Kellett KD-1

Kellett KD-1
	Kellett XR-3 modification of YG-1B (KD-1) of U.S. Army preserved at Yanks Air Museum, Chino airfield California, in February 2016
Role	Autogyro
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Kellett Autogiro Company
First flight	1934
Primary users	United States Army Air Forces; Eastern Airlines
Developed into	Kayaba Ka-1/Ka-2

The Kellett KD-1 is a 1930s American autogyro built by the Kellett Autogiro Company. It had the distinction of being the first practical rotary-wing aircraft used by the United States Army and inaugurated the first scheduled air-mail service using a rotary-wing aircraft.

Development

Using the experience gained in building Cierva autogyros under licence the Kellett Autogiro Company developed the KD-1 which was similar to the contemporary Cierva C.30. It had two open cockpits, a fixed tailwheel landing gear and was powered by a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 radial engine. The D in the KD-1 designation stood for Direct control, meaning that the rotor was responsible for all control of the machine, so ailerons, wings and elevators were not necessary.^[1] This caused distrust from Kellett's test pilots, who refused to fly it. Kellett then hired Johnny Miller, who thoroughly understood autogyros, as chief test pilot. After successful testing of the prototype, it was converted into a mail-carrying variant designated the KD-1A which had the front cockpit converted into a baggage compartment and was put into production. It had a three-bladed rotor with folding blades and a number of minor detail improvements. A KD-1B was a development of the KD-1A, with an enclosed cockpit for the pilot, radio, blind-flying instruments and a landing light, and was ordered and operated by Eastern Air Lines, who hired Miller to fly it.

They inaugurated the first scheduled rotary-wing air-mail service on 6 July 1939 between Camden Central Airport and Philadelphia's main Post Office.^[2]

In 1935, the United States Army bought a KD-1 for evaluation and designated it the YG-1, a second aircraft followed which had additional radio equipment and was designated the YG-1A. These two aircraft were followed by a batch of seven designated YG-1B. In 1942 seven more were bought for use in the observation role as the XO-60. Six XO-60s were re-engined with 300 hp (224 kW) Jacobs R-915-3s and re-designated YO-60.^[3] One YG-1B was modified with a constant-speed rotor and was re-designated the YG-1C, it was later re-engined with the more powerful R-915 and re-designated again as the XR-2. The XR-2 was destroyed by rotor ground resonance problems and the evaluation was continued with another modified YG-1B designated the XR-3.

Variants

YG-1 (KD-1) at Langley

KD-1: Prototype, one built
KD-1A: Commercial variant with open cockpit and a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 radial engine; three built, one converted from the KD-1.
KD-1B: Commercial variant with enclosed cockpit; two built.
YG-1: United States Army designation for one KD-1A acquired for evaluation.
YG-1A: One aircraft as YG-1 with the addition of radio equipment.

YG-1B at Langley

YG-1B: Production aircraft for the United States Army; seven built.
YG-1C: One YG-1B modified with a constant-speed rotor for evaluation, later designated the XR-2.

A Kellett XO-60

XO-60: Production aircraft for the United States Army with a 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs R-755 radial engine, seven built.
YO-60: Six XO-60s re-engined with a 300 hp (220 kW) Jacob R-915-3 radial engine.
XR-2: The YG-1C re-designated after being re-engined with a 300 hp (220 kW) Jacobs R-915-3 radial engine.
XR-3: One YG-1B modified to XR-2 standard for evaluation.
Kayaba Ka-Go prototype: Main article: Kayaba Ka-1; Based on a KD-1A airframe repaired by Kayaba.

Operators

United States

Specifications (KD-1B)

General characteristics

Crew: 2
Length: 28 ft 10 in (8.79 m)
Height: 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m)
Gross weight: 2,244 lb (1,018 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Jacobs L-4MA , 230 hp (170 kW)
Main rotor diameter: 40 ft 0 in (12.19 m)

Performance

Maximum speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn)
Range: 200 mi (322 km, 174 nmi)
Service ceiling: 13,999 ft (4,267 m)

References

Notes

^ "Kellett KD-1". All the World's Rotorcraft. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^ Lewis, W. David. "The Autogiro Flies the Mail! Realising the dream of flight pp 79-81" (PDF). NASA History. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^ "ARMY AUTOGIRO" Popular Science, June 1944, photo of YO-60

Bibliography

Andrade, John (1979). U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 0-904597-22-9.
Elliot, Bryn (March–April 1997). "Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective". Air Enthusiast. No. 68. pp. 46–51. ISSN 0143-5450. * Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing.

External links

Media related to Kellett KD-1 at Wikimedia Commons

[1] "Kellett KD-1". All the World's Rotorcraft. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

[NASA-2] Lewis, W. David. "The Autogiro Flies the Mail! Realising the dream of flight pp 79-81" (PDF). NASA History. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

[3] "ARMY AUTOGIRO" Popular Science, June 1944, photo of YO-60

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