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Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei

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Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Qasim Musawi Khoei (/ˈɑːbuː æl ˈkɑːsɪm æl ˈxhuːi/ ⓘ AH-boo al KAH-sim al KHOO-ee; (Persian: ابوالقاسم موسوی خویی; Arabic: أبو القاسم الموسوي الخوئي; November 19, 1899 – August 8, 1992) was an Iranian Shia marja'.[1][2] Khoei is considered one of the most influential twelver scholars.

Grand Ayatollah Sayyid
Abu al-Qasim Khoei
سید ابوالقاسم موسوی خویی
Abu al-Qasim Khoei in his office at Najaf, 1970's
Personal
Born(1899-11-19)November 19, 1899
Khoy, West Azerbaijan, Sublime State of Persia
(present-day Khoy, Iran)
DiedAugust 8, 1992(1992-08-08) (aged 92)
Kufa, Ba'athist Iraq
Resting placeImam Ali Shrine
ReligionIslam
NationalityIranian
Children
ParentAli-Akbar Khoei (father)
DenominationShi'a
JurisprudenceJa'fari (Usuli)
CreedTwelver
Main interest(s)Hadith, Fiqh
Notable work(s)Mu'jam rijal al-hadith
Muslim leader
Based inNajaf, Iraq
Period in office1970–1992
PredecessorMuhsin al-Hakim
SuccessorAbd al-A'la Sabziwari, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani
WebsiteOfficial website

After the death of Muhsin al-Hakim in 1970, he became the spiritual leader of much of the Shia world until his death in 1992. He was succeeded briefly by Abd al-A'la Sabziwari, until his death in 1993. Then his former student, Ali Sistani, took leadership of the seminary, whereby many of his followers became followers of Sistani.[3][4]

Biography

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Khoei was born to a sayyid family in the Iranian city of Khoy, West Azerbaijan province in 1899. Khoei grew up in Iran. Around the age of 13, he moved to Iraq along with his older brother Abdullah and took up residence in the holy city of Najaf where he began studying Shia theology with the scholars of that city. He eventually attained the rank of Ayatollah and was made a marja. Khoei continued to live in Najaf, becoming a teacher for the remainder of his life, and overseeing the studies of scholars who would be qualified to issue fatwas based on Shia theology.

Due to his prominent position as a teacher and scholar in Najaf, he became an important leader of worldwide Shias. He was made the most prominent Grand Ayatollah in 1971 after the death of Muhsin al-Hakim. In this position, he became a patron of numerous institutions across the globe that sought to provide welfare, and also provided scholarships to theological students from across the Muslim world.

He is considered as the architect of a distinct school of thought in the principles of jurisprudence and Islamic law, and one of the leading exponents of kalam (scholastic theology) and rijal (study of the biographies of transmitters of ahadith, the prophetic traditions), fiqh (jurisprudence), and tafseer (exegesis of the Qur'an). His interests included astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy.

Khoei's status as the pre-eminent scholar of his age did not go unchallenged. In the 1970s, Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Shirazi, a radical theologian based in Karbala had a long-running feud with Al Khoei and his fellow clerics in Najaf over the legitimacy of theocratic rule. The dispute resulted in Khoei seeking to dismiss Al Shirazi's status as a religious scholar.[5]

After the Persian Gulf War, Khoei was arrested by Saddam Hussein during the mass Shia uprising that followed the defeat of Iraqi forces. While under arrest, he was taken to Baghdad and forced to make public appearances with Saddam Hussein. Hussein eventually allowed Khoei to return to Najaf, but he was placed under house arrest. Khoei died on 8 August 1992 in Najaf, at the age of 92.[6] His funeral was led by his student Ali Sistani. He was buried in the Shrine of Imam Ali in Najaf.[7]

Legacy

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Welfare

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An Imam Khoei foundation building in New York.

He was fervently dedicated to establishing welfare, social, cultural, and educational institutions for Muslims worldwide. The following are some of the institutions he established:

  • Imam Khoei Benevolent Foundation in Queens, NY.
  • al-Iman School in Queens, New York.
  • As-Sadiq and Az-Zahra Schools in London.
  • Imam Khoei Islamic Centre in London, U.K
  • Jamia-tul-Kauthar in Islamabad.
  • Darul Hikmah in Najaf.
  • Madinatul Ilm in Qom. It is considered one of the biggest theology centres in the Shia world. The complex comprises the school building and living quarters capable of accommodating 500 families.
  • As-Sayyid Khoei Centre in Bangkok.
  • As-Sayyid Khoei Centre in Dhaka.
  • Imam Khoei Orphanage in Beirut.
  • Imam-e-Zamana Mission in Hyderabad.
  • Najafi House in Mumbai.

He was also the patron of about 1,000 grant-maintained students of theology from Iraq and other countries like Lebanon, Iran, Syria, Persian Gulf States, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, South East Asia. He provided financial support for maintaining the schools including boarding expenses, teachers' salaries, and lodging costs.

Students

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Khoei (right) with Ali Sistani (left)

Former student Ali Sistani is currently the most senior Shia cleric in Iraq and widely regarded as "wield[ing] enormous power over Iraq's Shia majority."[8] The degree of success of his articulation of moderate Shia politics in Iraq have been said to be "in no small part traceable to the legacy of his mentor and teacher", Khoei.[9]

Another significant student of Khoei, is Muhammad-Sadiq Rohani, who also shared a close relationship with Khoei.[10] He was considered a high religious authorities in Iran, alongside Waheed Khurasani.

Works

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Ayatollah Khoei is brought in front of Saddam Hussein after Shia uprisings in 1991.

Khoei wrote about various topics, ranging from Islamic jurisprudence to mathematics and astronomy and was a prolific writer in these disciplines. He wrote 37 books and treatises, most of which have been published. His works include:

  • Lectures in the Principles of Jurisprudence – 10 volumes
  • Biographies of Narrators of Tradition – 24 volumes
  • Islamic Law – 18 volumes
  • Al-Bayan Fi Tafsir al-Quran (The Elucidation of the Exegesis of The Qur'an and sometimes entitled The Prolegomena to the Quran)
  • Minhaju-us-Saliheen (The Path of the Righteous) – 2 volumes, reprinted 78 times (guide book on religious practice and law)
  • Anthology of Religious Questions – Concise version of the Path of the Righteous – in Arabic, Urdu, Persian, English, Turkish, Thai, Malay, Indonesian, and Gujarati
  • Mabani al-Istinbat (Edifices of Deduction) Principles of Jurisprudence
  • Ajwad-at-Taqrirat (The Best of Regulations) Principles of Jurisprudence
  • Sharh-el-Urwatul-Wuthqa (Commentary on The Steadfast Handle) – Jurisprudence
  • Treatise on Suspected Attire – Risala fil Libas Al-Mashkok, Evidential Jurisprudence
  • Nafahat-ul Ijaz (The Fragrance of Miracles), in defence of the Qur'an

Internet

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Political impact

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Khoei was an "old rival" of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini from when the two lived in Najaf, and dismissed Khomeini's theory that Velayat-e faqih—i.e., a ruling jurist should be the basis of Islamic Government—as a "bogus innovation" in Islam according to scholar Vali Nasr. Nasr argues that Khoei's importance in limiting the reach of Khomeini's ideas "is often underrated and unrecognized".[11]

Although enthusiasm was passionate in the Shi'i world for the Iranian Revolution in its early years, Khoei "openly urged followers to ignore" Khomeini[12] and "kept alive" the tradition of Shia thought "that accords more leeway to the idea of distinguishing between religious and political authority" then and "did so" until enthusiasm for Islamist rule had lost much of its "allure" among Shia worldwide.[11] He should also be given much of the credit for whatever influence "moderate Shia politics" has had in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein through his mentee and student Ali Sistani[11] who became the leading marjaʿ in Iraq after Khoei's death.

Personal life

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Khoei (right) with his son in law Jamal al-Din al-Imani

Khoei was married and had seven sons:

  • Jamal al-Din. He was Khoei's eldest son and spent his life in the service of his father's marja'iya. He died in Tehran after being diagnosed with cancer, in 1984. He was buried in the Fatimah Masumah shrine in Qom. His notable works are: Sharh Kifayat al-Usul, Bahth Fi al-Falsafa Wa Ilm al-Kalam, Sharh Diwan al-Mutanabi.
  • Ali Khoei. He was killed young in a car accident between Baghdad and Najaf.
  • Abbas. Born in Najaf, moved to Baghdād to find work at the age of 12. Learning his craft and eventually becoming a successful businessman owning five shops in Baghdād. Abbas was a forward thinker who spoke 7 languages fluently (English, Arabic, Farsi, Turkish, Urdu, Azeri, Hindi) regularly travelled to the far east importing a variety of goods to Iraq for sale. After finding entrepreneurial success, Abbas provided financial backing to his entire family taking them out of poverty. This was fundamental in allowing his father Khoei to study full time and publish his works. Abbas moved to London in 1978. Whilst in London Abbas served the Middle Eastern community, including sending his own children to interpret for sick patients at Kings College Hospital. Abbas passed away in July 2021 in Najaf at the age of 91.
  • Abd al-Sahib. Current secretary general of the Imam Khoei Foundation in London.[13]
  • Muhammad-Taqi. He was the secretary general of the Foundation in 1989. He was placed under house arrest with his father after the 1991 Shaban uprising. Muhammad-Taqi was allegedly assassinated by Saddam Hussein, who set up a car accident, on the night of 21 July 1994. Besides reports of his father's lectures, he has authored Kitab al-Iltizamat al-Taba'iya Fi al-Uqud.[13]
  • Abd al-Majid. He emigrated from Iraq soon after the Shaban uprising and left for London. He became the secretary-general of the Foundation after his brother, Muhammad-Taqi's death. Soon after the fall of Baghdad to US forces in 2003, he returned to Iraq with plans to revive Najaf to the glory and splendour it enjoyed under the patronage of his father. However, he was assassinated on April 10, 2003, near the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf.[13]
  • Ibrahim. He was abducted from his house by the Baathist regime after the Shaban uprising, in 1991.[13]

See also

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References and notes

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  1. ^ Tarrad, Hamada; Abd al-Hasan, Amin (2004). al-Imam Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei: Za'im al-Hawza al-Ilmiya [Imam Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei: Head of the Islamic Seminary] (in Arabic). Mu'sasat al-Imam al-Khoei al-Khayriya.
  2. ^ al-Waseti, Ahmed (1998). Sirat Wa Hayat al-Imam al-Khoei [Biography and Life of Imam al-Khoei] (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Hadi.
  3. ^ Corboz, Elvire (2015-01-20). Guardians of Shi'ism: Sacred Authority and Transnational Family Networks. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 64–5. ISBN 978-0-7486-9145-6.
  4. ^ al-Shafi'i, Abd al-Malik (2005). Mawqif al-Tashayyu al-Imamiya Min Baqi al-Firaq al-Muslimeen [The Stance of Imami Shiism on the Rest of the Islamic Creeds] (in Arabic). Egypt: Maktabat al-Ridhwan. pp. 227–30.
  5. ^ Has Kuwait reached the sectarian tipping point?, American Enterprise Institute, August 14, 2013
  6. ^ Biography of Ayatollah Khoei in English
  7. ^ Biography of Ayatollah Khoei in English
  8. ^ Who's who in Iraq: Ayatollah Sistani, 26 August, 2004
  9. ^ Nasr, Vali (2006). The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam will shape the Future. Norton. p. 145. ISBN 0-393-06211-2.
  10. ^ al-Shafi'i, Abd al-Malik (2005). Mawqif al-Tashayyu al-Imamiyah Min Baqi Firaq al-Muslimeen [The Stance of Shiism On Other Muslim Sects] (in Arabic). Cairo, Egypt: Maktabat al-Rudhwan. p. 229.
  11. ^ a b c Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, 2006, p. 145
  12. ^ Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, 2006, p. 144
  13. ^ a b c d "Usratuh - Awladih" [His family - His sons]. www.alkhoei.net. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
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