Khalid bin Saud Al Saud (1811–1865)
Khalid bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: خالد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 1811–1865) ruled the Second Saudi State, known as the Emirate of Najd, for three years, from 1838 to 1841.[2][3] His reign was part of plans by Muhammad Ali Pasha, ruler of Egypt, to dominate Arabia following his capture of Syria in 1831.[4] Khalid was the great-grandson of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Al Saud dynasty,[5] and second cousin of Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah, another ruler of the Second Saudi State.[6]
| Khalid bin Saud Al Saud | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emir of Nejd | |||||
| Reign | 1838–1841 | ||||
| Predecessor | Faisal bin Turki | ||||
| Successor | Abdullah bin Thunayan | ||||
| Born | 1811 | ||||
| Died | 1865 (aged 53–54) | ||||
| |||||
| House | Al Saud | ||||
| Father | Saud bin Abdulaziz | ||||
Early life
editKhalid was born in 1811.[7] He was the youngest son of Saud bin Abdulaziz and the brother of Abdullah bin Saud who was beheaded in Istanbul in 1819.[8][9] Khalid had four other brothers: Mishari, Turki, Nasser and Saad.[10][11] Following the capture of Diriyah and of his elder brother Abdullah, ruler of Diriyah, Khalid and his family were sent to Egypt in May 1819.[11][12][13] In the same incident his three brothers were killed by Ibrahim Pasha.[1] Khalid stayed for nearly eighteen years in Egypt[11][14] where he was educated under the patronage of Muhammad Ali Pasha.[15]
Khalid returned to Riyadh in late 1836[12][16] or in May 1837.[11][17] Muhammad Ali Pasha ordered the governor of Medina, Ismail Pasha, to provide Khalid military assistance, and then Khalid initiated his advance into Qasim.[16]
Reign and death
editKhalid and his cousin, Faisal bin Turki, fought in Riyadh in 1838, and Khalid defeated Faisal.[16] Then Faisal was arrested by the Ottoman forces through Egyptians and sent to Cairo.[3] As a result, Khalid was named as the ruler by the Ottomans.[15] In fact, the Ottomans appointed him as their Riyadh deputy.[18] Although there was no revolt against Khalid's rule among locals, the Wahhabi figures and the members of the Al Sheikh family did not declare their allegiance to him.[4][13] Instead, they fled Riyadh and moved to Al Hariq where the Egyptian forces did not exist.[4]
Locals in Al Qassim announced their loyalty to Khalid, but at the same time they began to gain their independence from the Emirate of Najd during Khalid's reign.[14] Because at the beginning of his rule Al Qassim leaders signed an agreement, London Convention, with the Ottoman Empire through which they secured the removal of the Egyptian pashas from their region.[14] Khalid also managed to have power in the Eastern regions and sent Saad bin Mutlaq to Oman to take the region, but his attempt was not success.[19] In 1840 Khalid sent a letter to the British resident in Bahrain asking to revive the relations with the British that had existed, but he was not given a positive response.[20]
Khalid could not fully consolidate his power and gain full acceptance of the tribes.[6] His reign that was exclusively backed by the Egyptians did not last so long.[6] Khalid lost the power when the Egyptian troops left Najd[6] as a result of the pressure of the British authorities.[21] In fact, the Egyptian troops had to leave the region as a result of the protocol signed between the Ottoman government and the British government on 15 July 1840.[22] In December 1841 Khalid was replaced by Abdullah bin Thunayan who was a great-grandson of Muhammad bin Saud’s brother.[17][23] Khalid attempted to retake the rulership, but following his fruitless attempts he gave up and found refuge in Hejaz.[23][24] Khalid was given a pension by the Ottomans until his death in 1865.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b Mashaal Abdullah Turki Al Saud (1982). Permanence and Change: An Analysis of the Islamic Political Culture of Saudi Arabia with Special Reference to the Royal Family (PhD thesis). The Claremont Graduate University. p. 58. ProQuest 303215917.
- ^ Nabil Mouline (April–June 2010). "Power and Generational Transition in Saudi Arabia". Critique Internationale. 46. doi:10.3917/crii.046.0125.
- ^ a b Roby C. Barrett (June 2015). "Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy" (Report). Joint Special Operations University. p. 22. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ a b c David Commins (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia (PDF). New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 46. ISBN 9781848850149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2021.
- ^ Valerie Anishchenkova (2020). Modern Saudi Arabia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4408-5705-8.
- ^ a b c d Cees Roffelsen (27 May 2020). "The Emergence of the Saudi States". Medium. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ a b William Ochsenwald (1984). Religion, Society and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman control, 1840-1908. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. pp. 135, 161. hdl:1811/24661. ISBN 0814203663.
- ^ Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1993). Political and religious origins of Saudi Arabia (PDF) (MA thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 73.
- ^ Peter Hobday (1986). Saudi Arabia Today. An Introduction to the Richest Oil Power (2nd ed.). London: The Macmillan Press. p. 20. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-03214-3. ISBN 978-0-333-21471-8.
- ^ Zamil Muhammad Al Rashid (1980). A Study of Su'udi Relations with Eastern Arabia and 'Uman (1800-1971) (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 184. OCLC 896879473.
- ^ a b c d P. J. L. Frankl (1994). "Lieutenant Jopp's Report on a Visit to Hufuf, 1257/1841". In R. B. Serjeant; R. L. Bidwell; G. Rex Smith (eds.). New Arabian Studies. Vol. 1. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-85989-408-1.
- ^ a b Abdulaziz Mohamed Hasan Ali Al Khalifa (April 2013). Relentless Warrior and Shrewd Tactician: Shaikh Abdullah bin Ahmad of Bahrain 1795-1849 A Case Study of Shaikhly Statecraft in the Nineteenth Century Gulf (PhD thesis). University of Exeter. p. 171. hdl:10871/12461.
- ^ a b R. Bayly Winder (1965). Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108, 111. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8. ISBN 9780333055410.
- ^ a b c Abdulmohsen Saleh A. Alreshoodi (2019). A comparison of Al Qassim viewed through British eyes and local sources: 1862-1918 (PhD thesis). Bangor University. pp. 15–16. ProQuest 2322000711.
- ^ a b Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). Saudi Arabia under King Faisal (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 42.
- ^ a b c J. B. Kelly (July 1965). "Mehemet 'Ali's Expedition to the Persian Gulf 1837-1840, Part I". Middle Eastern Studies. 1 (4): 354. doi:10.1080/00263206508700024. JSTOR 4282130.
- ^ a b Gary Samuel Samore (1984). Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982) (PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 23. ProQuest 303295482.
- ^ Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015). "Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745-1975" (Master's Project). The American University of Beirut. Beirut: 64. hdl:10938/10663. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ Alexei Vassiliev (2013). The History of Saudi Arabia. London: Saqi. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-86356-779-7.
- ^ Jacob Goldberg (1986). The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 21. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1. ISBN 9780674281844.
- ^ Joseph A. Kechichian (20 January 2012). "Self-assurance in the face of military might". Gulf News. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ Sungur Doğançay (2018). "British Role in the Wahhabi Revolt and its Impact on the Policy over Iraq". Turkish Studies. 3 (15): 200. doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.13498. ISSN 1308-2140.
- ^ a b Nadav Safran (2018). Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. pp. 11–16. ISBN 9780674789852.
- ^ Hassan S. Abedin (2002). Abdul Aziz Al Saud and the Great Game in Arabia, 1896-1946 (PhD thesis). King's College London. p. 40. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021.