 (5.55) |
132.6 (5.22) |
1,642.6 (64.67) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 234.5 | 199.6 | 208.2 | 178.6 | 160.4 | 133.3 | 158.4 | 146.5 | 170.4 | 202.8 | 237.1 | 204 | 2,233.8 |
| Source: NIWA (rain 1981–2010)[23][24] | |||||||||||||
Events
edit
Kawerau hosts a number of events each year, including the National Woodskills Festival, 'King of the Mountain' race and the Tarawera 100 motorcycle endurance race. Kawerau is also growing as an event venue for white water rapid competitions such as kayaking and rafting. Kawerau was a venue for the 2013 World Rafting Championships.
Kawerau Woodfest & National Woodskills Competition
editThe National Woodskills Festival is a competition that encompasses a broad spectrum of wood craftsmanship and wood art. Some of the competitors are professionals, but many are amateurs. The Woodskills Festival was first held in Kawerau in 1989 as a local competition. By 1991, the event had become such a popular annual competition that it was developed into a national event, attracting exhibitors from throughout New Zealand. The competition has now developed into a broader range of attractions which captivates many skills from the Forestry Industry and now takes over the town for the weekend, in what is known as Kawerau Woodfest.
The annual Kawerau Woodfest attracts hundreds of visitors from around the country, making it the town's largest event and, as a result, is the highest economic beneficial event in Kawerau. As well as the Woodskills Festival, there is an Arts & Crafts Festival with displays open on Saturday and Sunday at various venues around Kawerau.
Education
editKawerau has two co-educational state primary schools for Year 1 to 6 students: Kawerau Putauaki School,[25][26] with a roll of 140;[27] and Kawerau South School,[28][29] with a roll of 376.[30]
Te Whata Tau o Putauaki is a co-educational Year 1 to 8 state primary school,[31] with a roll of 58.[32]
Tarawera High School is the town's Year 7 to 13 secondary school,[33] with a roll of 449.[34] The Kawerau Teen Parent Unit is located in an old school house.[35][36]
Notable residents
edit- Danielle Hayes, model
- Gill Gatfield, sculptor
- John Rowles, singer
- Ria van Dyke, model
- Sarah Walker, Women's BMX world champion
- William Warbrick, rugby league player
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ a b "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Kawerau
- ^ "N.Z. PAPER AND PULP MILLS". The Press. 27 November 1952. p. 10. Retrieved 20 February 2024 – via Papers Past.
- ^ "Kawerau District Council: Information". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
- ^ "TASMAN PAPER PROJECT". The Press. 26 February 1953. p. 8. Retrieved 20 February 2024 – via Papers Past.
- ^ "TASMAN PULP INDUSTRY". The Press. 12 September 1953. p. 6. Retrieved 20 February 2024 – via Papers Past.
- ^ "Kawerau paper mill job losses confirmed". Radio New Zealand. January 9, 2013.
- ^ "Job losses confirmed at Kawerau mill". 3 News NZ. January 9, 2013.
- ^ Gray, Jamie (2013-01-09). "Norse Skog Cuts 110 Jobs". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
- ^ "Te Kāhui Māngai directory". tkm.govt.nz. Te Puni Kōkiri.
- ^ "Māori Maps". maorimaps.com. Te Potiki National Trust.
- ^ "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Kawerau District (026). 2018 Census place summary: Kawerau District
- ^ a b c "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Kawerau District (026). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Totals by topic for dwellings, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Monika Reserve. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Kawerau Industrial. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Kawerau Central. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Totals by topic for individuals, (RC, TALB, UR, SA3, SA2, Ward, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Stats NZ - Tatauranga Aotearoa - Aotearoa Data Explorer. Tarawera Park. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Kawerau District Council: Water Supply". Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
- ^ New Zealand Geothermal Association: Geothermal fields Archived 2007-02-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kawerau District Council: About Our District Archived 2016-06-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Kawerau". NIWA. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "The National Climate Database - (Agent numbers: 1753, 21866, 36750)". NIWA. Retrieved 10 Sep 2024.
- ^ "Kawerau Putauaki School Official School Website". putauaki.school.nz.
- ^ "Kawerau Putauaki School Ministry of Education School Profile". educationcounts.govt.nz. Ministry of Education.
- ^ "Kawerau Putauaki School Education Review Office Report". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.
- ^ "Kawerau South School Official School Website". kawerausouth.school.nz.
- ^ "Kawerau South School Ministry of Education School Profile". educationcounts.govt.nz. Ministry of Education.
- ^ "Kawerau South School Education Review Office Report". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.
- ^ "Te Whata Tau o Putauaki Ministry of Education School Profile". educationcounts.govt.nz. Ministry of Education.
- ^ "Te Whata Tau o Putauaki Education Review Office Report". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.
- ^ "Tarawera High School Ministry of Education School Profile". educationcounts.govt.nz. Ministry of Education.
- ^ "Tarawera High School Education Review Office Report". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.
- ^ "Kawerau Teen Parent Unit Ministry of Education School Profile". educationcounts.govt.nz. Ministry of Education.
- ^ "Kawerau Teen Parent Unit Education Review Office Report". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.