Canada at the Summer Olympics

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Canada has competed at 28 Summer Olympic Games, missing only the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. This count includes the 1906 Olympic Games, deemed unofficial 43 years after they were held (Canada won gold and silver). The nation made its debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Canada competes under the IOC country code CAN.

Canada at the
Summer Olympics
IOC codeCAN
NOCCanadian Olympic Committee
Websitewww.olympic.ca (in English)
www.olympique.ca(in French)
Medals
Ranked 19th
Gold
80
Silver
117
Bronze
156
Total
353
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games
Flag used from 1900 to 1920
Flag used from 1924 to 1956
Flag used in 1936
Flag used from 1960 to 1964

Hosted games

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Canada has hosted the Summer Olympic Games once, in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec.[1]

Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events
1976 Summer Olympics[2] Montreal, Quebec July 17–August 1 92 6,084 198

Medal tables

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Medals by year

  Host country

Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold Medals Total Medals
1900 Paris 2 1 0 1 2 13 16
1904 St. Louis 52 4 1 1 6 3 3
1908 London 87 3 3 10 16 7 5
1912 Stockholm 37 3 2 3 8 9 9
1920 Antwerp 53 3 3 3 9 12 13
1924 Paris 65 0 3 1 4 20 18
1928 Amsterdam 69 4 4 7 15 10 10
1932 Los Angeles 102 2 5 8 15 13 10
1936 Berlin 97 1 3 5 9 17 14
1948 London 118 0 1 2 3 25 22
1952 Helsinki 107 1 2 0 3 21 25
1956 Melbourne 92 2 1 3 6 15 15
1960 Rome 85 0 1 0 1 32 34
1964 Tokyo 115 1 2 1 4 22 21
1968 Mexico City 138 1 3 1 5 23 21
1972 Munich 208 0 2 3 5 27 22
1976 Montreal 385 0 5 6 11 27 13
1980 Moscow did not participate
1984 Los Angeles 408 10 18 16 44 6 4
1988 Seoul 328 3 2 5 10 19 19
1992 Barcelona 295 7 4 7 18 11 15
1996 Atlanta 303 3 11 8 22 21 11
2000 Sydney 294 3 3 8 14 24 24
2004 Athens 262 3 6 3 12 21 19
2008 Beijing 332 3 9 8 20 20 13
2012 London 273 2 6 10 18 27 15
2016 Rio de Janeiro 314 4 3 15 22 20 10
2020 Tokyo 381 7 7 10 24 11 11
2024 Paris 315 9 7 11 27 12 11
2028 Los Angeles future event
2032 Brisbane
Total 80 117 156 353 19 15

Canada also won 1 gold medal and 1 silver medal at the 1906 Summer Olympics, which the IOC no longer recognizes as an official Olympic games, so those medals are not counted in this table.

Medals by sport
  Leading in that sport
SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal
  Athletics19193371
  Swimming12203062
  Rowing10181644
  Canoeing and kayaking (sprint)5111228
  Shooting4329
  Boxing37818
  Freestyle wrestling37717
  Artistic swimming3418
  Trampoline gymnastics2338
  Weightlifting2316
  Track cycling22610
  Equestrian (jumping)2215
  Football2024
  Lacrosse2013
  Diving15915
  Judo1258
  Triathlon1102
  Tennis1012
  Artistic gymnastics1001
  Breaking1001
  Golf1001
  Rhythmic gymnastics1001
  Sailing0369
  Mountain biking0213
  Road cycling0123
  Taekwondo0123
  Beach volleyball0112
  Rugby sevens0112
  Basketball0101
  Equestrian (dressage)0011
  Equestrian (eventing)0011
  Fencing0011
  Marathon swimming0011
  Softball0011
Totals (34 entries)79117156352

*One of Canada's ice hockey gold medals was won during the 1920 Summer Olympics. This table does not include this medal, resulting in the discrepancy between the medals by games and medals by sports tables.

Canada has never won an Olympic medal in the following current or recent summer sports or disciplines: aquatics (water polo), archery, badminton, baseball, basketball (3-on-3), canoeing and kayaking (slalom), cycling (BMX freestyle), cycling (BMX racing), field hockey, handball, karate, modern pentathlon, skateboarding, sport climbing, surfing, table tennis, volleyball (indoor), and wrestling (Greco-Roman).

Aquatics

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Artistic swimming

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Canada has been very successful in synchronized swimming at the Olympics, winning medals at every games in which the sport was competed except for 2004 & 2008.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1984 Los Angeles 0 2 0 2
1988 Seoul 2 0 0 2
1992 Barcelona 1 1 0 2
1996 Atlanta 0 1 0 1
2000 Sydney 0 0 1 1
Total 3 4 1 8

Diving

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Canada's only gold medal in diving was won by Sylvie Bernier in Los Angeles. At the 2012 Olympics, Émilie Heymans became the first Canadian Summer Olympian to win a medal in four straight Olympics.[3]

GamesGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1956 Melbourne0011
1984 Los Angeles1001
1996 Atlanta0011
2000 Sydney0112
2004 Athens0112
2008 Beijing0202
2012 London0022
2016 Rio de Janeiro0022
2020 Tokyo0101
2024 Paris0011
Totals (10 entries)15915

Marathon swimming

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Canada has only won an Olympic medal in marathon swimming once, a bronze by Richard Weinberger in 2012.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2012 London 0 0 1 1
Total 0 0 1 1

Swimming

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After George Hodgson won two gold medals in the 1912 Stockholm games, it would be 72 years before Alex Baumann became the second Canadian swimmer to win Olympic gold, when he won both individual medley events in world record time in the 1984 Los Angeles games. Victor Davis (1984), Anne Ottenbrite (1984), Mark Tewksbury (1992), Penny Oleksiak (2016), Maggie Mac Neil (2020) and Summer McIntosh (2024) are the other Canadian swimmers to win gold medals. In 2004, Canada failed to win a medal of any colour in swimming for the first time in 40 years. At the Tokyo Olympics, Penny Oleksiak became the most decorated Canadian Olympian of all time, winning a total of 7 medals. At the Paris Olympics in 2024, Summer McIntosh became Canada's first three time Olympic gold medalist in swimming.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1912 Stockholm 2 0 0 2
1920 Antwerp 0 1 1 2
1928 Amsterdam 0 0 1 1
1968 Mexico City 0 3 1 4
1972 Munich 0 2 2 4
1976 Montreal 0 2 6 8
1984 Los Angeles 4 3 3 10
1988 Seoul 0 1 1 2
1992 Barcelona 1 0 1 2
1996 Atlanta 0 1 2 3
2000 Sydney 0 0 1 1
2008 Beijing 0 0 1 1
2012 London 0 1 1 2
2016 Rio de Janeiro 1 1 4 6
2020 Tokyo 1 3 2 6
2024 Paris 3 2 3 8
Total 12 20 30 62

Water polo

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in water polo. Their best finish was fifth in the women's tournament at the 2000 games.

Archery

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in archery. Their best finish was fifth in the women's individual competition at the 1976 games.

Athletics

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Canada is not traditionally strong in athletics, but the nation has won medals in 15 of 23 games in which it has competed. Some memorable performances are the double gold by Percy Williams in the 100m and 200m in the 1928 Amsterdam games, and the gold medals won in Atlanta (1996) by Donovan Bailey in the 100m (in world record time) and by the men's 4 × 100 m relay team.

Ben Johnson originally won gold in the men's 100m at the 1988 games. However, after a positive doping test he was disqualified and his medal stripped.[4][5][6][7]

In 2008, Dylan Armstrong originally finished in fourth place in the men's shotput. However, following the third place finisher being disqualified for doping he was awarded the bronze medal.[8][9]

In 2012, Derek Drouin originally won bronze at the men's high jump. After gold medalist Ivan Ukhov of Russia was disqualified for doping in 2019, he was upgraded to silver in 2021.[10]

In 2020, Canada originally won bronze in the men's 4 × 100 m relay event. After a positive doping test by the silver medallist Great Britain, the IOC disqualified the team.[11] As a result, Canada's result was upgraded to a silver medal.[12][13]

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1900 Paris 1 0 1 2
1904 St. Louis 1 0 0 1
1908 London 1 1 4 6
1912 Stockholm 1 2 2 5
1920 Antwerp 1 0 0 1
1928 Amsterdam 4 2 2 8
1932 Los Angeles 1 3 5 9
1936 Berlin 0 1 3 4
1948 London 0 0 1 1
1964 Tokyo 0 1 1 2
1976 Montreal 0 1 0 1
1984 Los Angeles 0 2 3 5
1988 Seoul 0 0 1 1
1992 Barcelona 1 1 1 3
1996 Atlanta 2 0 0 2
2008 Beijing 0 0 2 2
2012 London 0 1 0 1
2016 Rio de Janeiro 1 1 4 6
2020 Tokyo 2 2 2 6
2024 Paris 3 1 1 5
Total 19 19 33 71

Canada also won 1 gold medal and 1 silver medal in Athletics at the 1906 Summer Olympics, which are not counted in this table.

Badminton

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in badminton since its introduction to the Olympics in 1992. Their best finish was fourth in the women's doubles competition at the 2012 games.

Baseball and Softball

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Baseball

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in baseball. Their best finish was fourth at the 2004 games.

Softball

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Canada has won one Olympic medal in softball, a bronze in the women's tournament at the 2020 games.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2020 Tokyo 0 0 1 1
Total 0 0 1 1

Basketball

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Basketball

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Canada has only won an Olympic medal in basketball once, a silver in 1936.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1936 Berlin 0 1 0 1
Total 0 1 0 1

3-on-3 basketball

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in 3-on-3 basketball since its introduction to the Olympics in 2020. Their best was fourth in the women's tournament at the 2024 games.

Boxing

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Canada has enjoyed modest success in Olympic boxing, winning medals in eight games. Lennox Lewis won the super heavyweight gold medal in Seoul, before competing for his native Great Britain as a professional.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1920 Antwerp 1 2 2 5
1924 Paris 0 0 1 1
1928 Amsterdam 0 0 1 1
1932 Los Angeles 1 0 0 1
1984 Los Angeles 0 2 1 3
1988 Seoul 1 1 1 3
1992 Barcelona 0 1 1 2
1996 Atlanta 0 1 0 1
2024 Paris 0 0 1 1
Total 3 7 8 18

Breakdancing

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Canada's Phil Wizard won the gold medal in the first Olympic men's breakdancing competition at the 2024 games.[14]

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2024 Paris 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1

Canoeing and kayaking

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Slalom

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in a whitewater event. Their best finish was fourth in the men's K-1 competition at the 2004 games.

Sprint

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Adam van Koeverden and Caroline Brunet are recent multiple medal winners for Canada.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1936 Berlin 1 1 1 3
1948 London 0 1 1 2
1952 Helsinki 0 1 0 1
1976 Montreal 0 1 0 1
1984 Los Angeles 2 2 2 6
1996 Atlanta 0 1 0 1
2000 Sydney 0 1 1 2
2004 Athens 1 0 2 3
2008 Beijing 0 1 1 2
2012 London 0 1 2 3
2020 Tokyo 0 1 1 2
2024 Paris 1 0 1 2
Total 5 11 12 28

Cycling

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Two Canadians have won gold medals in cycling: Lori-Ann Muenzer at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, and Kelsey Mitchell at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Another Canadian cyclist of note is Clara Hughes, double bronze medalist in Atlanta (1996). She has also won medals in the 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympics in speed skating, and is the only Olympian to win multiple medals in both the summer and winter games.

BMX racing

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in a BMX racing event since its introduction to the Olympics in 2008. Their best finish was fifth in the men's competition at the 2016 games and the women's competition at the 2024 games.

BMX freestyle

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in a BMX freestyle event since its introduction to the Olympics in 2020. Their best finish was tenth in the men's competition at the 2024 games.

Mountain biking

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1996 Atlanta 0 1 0 1
2004 Athens 0 1 0 1
2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 1 1
Total 0 2 1 3

Road

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1984 Los Angeles 0 1 0 1
1996 Atlanta 0 0 2 2
Total 0 1 2 3

Track

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GamesGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1908 London0011
1984 Los Angeles0101
1992 Barcelona0011
1996 Atlanta0112
2004 Athens1001
2012 London0011
2016 Rio de Janeiro0011
2020 Tokyo1012
Totals (8 entries)22610

Equestrian

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Canada's first gold medal in equestrian events was won by the show jumping team in Mexico City. A second gold medal, and the first in an individual event, went to Eric Lamaze at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Dressage

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1988 Seoul 0 0 1 1
Total 0 0 1 1

Eventing

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1956 Stockholm 0 0 1 1
Total 0 0 1 1

Jumping

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1968 Mexico City 1 0 0 1
1976 Montreal 0 1 0 1
2008 Beijing 1 1 0 2
2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 1 1
Total 2 2 1 5

Fencing

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Canada has won one Olympic medal in fencing, a bronze by Eleanor Harvey in the women's individual foil at the 2024 games.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2024 Paris 0 0 1 1
Total 0 0 1 1

Field hockey

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in field hockey. Their best finish was fifth in the women's tournament at the 1984 games.

Football (Soccer)

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Canada first competed in Olympic football at the second tournament, 1904. One club team from Canada went to St. Louis to compete against two American teams, winning the gold medal. Canada's men's soccer team is considered unlikely to qualify for the Olympics. The women's national team won the bronze medal in the 2012 and 2016 Olympics and won the gold at the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1904 St. Louis 1 0 0 1
2012 London 0 0 1 1
2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 1 1
2020 Tokyo 1 0 0 1
Total 2 0 2 4

Golf

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Golf was only included in the Olympic program for the 1900 and 1904 games, at which George Lyon won the individual gold medal.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1904 St. Louis 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1

Gymnastics

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Canada has only won a single medal in artistic gymnastics, a gold by Kyle Shewfelt in Athens. Lori Fung won a gold in rhythmic gymnastics in Los Angeles and Canadians have also won medals in trampolining.

Artistic

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2004 Athens 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1

Rhythmic

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1984 Los Angeles 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1

Trampoline

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2000 Sydney 0 0 2 2
2004 Athens 0 1 0 1
2008 Beijing 0 2 0 2
2012 London 1 0 0 1
2016 Rio de Janeiro 1 0 0 1
2024 Paris 0 0 1 1
Total 2 3 3 8

Handball

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in handball. Their best finish was sixth in the women's tournament at the 1976 games.

Ice hockey

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Canada won the gold medal when ice hockey was introduced in the program of the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp. The sport was moved to the Winter Olympics program for the first winter games in 1924.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1920 Antwerp 1 0 0 1
Total 1 0 0 1

Judo

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Canada has won 7 medals in judo at the Olympics. Doug Rogers won silver at the sport's inaugural event in 1964 in Tokyo. Most recently, Jessica Klimkait and Catherine Beauchemin-Pinard won bronze at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1964 Tokyo 0 1 0 1
1984 Los Angeles 0 0 1 1
1992 Barcelona 0 0 1 1
2000 Sydney 0 1 0 1
2012 London 0 0 1 1
2020 Tokyo 0 0 2 2
2024 Paris 1 0 0 1
Total 1 2 5 8

Karate

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in karate. Their best finish was tied for seventh at the men's +75 kg competition at the 2020 games.

Lacrosse

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Lacrosse was only part of the Olympic program in the 1904 and 1908 games; Canadian teams won the gold medal each time. In 1904, a second Canadian team, composed only of Mohawk players, also won a bronze medal.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1904 St. Louis 1 0 1 2
1908 London 1 0 0 1
Total 2 0 1 3

Modern pentathlon

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in modern pentathlon. Their best finish was eleventh in the men's team competition at the 1988 games and the women's competition at the 2012 games.

Rowing

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Rowing is one of Canada's most successful sports at the summer Olympics. The pair of Marnie McBean and Kathleen Heddle won gold in both the Barcelona (1992) and Atlanta (1996) games. Canada has traditionally done well in the eight events, with the men's team winning a medal 9 times and the women's team winning a medal 4 times.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1904 St. Louis 0 1 0 1
1908 London 0 0 3 3
1912 Stockholm 0 0 1 1
1924 Paris 0 2 0 2
1928 Amsterdam 0 1 1 2
1932 Los Angeles 0 0 2 2
1956 Melbourne 1 1 0 2
1960 Rome 0 1 0 1
1964 Tokyo 1 0 0 1
1984 Los Angeles 1 2 3 6
1992 Barcelona 4 0 1 5
1996 Atlanta 1 4 1 6
2000 Sydney 0 0 1 1
2004 Athens 0 1 0 1
2008 Beijing 1 1 2 4
2012 London 0 2 0 2
2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 1 0 1
2020 Tokyo 1 0 1 2
2024 Paris 0 1 0 1
Total 10 18 16 44

Rugby

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Union

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Canada never qualified a rugby union team for an Olympic games prior to its removal from the program in 1924.

Sevens

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The Canadian rugby sevens team won a bronze in the women's tournament at the 2016 games, which was the sport's first time being included on the program, and silver in the women's tournament at the 2024 games.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2016 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 1 1
2024 Paris 0 1 0 1
Total 0 1 1 2

Sailing

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Canada's most notable event in Olympic sailing competition was from the 1988 Seoul games, where Lawrence Lemieux was racing towards a certain medal finish, but stopped to help two Singaporean sailors whose boat had capsized during the race. Lemieux was later presented an award from IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch to honor his act of bravery.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1932 Los Angeles 0 1 1 2
1972 Munich 0 0 1 1
1984 Los Angeles 0 1 2 3
1988 Seoul 0 0 1 1
1992 Barcelona 0 0 1 1
2004 Athens 0 1 0 1
Total 0 3 6 9

Shooting

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Linda Thom's gold medal in the 1984 Los Angeles games was the first summer Olympic gold medal for Canada in 16 years, having been shut out in Munich (1972) and Montreal (1976), and boycotting the Moscow (1980) games. Since her victory was unexpected, and the sport is not very popular, the event was not broadcast live and Canadian television crews had to scramble to put taped images on the air.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1908 London 1 2 1 4
1924 Paris 0 1 0 1
1952 Helsinki 1 0 0 1
1956 Melbourne 1 0 1 2
1984 Los Angeles 1 0 0 1
Total 4 3 2 9

Skateboarding

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in skateboarding. Their best finish was seventh by Cordano Russell in the men's street competition at the 2024 games.

Sport climbing

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in sport climbing. Their best finish was 14th in the women's combined competition at the 2020 games.

Surfing

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in surfing. Their best finish was tied for 17th in the women's shortboard competition at the 2024 games.

Table tennis

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in table tennis since its introduction in the 1988 games. Their best finish was tied for fifth in the men's singles tournament at the 1996 games.

Taekwondo

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Dominique Bosshart won a bronze medal when the sport of taekwondo was introduced at the 2000 Sydney games. Karine Sergerie won silver in the 67 kilogram event, achieving Canada's best-ever finish in taekwondo at the Olympic Games.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2000 Sydney 0 0 1 1
2008 Beijing 0 1 0 1
2024 Paris 0 0 1 1
Total 0 1 2 3

Tennis

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Canada's first medal in Olympic tennis was the surprising victory by Sébastien Lareau and Daniel Nestor in the men's double competition of the 2000 Sydney games, beating the home favourite Australian team. Gabriela Dabrowski and Félix Auger-Aliassime won bronze in the mixed doubles competition at the 2024 games.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2000 Sydney 1 0 0 1
2024 Paris 0 0 1 1
Total 1 0 1 2

Triathlon

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Simon Whitfield won the gold medal when triathlon was introduced at the 2000 Sydney games. After an 11th-place finish at the 2004 Athens games, Whitfield returned to take the silver medal at the 2008 Beijing games. Whitfield was nudged out at the end of the race for the gold medal.

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
2000 Sydney 1 0 0 1
2008 Beijing 0 1 0 1
Total 1 1 0 2

Volleyball

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Canada's lone medal in volleyball was won by the beach volleyball team of John Child and Mark Heese when the event was introduced as a medal sport at the 1996 Atlanta games.

Beach

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1996 Atlanta 0 0 1 1
2024 Paris 0 1 0 1
Total 0 1 1 2

Indoor

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in indoor volleyball. Their best finish was fourth in the men's tournament at the 1984 games.

Weightlifting

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Canada's medals in weightlifting were won by Gerald Gratton in 1952, Jacques Demers in 1984, and Christine Girard in 2008 and 2012.

In 2008 Christine Girard originally took fourth place in the women's 63 kg event. After a positive doping test by the silver medallist the IOC disqualified her,[15] and Girard's result was retroactively upgraded to a bronze.[16] In 2012 Christine Girard originally won the bronze medal in the women's 63 kg event. After a positive doping tests by the gold and silver medallists the IOC disqualified them,[17][18] and Girard's result was retroactively upgraded to a gold.[19]

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1952 Helsinki 0 1 0 1
1984 Los Angeles 0 1 0 1
2008 Beijing 0 0 1 1
2012 London 1 0 0 1
2020 Tokyo 1 0 0 1
2024 Paris 0 1 0 1
Total 2 3 1 6

Wrestling

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Canada's three gold medals in wrestling were won by Daniel Igali in the 2000 Sydney games, Carol Huynh in the 2008 Beijing games in freestyle and Erica Wiebe in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro games in freestyle.

Freestyle

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Games Gold Silver Bronze Total
1908 London 0 0 1 1
1928 Amsterdam 0 1 2 3
1932 Los Angeles 0 1 0 1
1936 Berlin 0 0 1 1
1984 Los Angeles 0 1 1 2
1992 Barcelona 0 1 0 1
1996 Atlanta 0 1 0 1
2000 Sydney 1 0 0 1
2004 Athens 0 1 0 1
2008 Beijing 1 0 1 2
2012 London 0 1 1 2
2016 Rio de Janeiro 1 0 0 1
Total 3 7 7 17

Greco-Roman

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Canada has never won an Olympic medal in Greco-Roman wrestling. Their best finish was fourth in the men's light heavyweight competition at the 1956 games.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Canadian Olympic Committee (2019-02-08). "FAQ: What are the Olympic Games?". Team Canada - Official Olympic Team Website. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  2. ^ "Athletes, Medals & Results". Olympics.com. 2018-04-24. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  3. ^ "Divers Capture Canada's 1st Medal of London 2012". CTV Olympics. 2012-07-29. Archived from the original on 2012-09-22. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  4. ^ Duncan Mackay (April 18, 2003). "The dirtiest race in history Olympic 100m final, 1988". Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  5. ^ Moore, Richard (2012). The Dirtiest Race in History: Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the Seoul Olympic 100m Final. Wisden Sports Writing. ISBN 9781408135952. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  6. ^ Montague, James (July 23, 2012). "Hero or villain? Ben Johnson and the dirtiest race in history". CNN.
  7. ^ Mehaffey, John (September 23, 2013). "Smith true winner of 'dirtiest race' in history". Reuters. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  8. ^ "Dylan Armstrong to get Olympic bronze from Beijing Games". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  9. ^ Canada’s Dylan Armstrong finally gets 2008 Beijing Olympics bronze medal after doping DQ | Toronto Star. Thestar.com (August 20, 2014). Retrieved on 2016-06-02.
  10. ^ "The Court of Arbitration (CAS) issues decisions in 12 first-instance disciplinary procedures concerning Russian track and field athletes" (PDF). 1 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  11. ^ "Media Release. Decision rendered by the Anti-Doping Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS ADD). Chijindu Ujah - Athletics" (PDF). TAS / CAS. 18 February 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  12. ^ "Team Canada officially upgraded to silver in Tokyo 2020 men's 4x100m relay". Canadian Olympic Committee. 2022-05-19. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  13. ^ "TOKYO 2020 ATHLETICS MEN'S 4 X 100M RELAY RESULTS". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2022-01-30. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  14. ^ Nasir, Noreen (9 August 2024). "Canada's Phil (Wizard) Kim captures Olympic gold medal in men's breaking". CBC News.
  15. ^ https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-16-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008 Archived 2019-10-11 at the Wayback Machine IOC sanctions 16 athletes for failing anti-doping tests at Beijing 2008
  16. ^ "Beijing 2008 63kg women". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
  17. ^ https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-eight-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012 Archived 2021-01-24 at the Wayback Machine IOC sanctions eight athletes for failing ant-doping test at London 2012
  18. ^ https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-three-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-beijing-2008-and-london-2012 Archived 2020-11-20 at the Wayback Machine IOC sanctions three athletes for failing anti doping test at Beijing 2008 and London 2012
  19. ^ "London 2012 63kg women". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
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