Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: ﻛﻤﺎﻧﻜﺶ قره مصطفى پاشا, lit. 'Mustafa Pasha, the Archer, the Courageous'; 1592 – 31 January 1644) was an Ottoman Albanian military officer and statesman who served as Kapudan Pasha and Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
Kemankeş Kara Mustafa | |
|---|---|
| Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | |
| In office 23 December 1638 – 31 January 1644 | |
| Monarchs | Murad IV İbrahim |
| Preceded by | Tayyar Mehmed Pasha |
| Succeeded by | Semiz Mehmed Pasha |
| Kapudan Pasha | |
| In office 17 October 1635 – 22 December 1638 | |
| Preceded by | Gazi Hüseyin Pasha |
| Succeeded by | Gazi Hüseyin Pasha |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1592 Avlonya, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 31 January 1644 (aged 51–52) Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Ottoman Empire |
| Branch/service | Ottoman Navy Ottoman Army |
| Rank | Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral; 1635–1638) Janissary commander (1635) |
| Battles/wars | Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) |
Early life
editMustafa was born to an Albanian family in Avlonya (present-day Vlorë in Albania) in 1592.[1] He was an officer in the Janissary corps. His epithet, kemankeş (lit. 'bow-puller'), refers to his talent as an archer. He was the deputy (sekban başı) of the Janissary commander in 1634 and was promoted to the post of Agha of the Janissaries (yeniçeri ağası) in 1635. On 17 October 1635, he was appointed Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral of the Navy).[2] Nevertheless, he participated in the 1638 Capture of Baghdad far from the sea. On 24 December 1638, following the death of the then-Grand Vizier Tayyar Mehmet Pasha during the siege, Sultan Murad IV appointed Kemankeş Mustafa as the new Grand Vizier, the highest post of the empire after the Sultan.
As a grand vizier
editFollowing the Ottoman conquest of Baghdad, Kemankeş Mustafa represented the Ottoman side in the consequent peace talks. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab, signed on 17 May 1639 between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, provided the outline for the border between Iran and the states of Turkey and Iraq that continues to be the basis of present-day borders between the three nations.
Murad IV died on 9 February 1640, and Kemankeş Mustafa continued as a Grand Vizier during Ibrahim's reign. Ibrahim was a weak sultan, and Kemankeş Mustafa became the de facto ruler of the empire.[3][better source needed] Using severe methods,[clarification needed] he ended the rebellions, balanced the budget, and reduced the number of soldiers. He also used his power to subdue and cause the death of other able statesmen whom he considered to be potential competitors for his post.[4]
Death
editKemankeş Mustafa made many enemies. His most important opposition was a kind of triumvirate in the palace, formed by Kösem Sultan (the sultan's mother), Turhan Sultan (the sultan's haseki), Ayşe Sultan (Kösem Sultan daughter), Fatma Sultan (Kösem Sultan daughte), Hanzade Sultan (Kösem Sultan daughter) a charlatan named Djindji Khodja, and a vizier named Semiz Mehmed Pasha. They began to criticize Kemankeş Mustafa vehemently. Although he gave his resignation several times, it was not accepted by the Sultan. However, the Sultan, who was initially pleased with Kemankeş Mustafa, finally dismissed him on 31 January 1644.[5] A few hours later, he was executed.[6]
Legacy
editIn 1640, Mustafa Pasha converted a Roman Catholic church in Istanbul into a mosque named Odalar Mosque. According to architectural historian Semavi Eyice, the original church, a Byzantine one, was probably the Monastery of Philanthropos[7] but was converted to the Latin cult and renamed Santa Maria di Constantinopoli during the reign of Mehmed II.[8]
Around the same time, Mustafa Pasha commissioned another mosque, the eponymous Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa Mosque, to be built in Karaköy, a former Genoese trading colony. The site of the mosque was previously occupied by the Genoese Saint Antonio Church, which was appropriated in 1606 and demolished thereafter. The mosque was mostly rebuilt in 1771.[9]
In Istanbul, the present-day administrative neighborhood division encompassing Karaköy is named after him.
Popular culture
edit- In the 2015 TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem, Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha is portrayed by Turkish actor İsmail Demirci.
References
edit- ^ History page of Yıldızeli mayor (in Turkish) Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ An essay on Kemankeş Mustafa in the periodical Mortar (in Turkish) Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nicolae Iorga: Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches IV (trans. Nilüfer Epçeli) Yeditepe yayınevi, İstanbul, ISBN 975-6480-21-1 p 22
- ^ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt III, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 85-87
- ^ Ayhan Buz : Osmanlı Sadrazamları, Neden Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009 ISBN 978-975-254-278-5 p 96
- ^ Joseph von Hammer: Osmanlı Tarihi cilt II (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. p 231
- ^ Historical mosques (in Turkish)
- ^ Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang (1977) (in German). Bildlexikon Zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul Bis Zum Beginn D. 17 Jh. Tübingen: Wasmuth. ISBN 978-3-8030-1022-3. p 188
- ^ "KARAKÖY KEMANKEŞ MUSTAFA PASA CAMII" (in Turkish). Retrieved 15 November 2023.