Wikipedia

Kereta Api Indonesia

PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (lit. 'Indonesian Railways (State-owned) Limited', abbreviated as PT KAI or simply KAI) is a major railway operator in Indonesia and one of the public railway companies in the country. It is state-owned and pays track access charges. Its headquarters are located in Bandung, West Java. In 2019, KAI carried 429 million passengers and 47.2 million tonnes of cargo.[6]

PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero)
FormerlyIndonesian State Railways (DKARI/DKA/PNKA/PJKA) (1945–1990)
Indonesian Railway Public Corporation (Perumka) (1990–1995)
Company typeState-owned perseroan terbatas
IDX: KAII (bonds)
Headquarters
Bandung
,
Indonesia
Key people
Said Aqil Siradj (chairman of the advisory board)
Didiek Hartantyo (CEO)
RevenueIncrease Rp 17.9 trillion (2017)[1]
Increase Rp 1.72 trillion (2017)[1]
Total assetsIncrease Rp 33.5 trillion (2017)[1]
OwnerGovernment of Indonesia
Number of employees
27,396 (2017)[1]
SubsidiariesKAI Commuter
KAI Bandara [id]
KAI Logistik [id]
KAI Wisata [id]
KAI Properti
KAI Services [id]
Websitewww.kai.id Edit this on Wikidata
Kereta Api Indonesia
Frameless
Overview
Fleet size
List
  • 420 locomotives
  • 578 electric multiple units (by KCI)
  • 121 diesel multiple units
  • 1,607 passenger coaches
  • 6,782 freight cars[2]
HeadquartersBandung, Indonesia
LocaleJava, Sumatra (Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Lampung), Sulawesi (South Sulawesi)
Dates of operation1945–present
PredecessorSee: List of railway companies in the Dutch East Indies
Technical
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) (Most of railway lines)
1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (Aceh, Sulawesi, LRT Jabodebek)
Previous gauge750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) (Aceh tramway gauge)[3]
600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) (tramway gauge)[3]
Electrification1500 V DC overhead wiring for KCI operation
750 V DC third rail for Palembang LRT, and Jabodebek LRT operation[4]
Length5,042 kilometres (3,133 mi)
Highest elevation1,246 m (4,088 ft) (Cikajang railway station)[5]

History

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Logo PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) used from 28 September 2011 until 28 September 2020 (still seen in some locations)
Further information: Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij
See also: History of rail transport in Indonesia

Kereta Api Indonesia is the latest of a long line of successive state railway companies dating from Dutch colonial days. On 27 August 1863, Indonesia's first railway company was named Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS). The colonial government of Dutch-East Indies gave the concession to W. Poolman, Alex Frazer and E.H. Kol on 28 August 1862. Samarang-Tanggung (Grobogan) was its initial route. The ground breaking was in Kemijen village, Semarang by L.A.J.W. Baron Sloet van de Beele on 17 June 1864. The line opened on 10 August 1867[7][8] was Batavia (Jakarta) – Buitenzorg (Bogor) and Samarang – Vorstenlanden (Surakarta and Yogyakarta). They faced big losses and faced bankruptcy. The colonial government assisted the company by forming Staatsspoorwegen, a state-owned company on 6 April 1875. Their route stretched from Buitenzorg to Soerabaja. The private company Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij operated exclusively in North Sumatra, to transport rubber and tobacco around the Deli area.

In 1939, the total operational trackage was 4,588 kilometres (2,851 mi) (it is unclear whether dual gauge tracks were counted once or twice).

Indonesia gained independence in 1945 and has its sovereignty recognized in 1949. The various railway systems (except the Deli Railway Company) were combined into Djawatan Kereta Api Republik Indonesia (DKARI, Railways Service of the Republic of Indonesia) in 1953. Non-state railway systems in Java retained their formal existence until 1958, when all railway lines were nationalised, including the Deli in North Sumatra, thereby creating the Perusahaan Negara Kereta Api (PNKA, State Railways Corporation) on 28 September 1960.[9][10] On 28 September 1970 PNKA was changed to Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api (PJKA, the Railway Service Corporation).[11]

Much of the branch lines constructed in the colonial era were lifted up or abandoned in the 1980s.

Railway operations in Indonesia were at one time regulated by Act No. 13 of 1992 on Railways.[citation needed] This legislation stated that the government operates railways (arts. 4 and 6), delegates operations to an operating body [then the Perumka, later PT Kereta Api] (art. 6) and provides and maintains railway infrastructure (art. 8). Private companies were allowed to co-operate in operation of railways (art. 6).[citation needed]

On 1 August 1990, PJKA changed to Perusahaan Umum Kereta Api (Perumka, the Railways Public Corporation),[12][13] and as of 1 June 1999 converted into joint-stock company PT Kereta Api (Persero) (PT KA, Indonesian Railways Company JSC).[14] In May 2010, it became PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (PT KAI).[15]

Electric locomotives were always a minority, and no new electric locomotives were acquired until the 1970s. However, electric multiple units have been imported since 1976 for the Jabotabek commuter urban transport, which was spun off from KAI in August 2008.[citation needed]

After changing the rail between Purwosari station and Wonogiri station and the bridges with R42 (37 kilometres), so line between Sangkrah station, Solo and Wonogiri became served by heavy electric diesel locomotives.[16]

On 3 May 2011 the company trialed a cargo train from Cikarang Dry Port to Surabaya.[citation needed] In December, a memorandum of understanding was signed between KAI and Bombardier Transportation. The project would have established final assembly of diesel-electric TRAXX Asia Locomotives in Surabaya, East Java for export and domestic use.[17] The plant and project appears to have been abandoned as no TRAXX plant has been built in Surabaya.

In 2012, KAI and GE Transportation signed a Memorandum of Understanding to cooperate on train services.[further explanation needed] All services are provided locally by Indonesian workers. GE runs a traction motor remanufacturing center to serve all ASEAN countries.[18]

In 2012, Indonesian Railways allocated Rp20 billion (US$2.2 million) to restore and renovate 20 heritage sites and historical railways on Java and Sumatra.[19][20]

727 kilometres (452 mi) of the northern coast area lines of Java were double tracked in May 2014,[21] followed by the completion of a 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) double tracking project on the south coast by 2015.[22][23] On 8 June 2015 the Duri-Tangerang double track project was inaugurated for KA Commuter Jabodetabek, but it can be also used for airport trains.[24] Construction began in early 2015 to connect Cikarang Dry Port and Tanjung Priok Port to ease traffic.

The first trackage project of the Trans-Sulawesi Railway with a length of 143 kilometres from Makassar to Pare-pare was completed in 2017. The train began service in 2018 with trackage wider than in Java to accommodate more weight and speed.[25][needs update]

Assets

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Revaluation of assets was done by the Ministry of Transportation. The company owns Rp.35 trillion ($4.1 billion) as land and Rp.22 trillion ($2.6 billion) as other assets (bridges, signals, etc.). The exact value was to be determined by the end of 2011 or 2012, based on an audit by the Ministry of Finance.[needs update]

Trackage

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The company operates disp=or (1,067 mm or 3 ft 6 in) and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge lines. The 1,067 mm gauge is the most common, used in Java and the majority of Sumatra, while the 1,435 mm gauge is used only in Aceh,[26] the Trans-Sulawesi Railway,[27] and Jabodebek LRT.[28] The company used to operate 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge lines in Aceh and 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gauge for some tramway lines.[3]

The total trackage laid in Indonesia was 7,583 kilometres (4,712 mi), although not all lines were in operation at the same time. The system spanned 5,042 kilometres (3,133 mi) as of 2019, with the Aceh system, most of the West Sumatra system and most former steam tram lines abandoned, but including new tracks built alongside old tracks (double tracking projects).[citation needed]

Many of the busiest lines are double tracked.

A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed to build railway around Bali with length of 565 km (351 miles).[29]

The Kedungjati–Tuntang railway line, a part of the planned reactivation of Semarang–Ambarawa line, is to be the only railway in Indonesia without road crossings. It was planned to have eight flyovers and underpasses to improve safety in congested roads.[30]

Rolling stock

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See also: List of Kereta Api Indonesia rolling stock classes

As of 2016, KAI operated:

The company is a major customer of the local railway equipment industry, PT Industri Kereta Api, operating passenger coaches, freight wagons and electric multiple units made by the Madiun-based company.

Locomotives

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KAIs' diesel-electric locomotives are mostly made in the United States or Canada, while the diesel hydraulics are mostly made in Germany. Electric units are mostly Japanese-built. Local industry is capable of building both diesel and electric units.[citation needed] AIC assembles diesel-electric TRAXX Asia Locomotives in Surabaya, East Java with Bombardier Transportation (now Alstom since 2021).[17]

All locomotives of the KAI (with the exception of steam locomotives) are diesel. Most new locomotives use diesel-electric transmission, while shunters and older locomotives have hydraulic transmission. More than 400 locomotives are documented, but the tally of operational locomotives is smaller.

Based on Minister of Transportation's Regulation No. 45 of 2010, locomotives are required to use a combination of letters and numbers for designations. A letter or a combination of letters denote the wheel arrangement (currently there are C, D, BB and CC types), and a three-digit number denotes the class (2xx for classes with electric transmission and 3xx for classes with hydraulic or mechanical transmission), starting from 0. A two-digit number shows the year of operations, and two- or three-digit after the year shows the running number.[32]

Examples

  • CC 206 13 31: The 7th generation of diesel-electric Co'Co' locomotives, entered service in 2013, and have a running number 31.
  • CC 201 77 01R: The 2nd generation of diesel-electric Co'Co' locomotives, entered service in 1977, and have a running number 01 and has been repowered.
  • BB 304 84 07R: The 5th generation of diesel-hydraulic B'B' locomotives, entered service 1984, and have a running number 07 and has been repowered.

The steam locomotive classification was directly derived from the Japanese 1928 numbering system (it was adopted by the wartime Japanese occupation authorities). Tank locomotives were numbered from the 10s, while tender locomotives from the 50s. Letter combinations were used for articulated locomotives (Mallets).

Named passenger trains

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Main article: List of named passenger trains of Indonesia

KAI runs three classes of named passenger trains on Java: Executive class (1st class), Business class (2nd class), and Economy class (3rd class).

Exclusive carriages

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A Panoramic car and "Bali'" tourist car attached to a regular train

The "exclusive carriage" is a luxury passenger carriage that can be rented and attached to a regular train for a specific journey. Exclusive carriages are known as kereta wisata ("tourist carriage"). The main users of these exclusive carriages are government officials, corporate boards, extended families, and groups of artists or tourists. The rental fee is about Rp 15,000,000 for short trips such as Jakarta–Bandung or Jakarta–Cirebon and up to Rp 27,000,000 for Jakarta–Surabaya trips. The carriages can accommodate up to 22 passengers, or 19 passengers for "Nusantara" carriage with a queen bed. Snacks, meals and drinks are provided for free.[33]

Disability carriage

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On 18 October 2014, KAI launched the Jayabaya train for disabled persons traveling the Pasar Senen-Surabaya-Malang route and back. The train contains two disability carriages, which include accessible toilets, doors and spacious areas. It is planned to be implemented on other trains.[34][35][needs update]

Freight

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Babaranjang coal train. It usually consisted of up to 60 coal wagons.[36]

KAI operated coal trains under partnership with Bukit Asam (PTBA) in Southern Sumatra. The coal were transported from Tanjung Enim in South Sumatra to Tarahan Rotary Car Dumper in Lampung, which were then shipped to Java.[36] Other service which was operated under partnership with PTBA transports coal from Tanjung Enim to Kertapati Apron Feeder in Palembang. After that, the coal will be transported using barges for export and domestic supply.[37]

KAI also made partnership with several private coal mining companies in South Sumatra. The first private coal train (Baraswasta) was launched in 2011 from Suka Cinta in Lahat to Kertapati in Palembang. To support operational, Suka Cinta station which was previously just a small remote station was developed to a larger station with coal loading facilities.[38]

The company also operated intermodal container trains. In comparison, trucks and flatbeds can only carry 1.5 trip per day, while a train can carry 40 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) per trip.[39]

Library train

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KAI operates a library train (Kereta Pustaka Indonesia) that documents company activities, small size assets and books. The library train holds an exhibition for one week in one station and then moves to another.[40]

Depot and facilities

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Gate of KAI Yogyakarta Locomotives and Rolling Stocks Workshop

In Java, KAI's main diesel workshop is located in Pengok, Special Region of Yogyakarta for maintenance of diesel electric and diesel hydraulic locomotives. In Sumatra the maintenance shops are in Lahat Regency (South Sumatra), Padang (West Sumatra) and Pulubrayan (North Sumatra).

Other rolling stock workshops are present in Manggarai (Jakarta), Tegal (Central Java) and Gubeng (Surabaya, East Java). These places are used for maintenance of passenger carriages and freight wagons.

A large stabling point and maintenance facility for electric multiple units are located in Depok, West Java.[41]

Motive power depots are located in Medan, Padang, Padang Panjang, Kertapati, Tanjungkarang, Rangkasbitung, Cipinang (Jakarta), Bandung, Cirebon, Purwokerto, Cilacap, Kutoarjo, Semarang Poncol, Ambarawa, Yogyakarta, Solo Balapan, Madiun, Sidotopo (Surabaya), and Jember.[citation needed]

Large areas in front of Purwakarta station (formerly a motive power depot) have been used for scrapping of the disused economy class electric multiple units since 2013.[citation needed]

Safety and security

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A group of Petugas Keamanan Dalam

Polsuska (Indonesian: Polisi Khusus Kereta Api or Railroad Special Police) is KAI's security unit. Polsuska works as a special railroad police that is charged with issuing tickets and patrolling stations to supplement the work of the national police. Polsuska has responsibilities relating to law and order including security of railway stations and train users.[42] Polsuska officers wear black uniforms and orange berets pulled to the left. Polsuska is trained by the Indonesian National Police. Polsuska is under the command of the Indonesian Railway Company's Directorate of Safety and Security.[citation needed]

The commuter lines that serve Greater Jakarta maintain a separate security force (Petugas Keamanan Dalam/PKD). They are categorized as security guards. Their service uniforms are dark blue and they wear white helmets (or peaked caps). They are not part of Polsuska.[43]

Every railway station employs security guards to assist Polsuska in maintaining order and security. During peak days such as national holidays, Polsuska may be assisted by members from the armed forces and police.[citation needed]

Legislation

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Act No. 23 of 2007[44] took effect on 25 April 2007. In this law, track maintenance is more directly handled by the government via the Directorate General of Railways, under the Ministry of Transportation.

Subsidiaries

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KAI operates multiple subsidiary businesses.

The Railway Employee Welfare Center Foundation (Yayasan Pusaka), one of PNKA's foundations, established PT Karya Pusaka (founded on 5 December 1967) and renamed it PT Pusaka Nusantara on 18 April 1970. Pusaka focuses on restoration, outsourcing, and cleanliness of train infrastructure and facilities.[45]

The first subsidiary of PT Kereta Api was Reska Multi Usaha [id]. This company focuses on business services to support railroad operations, such as restoration, parking, cleanliness on the train, restaurants and cafes, train washing, and comfort support. The company was formed on 2 July 2003. [46] Reska owns the LoKo trademark, a restaurant chain with the theme of rail transportation that operates many station restaurants.[47]

Jabotabek Urban Transport Division manages electrified commuter service in Jakarta metropolitan area (currently KRL Commuterline) as a subsidiary under the name PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia (KCI).[48]

Kereta Api Pariwisata (branded as KA Wisata, formerly IndoRailTour) provides rail tourism services. KA Properti Manajemen (KAPM) provides property management. Kereta Api Logistik (Kalog) provides logistics. [46] A KAI joint venture with Angkasa Pura II operates an airport train service, under the name Railink [id][49] via the Kualanamu Airport Rail Link train.[50]

PT KAI is in a consortium with Wijaya Karya [id] (Wika), Perkebunan Nusantara VIII [id] (PTPN VIII), and Jasa Marga, under the name Pilar Sinergi BUMN Indonesia for the Jakarta–Bandung high-speed train project operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).[51]

Pursuant to Indonesia's "two shareholder minimum" on limited companies, Yayasan Pusaka owns less than one percent of shares in KAI's consolidated subsidiaries except KAI Bandara and PSBI/KCIC.[citation needed]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kereta Api Indonesia.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Annual Report" (PDF). Indonesia Railway Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  2. ^ "Hanya Tingkatkan Pelayanan, Bisnis PT KAI Tumbuh 24 Persen". Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Nasir, Muhammad; Azril, Andi (28 June 2003). "Pembangunan Rel KA Langkat-Banda Aceh Terbengkalai". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  4. ^ Putra, Aji YK (12 April 2018). "Ini Perbedaan LRT di Palembang dan Jakarta". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  5. ^ "Mempercantik Kembali Sinyal Stasiun Cikajang-Garut" (in Indonesian). 11 May 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  6. ^ "KAI: 2019, Jumlah Penumpang Kereta Naik 4 Juta". Tempo (in Indonesian). 10 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ "Dimanakah Stasiun Kereta Api Pertama di Indonesia? Ini Jawabannya". Wartakotalive.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  8. ^ Hamdani, Sylviana (3 February 2010). "Taking a Train Trip Down Memory Lane in Indonesia". Jakarta Globe.
  9. ^ 1960 Indonesian Government's Regulation No. 22
  10. ^ Harinowo, C.; Purwita, T.; Wibowo; Wiko, G.; Primiana, I.; Sutaryono, P.; Augusta, F. (2019). Kebangkitan BUMN Sektor Perhubungan (SC). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 9. ISBN 9786020633664.
  11. ^ 1971 Indonesian Government's Regulation No. 61, dated 28 September 1970
  12. ^ 1990 Indonesian Government's Regulation No. 57
  13. ^ "Kereta Api Resmi Jadi Perumka". AB. 3 January 1991.
  14. ^ "Situs Resmi Keterbukaan Informasi Publik | PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero)". kip.kai.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 March 2018. KAI didirikan sesuai dengan akta tanggal 24 Juli 1995 No. 2 yang dibuat dihadapan Imas Fatimah, S.H., Sp.N., Notaris di Jakarta, dan kemudian diperbaiki kembali sesuai dengan akta tanggal 13 September 2000 No. 14. ("KAI was incorporated by a deed of 24 July 1995 Nr. 2 executed before Imas Fatimah, LLB, Specialist of Notaries, Civil Law Notary in Jakarta, which is then amended by a deed dated 13 September 2000 Nr. 14.")[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ 2010 The Indonesian Railways Directors' Decree No. 16/OT.203/KA 2010
  16. ^ "Jalur Solo Wonogiri akan Dilayani Kereta Elektrik". Media Indonesia. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  17. ^ a b "KAI Gandeng Perusahaan Jerman". 25 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  18. ^ "Pusat Perawatan Lokomotif ASEAN Dibangun di Indonesia". 3 March 2012.
  19. ^ "PT KAI to offer 260 heritage sites as tourist attractions". 21 February 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012.
  20. ^ An official site of Heritage Unit of Indonesian Railways Archived 15 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Asep Munazat Zatnika (25 April 2014). "KA Jalur Ganda Pantura Beroperasi Penuh Akhir Mei".
  22. ^ "Rp 6t railway project to boost train capacity, economic expansion". 16 September 2011.
  23. ^ Ainur Rohmah (14 March 2014). "Double track railway expected to be launched in April".
  24. ^ Max Aging Pribadi (6 July 2015). "Dirjen KA Resmikan Pengoperasian Jalur Ganda Duri-Tangerang".
  25. ^ Andri Hajramurni (28 April 2015). "Trans-Sulawesi railway project to begin soon, using Chinese tracks".
  26. ^ "Berbeda Gauge, Bagaimana Jalur Trans Sumatera di Aceh Nantinya?". redigest.web.id (in Indonesian). 6 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Pertama di Indonesia, KA Makassar-Parepare Gunakan Lebar Rel 1.435 Milimeter". kompas.com (in Indonesian). 12 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Disamakan dengan DKI, Lebar Rel LRT Adhi Karya Jadi 1435 MM". detik.com (in Indonesian). 18 August 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  29. ^ "2015, Bali punya kereta wisata – National Geographic Indonesia". Nationalgeographic.co.id. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  30. ^ "Jalur KA Kedungjati-Tuntang Tanpa Perlintasan Sebidang Pertama di Indonesia". 8 October 2014.
  31. ^ "BeritaSatu.com – Informasi Kelas Satu". m.beritasatu.com. Retrieved 14 April 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  32. ^ Technical Specification Standards for Numbering Railway Rolling Stock (Regulation KM45/2010) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Transportation of Indonesia. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  33. ^ Dewi Rachmat Kusuma. "Mau Rasakan Sensasi Kereta Mewah PT KAI? Ini Tarifnya". Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  34. ^ Max Agung Pribadi (18 October 2014). "Dua Gerbong KA Jayabaya Untuk Penyandang Cacat".
  35. ^ Indonesian Railways Magazine. November 2014. 100th Edition.
  36. ^ a b "Kereta Api Babaranjang, Buah Manis Kerjasama PT KAI dengan PT Bukit Asam". lampung.tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). 15 May 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  37. ^ "Arsip 76R: KA Barang Indonesia". Arsip 76R. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  38. ^ Okta, Maria (9 April 2018). "Stasiun Sukacinta, Menjadi Besar Karena Tambang Batu Bara di Dekatnya". KabarPenumpang - Jalur Informasi Penumpang Tiga Moda. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  39. ^ Nadya Natahadibrata. "KAI agrees to overtake Priok railway". Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  40. ^ "PT KAI launches Library Train".
  41. ^ "Depo KRL Terbesar Se-Asia Tenggara Diresmikan". dephub.go.id (in Indonesian). 23 January 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Dasar Hukum, Tugas, Fungsi, dan Peran Polisi Khusus Kereta Api (Polsuska)". 7 July 2018.
  43. ^ "Tak Kenal Maka Tak Sayang, Inilah Sebenarnya Peran dan Tugas PKD!". kabarpenumpang.com (in Indonesian). 5 June 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  44. ^ "Undang Undang Tahun". 7 March 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  45. ^ "Brief History – Pusaka Nusantara" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  46. ^ a b Harinowo et al. 2019, p. 14-17.
  47. ^ Liputan6.com (5 May 2020). "Serve the Needs #diRumahAja, KAI's Subsidiary Launches the Lokomart Application". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ "State-run commuter line operator PT KCJ transforms into PT KCI". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  49. ^ Harinowo et al. 2019, p. 15.
  50. ^ VIVA, PT VIVA MEDIA BARU- (31 January 2013). "This is the First Airport Train in Indonesia". www.viva.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  51. ^ "Build a Fast Train, a Chinese-BUMN Consortium Formed". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 16 October 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
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