Quechumaran or Kechumaran is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.[1] Terrence Kaufman[2] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.[3] Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.[4]
| Quechumaran | |
|---|---|
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | Andes |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
Moulian et al. (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.[5]
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[6] also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
Swadesh lists
edit100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):[7]
no. gloss Proto-Quechuan Proto-Aymaran 1. I *ya-qa *na-ya 2. you *qam *huma 3. we *ya-qa-nčik *hiwa-sa 4. this *kay *aka 5. that *čay *uka 6. who? *pi *qači 7. what? *ima *qu 8. not *mana *hani 9. all *λapa *taqi 10. many *ačka *aλuqa 11. one *ŝuk *maya 12. two *iŝkay *paya 13. big *hatu(n) *haĉ’a 14. long *suni *suni 15. small *učuk *hisk’a 16. woman *warmi *marmi 17. man *qari *čača 18. person *runa *haqi 19. fish *čaλwa *čǎλwa 20. bird *pisqu *amač’i 21. dog *aλqu *anu(qa) 22. louse *usa *lap’a 23. tree *maλki *quqa 24. seed *muhu *atʰa 25. leaf *rapra *lapʰi 26. root *sapʰi *asu 27. bark *qara *siλp’i 28. skin *qara *lip’iči 29. flesh *ayča *hanči 30. blood *yawar *wila 31. bone *tuλu *ĉ’aka 32. grease *wira *lik’i 33. egg *runtu / *ruru *k’awna 34. horn *waqra *waqra 35. tail *ĉupa *wič’inkʰa 36. feather *pʰuru *pʰuyu 37. hair *aqča / *čukča *nik’uĉa 38. head *uma *p’iqi 39. ear *rinri *hinču 40. eye *ñawi *nawra 41. nose *sinqa *nasa 42. mouth *simi *laka 43. tooth *kiru *laka ĉ’akʰa 44. tongue *qaλu *laqra 45. claw *ŝiλu *šiλu 46. foot *ĉaki *kayu 47. knee *qunqur *qhunquru 48. hand *maki *ampara 49. belly *paĉa / *wiksa *puĉa(ka) 50. neck *kunka *kunka 51. breasts *ñuñu *ñuñu 52. heart *ŝunqu *čuyma 53. liver *k’ipĉa(n) *k’ipĉa 54. drink *upya- *uma- 55. eat *mikʰu- *manq’a- / *palu- 56. bite *kani- *aĉu- 57. see *rikʰu- *uλa- 58. hear *uya- *iša- 59. know *yaĉa- *yaĉi- 60. sleep *puñu- *iki- 61. die *wañu- *hiwa- 62. kill *wañu-či- *hiwa-ya- 63. swim *wayt’a- *tuyu- 64. fly *pʰaya-ri- *hala- 65. walk *puri- *sara- / *wasa- 66. come *ŝa-mu- *huta- 67. lie *anĉ’a-ra- *haqu-ši- 68. sit *taya-ku- *uta-ĉ’a- 69. stand *ŝaya-ri- *saya- 70. give *qu- *čura- 71. say *ñi- *saya- 72. sun *rupay *lupi 73. moon *kiλa *paqši 74. star *quyλur *wara(wara) 75. water *yaku *uma 76. rain *tamya / *para *haλu 77. stone *rumi *qala 78. sand *aqu *č’aλa 79. earth *paĉa *uraqi 80. cloud *pʰuyu / *pukutay *qhinaya / *urpi 81. smoke *q’usñi / *quntay *iwq’i 82. fire *nina *nina 83. ashes *uĉpa *qhiλa 84. burn *k’añay *nak’a- 85. path *ñayani *tʰaki 86. mountain *urqu *quλu 87. red *puka *čupika 88. green *q’umir / *ĉiqya(q) *č’uqña 89. yellow *q’iλu / *qarwa *tuyu 90. white *yuraq *anq’u 91. black *yana *ĉ’iyara 92. night *tuta *aruma 93. hot *q’unu *hunĉ’u 94. cold *čiri *tʰaya 95. full *hunta *pʰuqa 96. new *muŝuq *mačaqa 97. good *aλi *aski 98. round *muyu *muruqu 99. dry *čaki *waña 100. name *suti *suti
Further reading
edit- Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. Language, 44:528-55.
References
edit
Wiktionary has a Swadesh list at Appendix:Quechumaran Swadesh lists
- ^ Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2000). Lingüística aimara. Cuzco: CBC, p. 301.
- ^ Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In David L. Payne (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–74.
- ^ Adelaar, Willem (1992). "Quechuan Languages". In W. Bright (ed.). Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Vol. 3. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 303–10.
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 188, 273–283. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- ^ Moulian, Rodrígo; Catrileo, María; Landeo, Pablo (2015). "Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia" [Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia]. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada (in Spanish). 53 (2): 73–96. doi:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
- ^ Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo. 2000. El Aimara y el Quechua: relaciones distantes. In Luis Miranda Esquerre (ed.), Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica, 17–38. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de Lenguas Modernas, Departamento Académico de Humanidades.