Kazakov (Russian: Казаков), or Kazakova (feminine; Russian: Казакова), is a Russian surname meaning of "cossack" (kozak, Russian: казак). Notable people with the surname include:
- Alexander Kazakov (1889-1919), Russian flying ace and fighter pilot during the First World War
- Alexander Vasilyevich Kazakov (1888-1950), Soviet lithologist and geochemist
- Aristarkh Kazakov (1878-1963), Russian revolutionary
- Grigori Kazakov (1913-1987), Soviet naval officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
- Ivan Kazakov (1873-1935), Russian painter
- Konstantin Kazakov (1902-1989), Soviet artillery marshal
- Matvey Kazakov (1738-1812), Russian architect
- Mikhail Ilyich Kazakov (1901-1979), Soviet military leader and army general
- Mikhail Mikhailovich Kozakov (Kazakov) (1934-2011), famous Soviet theatre and movie actor
- Mikhail Nikolayevich Kazakov (1920-1994), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
- Nikolai Kazakov (1918-?), Soviet poet from Mari El
- Rodion Kazakov (1758-1803), Russian architect
- Stepan Kazakov (1914-1964), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
- Vasily Kazakov (1898-1968), Soviet artillery marshal and Hero of the Soviet Union
- Viktor Kazakov — several people
- Yury Kazakov (1927-1982), Russian author of short stories