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Qishan[a] (Manchu: ᡴᡳᡧᠠᠨ, Möllendorff: Kišan, Abkai: Kixan; 18 January 1786 – 3 August 1854), courtesy name Jing'an, was a Mongol nobleman and official of the late Qing dynasty. He was of Khalkha Mongol and Borjigit descent, and his family was under the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. He is best known for negotiating the Convention of Chuanbi on behalf of the Qing government with the British during the First Opium War of 1839–42.[3]
Qishan | |
|---|---|
| Assistant Grand Secretary | |
| In office 1848–1851 | |
| In office 1836–1838 | |
| Grand Secretary of the Wenyuan Library | |
| In office 1838–1841 | |
| Viceroy of Sichuan | |
| In office 1846–1849 | |
| Preceded by | Baoxing |
| Succeeded by | Yucheng (acting) |
| In office 1829–1831 | |
| Preceded by | Dai Sanxi |
| Succeeded by | Ošan |
| Imperial Resident in Tibet | |
| In office 1843–1847 | |
| Preceded by | Mengbao |
| Succeeded by | Ruiyuan |
| Viceroy of Liangguang (acting) | |
| In office 1840–1841 | |
| Preceded by | Lin Zexu |
| Succeeded by | Qi Gong |
| Viceroy of Zhili | |
| In office 1837–1840 | |
| Preceded by | Mujangga |
| Succeeded by | Nergingge |
| Viceroy of Liangjiang | |
| In office 1825–1827 | |
| Preceded by | Wei Yuanyu |
| Succeeded by | Jiang Youxian |
| Viceroy of Shaan-Gan | |
| In office 1849–1851 | |
| Preceded by | Buyantai |
| Succeeded by | Yutai |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 18 January 1786 Beijing |
| Died | 3 August 1854 (aged 68) Yangzhou |
| Relations | Chengde (father) |
| Posthumous name | Wenqin (文勤) |
| Known for | Negotiating the Convention of Chuanbi |
| Qishan | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 琦善 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Jing'an | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 靜庵 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 静庵 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Life
editQishan was a Khalkha Mongol by birth and was from the Borjigit clan. His 7th generator ancestor Enggeder had led his followers to submit to the Qing Empire and received a hereditary first class marquis peerage in return. Qishan inherited the peerage from his ancestor. His father, Chengde (成德), served as a general in Hangzhou and dutong (都統; a military commander) in Rehe Province.
In 1806, Qishan obtained the position of a yinsheng (蔭生; or shengyuan 生員) in the entry-level imperial examination and was recruited into the civil service as a yuanwailang (員外郎; assistant director) in the Ministry of Justice. In 1819, he was promoted to xunfu (provincial governor) of Henan Province but was later demoted to zhushi (主事) and put in charge of river works. Since then, he served in a number of appointments, including Viceroy of Liangjiang (1825–1827), Sichuan (1829–1831) and Zhili (1831–1840), and Grand Scholar of Wenyuan Cabinet (文淵閣大學士).
In 1840, during the First Opium War, the Daoguang Emperor ordered Qishan to replace Lin Zexu as the acting Viceroy of Liangguang (covering Guangdong and Guangxi provinces). Qishan was also tasked with negotiating peace with the British. Upon witnessing British naval power, he ordered his troops to evacuate from the artillery batteries and sent Bao Peng (鮑鵬) to meet the British at Chuanbi (穿鼻; present-day Humen, Guangdong Province) and call for a peace settlement.
On 20 January 1841, without seeking approval from the Qing imperial court, Qishan agreed to the Convention of Chuanbi with the British. Among other things, the convention required the Qing Empire to pay the British an indemnity of six million silver coins and cede Hong Kong Island. The Daoguang Emperor was furious when he found out later that Qishan had agreed to the convention without his permission. He ordered Qishan to be arrested and escorted as a criminal to Beijing for trial. Qishan had his properties and assets confiscated and was sentenced to military service.
Qishan was pardoned later and reinstated as an official in 1842. He was subsequently appointed as Imperial Resident in Tibet (1843–1847), a second term as Viceroy of Sichuan (1846–1849), and Viceroy of Shaan-Gan (1849–1851).
In 1852, during the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor, Qishan was appointed as an Imperial Commissioner to oversee Qing imperial forces in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. He set up the "Jiangbei Camp" (江北大營) on the northern bank of the Yangtze River at Yangzhou, with 18,000 troops stationed there. He died in the autumn of 1854 in camp. The Qing government granted him the posthumous name "Wenqin" (文勤).
Notes
edit- Footnotes
- Citations
- ^ Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. p. xviii. ISBN 0-7007-1145-7.
- ^ Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
- ^ Mao, Haijian. The Qing Empire and the Opium War. p. 1.
References
edit- Leete, William R. (1943). . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 126–129.
- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao). Vol. 370.