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Khana Ratsadon

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For the group known as Khana Ratsadon 2563, see 2020 Thai protests.

The People's Party, known in Thai as Khana Ratsadon (Thai: คณะราษฎร, pronounced [kʰā.náʔ râːt.sā.dɔ̄ːn]), was a Siamese group of military and civil officers, and later a political party, which staged a bloodless revolution against King Prajadhipok's government and transformed the country's absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy on 24 June 1932.

Khana Ratsadon
คณะราษฎร
Military leaderPhahon Phonphayuhasena[1]
Plaek Phibunsongkhram[2]
Civilian leaderPridi Banomyong
Founded5 February 1927 (1927-02-05)
Dissolved8 November 1947 (1947-11-08)
HeadquartersBangkok, Thailand
Newspaper
Support the People's Party
    • 24 Mithuna
    • Kamakhorn
    • Satjjung
    • Sri Krung
[3][4]
Membership10,000 (1932 est.)
IdeologySix Principles
Thai nationalism
Constitutionalism
Factions:
Anti-imperialism
Anti-communism
Revolutionary nationalism
Fascism
Democratic socialism
Political positionSyncretic[5][6][7][8]

Background

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Rue Du Sommerard in Paris was the establishment place for the People's Party

The Promoters

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In 1927, the Kingdom of Siam, the Rattanakosin Kingdom, was under the absolutist rule of the Chakri dynasty, under King Prajadhipok (Rama VII). Under his reign, the nation experienced troubles stemming from an archaic government confronted with serious economic problems and threats from abroad, the British and French Empires. The country was also experiencing a dramatic social change as the urban and middle classes of Bangkok started growing, slowly demanding more rights from their government, criticizing it as ineffective. These changes were mostly led by men, civilians and the military, who had graduated or travelled abroad. They wanted to transform Siam into a modern country like a Western democracy.

In February 1927, a group of seven Siamese students, later known as the "promoters",[9] met at a hotel on the Rue Du Sommerard in Paris and founded what would become the Khana Ratsadon. For five days, they met and proposed arguments for and against various aspects of the movement, the men were:[10]

1. Lieutenant Prayoon Pamornmontri (Thai: ประยูร ภมรมนตรี), Army officer, formerly of King Vajiravudh's Royal Guards
2. Lieutenant Plaek Khittasangkha (Thai: แปลก ขีตตะสังคะ), later Luang Phibulsonggram, Army officer, student, School of Applied Artillery, France
3. Lieutenant Thatsanai Mitphakdi (Thai: ทัศนัย มิตรภักดี), Army officer, student, French Cavalry Academy
4. Tua Lophanukrom (Thai: ตั้ว ลพานุกรม), scientist studying in Switzerland
5. Luang Siriratchamaitri (Thai: หลวงสิริราชไมตรี), diplomat, officer at the Siamese Embassy in Paris
6. Naep Phahonyothin (Thai: แนบ พหลโยธิน), law student studying in England
7. Pridi Banomyong (Thai: ปรีดี พนมยงค์), law student studying at the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris

Six principles

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A school notebook published in 1934, with illustrations of the six principles on its cover, displayed at Thai Parliament Museum, Bangkok

The revolutionaries made Pridi Panomyong their president and termed themselves the "promoters" (Thai: ผู้ก่อการ; RTGS: Phu Ko Kan). The party determined a sixfold objective which was later called the "Six Principles" (Thai: หลักหกประการ; RTGS: Lak Hok Prakan), as follows:

1. To maintain the supreme power of the Thai people.
2. To maintain national security.
3. To maintain the economic welfare of the Thai people in accordance with the National Economic Project.
4. To protect the equality of the Thai people.
5. To maintain the people's rights and liberties, insofar as they are not inconsistent with any of the above-mentioned principles.
6. To provide public education for all citizens.

To achieve these goals, the party determined that they must overthrow, using force if necessary, the present government and the system of absolute monarchy and turn the Asian kingdom into a modern constitutional monarchy. Most of the members were students educated abroad, mostly in the United Kingdom and France.

When the group returned to Siam, they enlisted members from among the army and navy, the merchant class, civil servants and others. Their membership eventually reached 102, separated into four main branches. These included the civilians, led by Pridi Banomyong; the navy, led by Luang Sinthusongkhramchai; the junior army officers, led by Major Phibulsonggram; and finally the senior officers, led by Colonel Phot Phahonyothin.

Other policies

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In power, the People's Party intensified assimilationist policies towards the Chinese community in Siam.[11]: 138  From 1938 to 1939, it passed a series of laws to eliminate the economic influence of Chinese people, including prohibiting Chinese from certain professions, dealing in certain goods, and living in specified residential areas.[11]: 138–139  The country's Nationality Law was amended in 1939 to require that all Chinese seeking to become citizens had to adopt Thai names, enroll their children in Thai schools, speak Thai, and renounce any allegiance to China.[11]: 139 

Legacy

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The party was eventually successful in their goal of revolution by bloodless coup. By 1933 they had turned Siam into a single party state. However the party itself was short-lived, due to infighting as the party had too many factions, conflicting interests, and political beliefs. The party eventually divided into two factions, a civilian faction led by Pridi Bhanomyong, and a military faction led by Marshal Pibulsongkram.

They would dominate Thai politics for the next two decades, producing six Prime Ministers of Thailand from their ranks. The party declined at about the time the Second World War ended.

As the party lost power, subsequent governments attempted to downplay their significance and erase their legacy. Part of this was accomplished through the removal of architecture associated with the party, most significantly beginning with the demolition of Sala Chaloem Thai in 1989. This movement intensified in the 2010s; the Supreme Court building controversially demolished in 2013, and following the 2014 coup, multiple landmarks became quietly removed without explanation. On the 88th anniversary of the revolution in 2020, the Reuters news service identified six historical markers memorialising the People's Party and the events of 1932 which have been removed or renamed over the previous year. In most cases it is not known who is responsible. Some historians, such as Chatri Prakitnonthakan of Silpakorn University, interpreted these removals as an attempted "ideological cleansing" by the conservative establishment.[12]

A memorial plaque honoring the 1932 Revolution was reported missing on 14 April 2017. It was thought to be stolen on 5 April and was replaced with another plaque with text praising the Chakri Dynasty. As of 2019, no one has taken responsibility for the theft.[13] The 1932 Revolution brass plaque, about 30 centimeters across, was embedded in the asphalt of the Royal Plaza, less than 10 meters from the equestrian statue depicting King Rama V. The site is where the revolt took place on 24 June 1932. Here, a declaration condemning absolute monarchy was read. Press reports noted that ultraroyalist groups had threatened to remove the plaque in the months preceding its theft.[13]

A Royal Thai Army artillery base in Lopburi Province bore the name of General Phraya Phahon until 2019 when, at the order of the current king, Vajiralongkorn, it was renamed King Bhumibol base. Long-standing statues of Phraya Phahon and Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram installed at the base are to be removed and replaced by a statue of King Bhumibol.[14]

Public perception and discourse over the party's legacy has also fluctuated over time. Their role in establishing a constitutional monarchy was glossed over by school textbooks, and rhetoric dismissing the party's actions as premature was popularized. Such ideas were reignited in the 2010s, as ideological conflicts over democracy and the monarchy intensified. Conservative writers demonized the People's Party as republicans. This led to a reactionary response by liberal groups. During the 2020 protests, youth protesters symbolically installed a new plaque in Sanam Luang,[15] and a group leading the protest movement called themselves "Khana Ratsadon 2563" (People's Party 2020).[16]

Members

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The members of the People's Party were a mix of both military officers and civilians. Lieutenant Krachang Tularak was its last surviving member. He died on 24 June 2009 at the age of 98.[17]

Military faction

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Army faction

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(L to R): Phraya Songsuradet. Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena, Phraya Ritthiakhaney and Phra Phrasasphithayayut, the Four Musketeers or the Four Tiger Soldiers
 
Khana Ratsadon (army faction)
  1. Colonel Phahonphonphayuhasena (Phot Phahonyothin), the Head of the military faction and leader of Khana Ratsadon
  2. Phraya Songsuradet (Deva Bandhumasena)
  3. Phraya Ritthiakhaney (Sala Emasiri)
  4. Phra Phrasasphithayayut (Wan Choothin)
  5. Major Luang Phibulsonggram (Plaek Khittasangkha)
  6. Captain Luang Chamnanyutthasin (Choei Rayanan)
  7. Captain Luang Katsongkhram (Thian Kengradomying)
  8. Captain Luang Kriangsakphichit (Khuan Chittakhun)
  9. Captain Luang Chansongkhram (Phan Chalichan)
  10. Captain Luang Chawengsaksongkhram (Chuang Khwanchoet)
  11. Captain Luang Thatsanainiyomsuek (Thatsanai Mittraphakdi)
  12. Captain Luang Phromyothi (Mangkon Phonchiwin)
  13. Captain Luang Ronnasitthiphichai (Chuea Kanchanaphinthu)
  14. Captain Luang Sawatronnarong (Sawat Darasawat)
  15. Captain Luang Seriroengrit (Charun Rattanakun)
  16. Captain Luang Aduldejcharat (Bat Phuengphrakhun)
  17. Lieutenant Khun Sucharitronnakan (Phong Nakhanut)
  18. Lieutenant Khun Chamnongphummiwet (Chamnong Siwaphaet)
  19. Lieutenant Khun Nirandonchai (Sawek Nilanchai)
  20. Lieutenant Khun Phiphatsorakan (Theng Phatthanasiri)
  21. Lieutenant Khun Plotporapak (Plot Phanusawa)
  22. Lieutenant Khun Rueangwirayut (Bunrueang Wirahong)
  23. Lieutenant Khun Wimonsorakit (Wimon Kengrian)
  24. Lieutenant Khun Sisarakon (Chalo Sithanakon)
  25. Lieutenant Chai Prathipasen
  26. Lieutenant Thuan Wichaikhatthakha
  27. Lieutenant Nom Ketunuti
  28. Minor Lieutenant Charun Chittralak
  29. Minor Lieutenant Saman Thephatsadin Na Ayutthaya
  30. Minor Lieutenant Udom Phutthikasetarin
  31. Major Luang Wichakkonlayut (Sian Susin)
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Khana Ratsadon (navy faction)
  1. Group Commander Luang Sinthusongkhramchai (Sin Kamalanavin)
  2. Lieutenant Commander Luang Supachalasai (Bung Supachalasai)
  3. Senior Lieutenant Luang Thamrongnawasawat (Thawan Tharisawat)
  4. Senior Lieutenant Luang Sangworayutthakit (Sangson Suwannachip)
  5. Senior Lieutenant Luang Nithetkonlakit (Klang Rotchanasena)
  6. Senior Lieutenant Luang Nawawichit (Phan Amphaiwan)
  7. Senior Lieutenant Sa-nguan Ruchirapha
  8. Senior Lieutenant Sa-ngop Charunphon
  9. Senior Lieutenant Chalit Kunkamthon
  10. Junior Lieutenant Thonglo Khamhiran
  11. Junior Lieutenant Chip Siriphaibun
  12. Junior Lieutenant Prasoet Suksamai
  13. Junior Lieutenant Wan Ruyuphon
  14. Ensign Chan Ratsamithat
  15. Ensign Thongdi Ra-ngapphai
  16. Chamrat Suwannachip

Civil faction

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Pridi Banomyong, leader of civilian faction
  1. Luang Praditmanutham (Pridi Phanomyong), the head of the civil faction and vice leader of Khana Ratsadon
  2. Luang Sirirajmaitree (Charun Singhaseni)
  3. Luang Kowit-aphaiwong (Khuang Aphaiwong)
  4. Luang Naruebetmanit (Sa-nguan Chuthatemi)
  5. Luang Chamnanitikaset (Uthai Saengmani)
  6. Luang Atthasanraprasit (Thongyen Lilamia)
  7. Luang Atthakitikamchon (Klueng Phahomyonh)
  8. Luang Sunthonthephatsadin (Saphrang Thephatsadin Na Ayutthaya)
  9. Luang Dechatiwongwarawat (M.L. Kri Dechatiwong)
  10. Tua Laphanukrom
  11. Prachuap Bunnak
  12. M.L. Udom Sanitwong
  13. Naep Phahonlayothin
  14. Thawi Bunyaket
  15. Junior Lieutenant Prayoon Pamornmontri
  16. Wilat Osathanon
  17. Charun Suepsaeng
  18. Leng Sisonwong
  19. Direk Jayanama
  20. Wichian Suwannathat
  21. Chun Pinthanon
  22. Sawat Sotthithat
  23. Chittasen Pancha
  24. Yong Phonlabun
  25. Ek Supphapodok
  26. Surin Chinothai
  27. Siri Chatinan
  28. Chaliao Pathummarot
  29. Banchong Sicharun
  30. Prasoet Sicharun
  31. Chaeng Muttafa
  32. Karim Sicharun
  33. Sanguan Tularak
  34. Sim Wirawaithaya
  35. Nguan Thongprasoet
  36. Pramot Phuengsunthon
  37. Charoen Pantharo
  38. Thongpleo Chonlaphum
  39. Phadoem Angsuwat
  40. Chup Salayachiwin
  41. Klin Thephatsadin Na Ayutthaya
  42. Son Bunchung
  43. Yon Samananon
  44. Yin Samananon
  45. Police Lieutenant Choei Kalanchai
  46. Police Lieutenant Thiang Chaloemsak

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khana Ratsadon.

References

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  1. ^ 1932–1938
  2. ^ 1938–1947
  3. ^ ใจจริง, ณัฐพล (5 May 2021). "สมาคมคณะชาติ : 'The Conservative Party' พรรคแรกแห่งสยาม" (Online). Matichon Weekly (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. Retrieved 7 February 2023. การเสนอจัดตั้งสมาคมคณะชาติ นำไปสู่การโต้เถียงกันบนหน้าหนังสือพิมพ์ทั้ง 2 ฝ่าย ฝ่ายนิยมคณะราษฎร เช่น 24 มิถุนา สัจจัง และกรรมกร กับฝ่ายนิยมคณะชาติ เช่น ไทยใหม่ ช่วยกรรมกร และกรุงเทพฯ เดลิเมล์ กลุ่มแรกวิจารณ์ว่า สมาคมคณะชาติเป็นกลุ่มการเมืองของชนชั้นสูง ผู้มีทรัพย์ซึ่งเห็นแก่ประโยชน์ส่วนตนเป็นหลัก และเกลียดชังคณะราษฎร ดำเนินโนยบายต่อต้านรัฐบาลคณะราษฎร และมีเจ้านายอยู่เบื้องหลัง ดังนั้น ไม่สมควรให้จัดทะเบียนจัดตั้ง ส่วนกลุ่มหลังเสนอว่า ต้องมีพรรคการเมืองฝ่ายค้าน
  4. ^ เสมียนอารีย์ (24 June 2022). "ศรีกรุง ออร์แกนของคณะราษฎร หนังสือพิมพ์ที่ช่วยโหมโรงการปฏิวัติ 2475" (in Thai). Matichon. Retrieved 11 March 2023. เพราะเวลานั้นศรีกรุงกำลังโหมโรงโดยได้รับหน้าที่เป็นออร์แกน (Organ) ของคณะราษฎรอยู่แทบตลอดเวลา หากคราวใดแสดงความเห็นและภาพรุนแรงจนรัฐบาลหรือราชบัลลังก์สั่น และพอเจ้าของโรงพิมพ์ได้รับคำตักเตือนมาจากบุคคลชั้นสูง ศรีกรุงก็เพลามือไปชั่วขณะ แล้วก็ค่อย ๆ แรงขึ้น ๆ ต่อไปอีกใหม่
  5. ^ "มโนทัศน์ทางเศรษฐกิจของปรีดี พนมยงค์".
  6. ^ เค้าโครงการเศรษฐกิจของหลวงประดิษฐ์_มนูธรรมkpi.ac.th Archived 2019-09-08 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "สัมพันธภาพ (ที่ไม่เคยเปิดเผย) ระหว่างฟาสซิสต์อิตาลีกับรัฐบาลของจอมพล ป. พิบูลสงครามในมิติของสื่อสิ่งพิมพ์ วารสารศิลปศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์". Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  8. ^ "คอมมิวนิสต์ "เครื่องมือ" ที่ จอมพล ป. ใช้สร้างอำนาจและญาติดีกับสหรัฐฯ". Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Promoters Revolution". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-29.
  10. ^ Mektrairat 2010, pp. 296–297.
  11. ^ a b c Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769659-0.
  12. ^ Thepgumpanat, Panu Wongcha-um, Panarat (2020-06-24). "In Thailand, it's statues of democracy leaders that are disappearing". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-09-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ a b Ruiz, Todd (14 April 2017). "1932 Democratic Revolution Plaque Removed". Khaosod English. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  14. ^ Charuvastra, Teeranai (28 December 2019). "Statues of 1932 Revolt Leaders to be Removed". Khaosod English. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  15. ^ "Protesters install 'new plaque' at Sanam Luang". Bangkok Post. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  16. ^ "Rajprasong intersection: Bangkok's shopping heart and protest battleground". Thai PBS World. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  17. ^ Prachathai, the Last Member of Khana Ratsadon dead Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, 24 June 2009

Bibliography

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  • Mektrairat, Nakarin (2010). Siamese revolution of 1932 (การปฏิวัติสยาม พ.ศ. 2475) (in Thai) (5 ed.). Samesky (ฟ้าเดียวกัน). ISBN 9786169023869.

Further reading

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  • Sombat Thamrongthanyawong. (2006) Kan mueang kan pok khrong thai phoso 1762–2500 (4th ed.). Bangkok: Sematham Publishing House.
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