Kayalıpınar is a village in Yıldızeli District, in Sivas Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 66 (2022).[2] It is a Hittite archaeological site, under excavation since 2004. It is identified with the ancient Samuha settlement.
 Kayalıpınar mound as seen from the west | |
  Shown within Turkey | |
| Alternative name | Samuha |
|---|---|
| Location | Sivas Province, Turkey |
| Region | Anatolia |
| Coordinates | 39°36′41″N 36°30′40″E / 39.61150°N 36.51117°E |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Cultures | Hittite |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | In ruins |
Ancient settlement
editThe human settlement of Kayalıpınar started already in the 5th millennium BC. During the Middle Bronze Age the settlement grew to become a town. During the early kārum period, Kayalıpınar/Šamuḫa became a station (wabartum) of ancient Assyrian traders that eventually developed into a trading colony (kārum). The town controlled a bridge crossing Kızılırmak River. A palace is also mentioned in the texts.[citation needed]
The presence of ancient Assyrian traders is attested by several seals found in Kayalıpınar and two ancient Assyrian cuneiform tablets, one of which mentions the Anatolian personal name Tamura.[3]
After the kārum period city was destroyed, the Hittites built a new city with a palace complex.[4] This city was destroyed in the Middle Hittite period, probably by an earthquake.[citation needed]
A seal that may belong to the layer of destruction points to the time of King Tudḫaliya I and his wife Nikkalmati, which indicates the date of around 1450 BC. Apparently, the same earthquake destroyed the mountain town of Šarišša, which was about fifty kilometers to the south-east.[5] The destroyed city and palace were immediately rebuilt.[citation needed]
At the time of Tudḫaliya II, the palace was systematically plundered and burned down. According to the Hittite documents, this may have been done by the "enemy of Azzi", that took the Upper Land and "made Šamuḫa the border". The mining town of Šarišša was also plundered at that time.[6]
Modern settlement
editThe mosque of the village was built in 1883.[7]
At the beginning of the 20th century, the village was a settlement place for Avars and Lezgins from the Caucasus.[8]
Notes
edit- ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ Andreas Müller-Karpe: The East: Archeology. The Upper Land, Azzi-Hayaša, Išuwa; in: Mark Weeden, Lee. Z. Ullmann (ed.): Hittite Landscape and Geography, Brill 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-34174-6. p.61
- ^ Andreas Müller-Karpe: The East: Archeology. The Upper Land, Azzi-Hayaša, Išuwa; in: Mark Weeden, Lee. Z. Ullmann (ed.): Hittite Landscape and Geography, Brill 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-34174-6. p.60
- ^ Andreas Müller-Karpe: The East: Archeology. The Upper Land, Azzi-Hayaša, Išuwa; in: Mark Weeden, Lee. Z. Ullmann (ed.): Hittite Landscape and Geography, Brill 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-34174-6. p.61
- ^ Andreas Müller-Karpe: The East: Archeology. The Upper Land, Azzi-Hayaša, Išuwa; in: Mark Weeden, Lee. Z. Ullmann (ed.): Hittite Landscape and Geography, Brill 2014. ISBN 978-90-04-34174-6. p.62
- ^ "Kayalıpınar". T.C. Yıldızeli Kaymakamlığı (in Turkish). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İçişleri Bakanlığı. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
- ^ "Kayalıpınar". Nişanyan Yeradları. Sevan Nişanyan. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
References
edit- Andreas Müller-Karpe et al., Untersuchungen in Kayalipinar, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 138 (2006), 41–77.
Bibliography
edit- Giuseppe F. del Monte, Johann Tischler: Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte: Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes, Band 6. Reichert, Wiesbaden 1978: Šamuḫa, pp. 338-341
- Elisabeth Rieken (Hrsg.): Keilschrifttafeln aus Kayalıpınar 1. Textfunde aus den Jahren 1999–2017. Harrassowitz Verlag 2019. ISBN 978-3-447-11220-8
- Gojko Barjamovic: A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period; Kopenhagen 2011, ISBN 978-87-635-3645-5, pp. 151–154.
- Michele Cammarosano: Kultinventare aus Kalyalıpınar (Šamuḫa), in: Elisabeth Rieken (Hrsg.): Keilschrifttafeln aus Kayalıpınar 1. Textfunde aus den Jahren 1999–2017. Harrassowitz Verlag 2019. ISBN 978-3-447-11220-8 p.73
External sites
edit- Current research at Kayalipinar (in German) University of Marburg - uni-marburg.de