Protector, sometimes spelled protecter, is used as a title or part of various historical titles of heads of state and others in authority.

Political and administrative

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Heads of state

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Iran

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Wakil ar-Ra`aya (rendered as Protector of the People) was a title of the Persian imperial Monarch under the Zand dynasty, as those rulers refused (except the last as noted) the style Shahanshah. The founding ruler of the Zand dynasty adopted the style; it appears that his successors used the same style, although documentation is obscure.[citation needed]

  • 1773 - 1 March 1779 Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (b. c.1707 - d. 1779)
  • 6 March 1779 - 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1787) - jointly with 6 March 1779 - 19 June 1779 Mohammad Ali Khan Zand (b. 1760 - d. 1...)
  • 19 June 1779 - 22 August 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (2nd time)
  • 22 August 1779 - 14 March 1781 Mohammad Sadeq Khan Zand (d. 1782)
  • 15 March 1781 - 11 February 1785 Ali Morad Khan Zand (d. 1785)
  • 12 February 1785 - 17 February 1785 Baqer Khan Khorasakani
  • 18 February 1785 - 23 January 1789 Jaafar Khan Zand (d. 1789)
  • 23 January 1789 - 10 May 1789 Seyd Morad Khan Zand
  • 10 May 1789 - 30 October 1794 Lotf Ali Khan Zand (b. c.1766 - d. 1794); he again adopted the traditional style Shahanshah March 1794 - 30 October 1794

Europe

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  • Lord Protector (plural: Lords Protectors) is a title that has been used at times in British constitutional law for the head of state.
  • In Iceland, one Sovereign was styled Alls Íslands Verndari og Hæstráðandi til Sjós og Lands ("Protector and supreme authority of all of Iceland on land and sea") 25 June - 22 August 1809 (an intermezzo between Danish Governors styled Stiftamtmadur): Jørgen Jørgensen (b. 1780 - d. 1841; nicknamed Hundadagakonungur "the Dog-Day King").
  • In Estonia, State-protector was a common rendering of Riigihoidja, a Head of State and Head of Government, from 24 January 1934 to 24 April 1938 (acting to 3 September 1937). One example of this title's holder is Konstantin Päts (b. 1874 - d. 1956), who was earlier five times State Elder, thereafter the first and only President before the Soviet takeover.
  • In Finland (linguistically close to Estonian), State Protector is a common rendering, besides Regent, of two Finnish Heads of State 18 May 1918 - 27 July 1919, the first incumbent being also the last of the previous — untitled — acting heads of state.
  • In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, King Karl X Gustaf of Sweden (b. 1622 - d. 1660) (Polish: Karol X Gustaw), was styled Protektor Rzeczypospolitej in Polish ("Protector of the Republic") as challenger to the duly elected king Jan II Kazimierz during the middle part of his reign (17 January 1649 - 16 September 1668).

Americas

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Foreign hegemons

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Napoleonic France

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  • in most of Germany, east of the Rhine, except Prussia, from 25 July 1806 to 19 October 1813, the French Emperor, Napoleon I, bore the additional title of protecteur de la Confédération du Rhin, i.e. Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, generally known as Rheinbund ('Rhenan League'), uniting the German princes that had bowed to the conqueror. The actual presidency of its diet and council of Kings was held by a German prince, the Fürstprimas ('Prince-primate').
  • Bonaparte had a similar position in Switzerland (then called the Helvetic Republic/Swiss Confederation) under French occupation, but there his style was Médiateur de la Confédération Helvétique (Mediator, 1809 - 31 December 1813), while the chairmanship of the Diet (legislative assembly, since 10 March 1803), the acting Head of the Confederation, with the title Landammann der Schweiz (in German)/Landamman de la Suisse (in French)/Landamano della Svizzera (in Italian), fell simply to the chief magistrate of the canton hosting it.

Nazi Germany

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  • Nazi Germany was represented by a Reichsprotektor ('Reich protector') in the Czech puppet-state it installed on 16 March 1939 under the explicit name Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren, the "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia". (This excluded the ethnically German regions, which were annexed as Reichsgau Sudetenland.) The Reichsprotektor held the real executive power, not the native President and Prime Minister. The German incumbents, after a month under a Military Governor, were:
    • 5 April 1939 – 20 August 1943 Konstantin von Neurath, Freiherr (1873 – 1956) NSDAP
    • 27 September 1941 – 4 June 1942 Reinhard Heydrich (1904 – 1942) NSDAP (acting for Neurath)
    • 27 May 1942 – 28 May 1942 Karl Hermann Frank (1898 – 1946) NSDAP (acting for the mortally wounded Heydrich)
    • 28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943 Kurt Daluege (1897 – 1946) NSDAP (acting [to 5 June 1942] for Heydrich])
    • 14 October 1943 – 8 May 1945 Wilhelm Frick (1877 – 1946) NSDAP
    • 26 April 1945 – 8 May 1945 Ferdinand Schörner (1892 – 1973) (military commander with unrestricted executive power)

Fictitious

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The self-styled Emperor Norton I of the United States included among his titles "Protector of Mexico."

Colonial administration

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Religious

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Catholic

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Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular Cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation, etc. Such a person is known as a Cardinal Protector.

Islamic

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The title Hâdim ül Haramain ish Sharifain or Khādim al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharifayn, Arabic for 'Servant of the Noble Sanctuaries', notably Mecca and Medina (the destinations of the hajj pilgrimage; both in the Grand Sherif's peninsular Arabian territory; the third being Jerusalem, part of an province) was awarded to Sultan Salim Khan I by the Sherif of Mecca in 1517, a year after his conquest of Egypt and assuming of the title of Commander of the Faithful, and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, i.e. Caliph; both remained part of the full style of his successors on the throne.

See also

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