Keannekeuk (c. 1790–1852), also known as the "Kickapoo Prophet", was a Kickapoo medicine man and spiritual leader of the Vermilion band of the Kickapoo nation. He lived in East Central Illinois much of his life along the Vermilion River.[1] One source translates his name as "the drunkard's son."[2] As a young man, he killed his uncle in a fit of drunken rage, and was ostracized by his tribe. He wandered between frontier settlements in Indiana and Illinois begging for food until a Catholic priest took him in to teach him Christianity. Kennekuk decided to renounce alcohol and began preaching to persuade others to do the same. His people welcomed him back, and by 1816 Kennekuk, then in his mid-twenties, had become a leading chief of the Vermilion band.[3][4] Within a short time, alcohol use among his followers had declined significantly and his community became more cohesive and productive.[5][6]
Life
editFrom 1833 until his death in 1852, he led a community of followers, whose beliefs centered on non-violence, passive resistance to resettlement, abstinence from alcohol, and meditation.[7] He favored moderate, nonviolent accommodation and coexistence with American westward expansion, and a settled agricultural life. These views caused him and his followers to suffer derision and alienation from some of the other Kickapoo bands. His tribal community's religious outlook embodied a type of Christian evangelism in some respects and a group of Potawatomi converts joined his following over time. He died on the reservation in Kansas in 1852.
Reverend William H. Honnell, who visited a few years after Kennekuk's death, reported that Kennekuk went back and forth between Christian teachings and "heathenism."[8]
Some Kickapoo descendants still follow the tenets of his preaching.[9]
References
edit- ^ Herring, Joseph B., Kenekuk: The Kickapoo Prophet. University of Kansas Press, 1988, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Milo Custer, "Kannekuk or Keeanakuk: The Kickapoo Prophet," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, (1908-1984) Vol. 11, No. 1, Apr., 1918, pp. 48-56.
- ^ Herring, Joseph B. "Kenekuk, the Kickapoo Prophet: Acculturation without Assimilation." American Indian Quarterly, vol. 9, no. 3, 1985, pp. 295–307.
- ^ Lesley, Elena (2019) "Cultural Impairment and the Genocidal Potential of Intoxicants: Alcohol use in Colonial North America," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal, Vol. 13: Issue 1: 88-97.
- ^ Unrau, William, "White Man's Wicked Water: the Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802-1892." The Annals of Iowa, 56 (1997), 286-288.
- ^ Unrau, William E. White Man's Wicked Water: The Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802–1892. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1996.
- ^ Student Britannica[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Reminiscences of Reverend William H. Honnell". Kansas Memory. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- ^ Arrell Morgan Gibson, Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border, University of Oklahoma Press, April 15, 1975 pp. 109–118 ISBN 0806112646
External links
edit- "Portrait of Kennekuk, "The Kickapoo Prophet"". Kansas Memory. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- "Kennekuk's prayer-stick illustration". Kansas Memory. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- "George Remsburg Papers". Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved December 12, 2012. Contains a rather detailed study of Keannakuk (Kennekuk)