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Kim family (North Korea)

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The Kim family, officially the Mount Paektu bloodline (Korean: 백두혈통), named for Paektu Mountain, in the ideological discourse of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), and often referred to as the Kim dynasty after the Cold War's end, is a three-generation lineage of North Korean leadership, descending from the country's founder and first leader, Kim Il Sung. Kim Il Sung came to rule the north in 1948, after the end of Japanese rule split the region in 1945. Following his death in 1994, Kim Il Sung's role as supreme leader was later passed on to his son, Kim Jong Il, and his grandson, Kim Jong Un. All three leaders in different generations have served as leaders of the WPK and served as North Korea's supreme leaders since the state's establishment in 1948.

Kim family
Mount Paektu bloodline
Three photos depicting each of the three members of the Kim family: Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un
From left to right: Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un
Parent familyJeonju Kim clan
CountryNorth Korea
Place of originMangyongdae, Pyongyang
Founded9 September 1948; 76 years ago (1948-09-09)
FounderKim Il Sung
Current headKim Jong Un
TitlesSupreme Leader of North Korea
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
Style(s)
  • Great Leader (Kim Il Sung)
  • Dear Leader (Kim Jong Il)
Members
Connected members
Kim Il Sung's wives:
Kim Il Sung's sons:
Kim Il Sung's daughters:
Kim Jong Il's wives:
Kim Jong Il's sons:
Kim Jong Il's daughters:
Kim Jong Un's family:
TraditionsJuche
Estate(s)Residences of North Korean leaders
(Mount) Paektu bloodline
Chosŏn'gŭl
Hancha
Revised RomanizationBaekdu-hyeoltong
McCune–ReischauerPaektu-hyŏlt'ong

The North Korean government denies that there is a personality cult surrounding the Kim family, describing the people's devotion to the family as a personal manifestation of support for their nation's leadership.[1] The Kim family has been described as a de facto absolute monarchy[2][3][4] or hereditary dictatorship.[5]

Historical overview

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The Kim family has ruled North Korea since 1948[6] for three generations,[7] and still little about the family is publicly confirmed.[8] Kim Il Sung rebelled against Japanese rule over Korea in the 1930s, which led to his exile in the Soviet Union. Korea was divided after the Japanese surrender in World War II in 1945. Kim came to lead the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (a Soviet-backed provisional government), becoming the first premier of its new government, the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (commonly known as North Korea), in 1948. Hoping to reunify the peninsula, on 25 June 1950 the North Korean KPA crossed the 38th Parallel, sparking the Korean War, which ended in stalemate in 1953.[9]

Kim developed a personality cult over his nearly 46-year leadership[9] which extended to his family, including his mother Kang Pan Sok (known as the "mother of Korea"), his brother Kim Yong-ju ("the revolutionary fighter") and his first wife Kim Jong Suk (the "mother of the revolution").[10] The strong and absolute leadership of a solitary great leader, known as the Suryong, is central to the North Korean ideology of Juche.[11] Four years after Kim Il Sung's 1994 death, a constitutional change wrote the presidency out of the constitution and named him as Eternal President of the Republic in order to honor his memory forever.[9] Kim Il Sung was known as the Great Leader,[12] and his eldest son and successor, Kim Jong Il,[9] became known as the Dear Leader[12] and later the Great General.[13] Kim Jong Il altogether had over 50 titles.

Kim Jong Il was appointed to the Workers Party's Politburo (and its Presidium), Secretariat and the Central Military Commission at the 6th Workers Party Congress in October 1980,[14] which formalized his role as heir apparent.[9] He led their military beginning in 1990,[15] and had a 14-year grooming period before he became North Korea's ruler.[10] Kim Jong Il had a sister, Kim Kyung-hee, who was North Korea's first female four-star general[16] and married to Jang Song-thaek, who was the second most powerful person in North Korea before his December 2013 execution for corruption.[17] Kim Jong Il had four partners,[17] and at least five children with three of them.[18] His third and youngest son, Kim Jong Un, succeeded him.[17] Scholar Virginie Grzelczyk wrote that the Kim family represented "one of the last bastions of totalitarianism as well as perhaps 'the first Communist Dynasty'".[19]

Ancestry

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Kim Il Sung was born in Mangyongdae Guyok to Methodist parents.[20] His father Kim Hyong Jik was 15 when he married Kang Pan Sok two years his elder.[21] Kim Hyong Jik had attended a school founded by Protestant missionaries, which influenced his own family. Kim Hyong Jik became a father at the age of 17, and left school to work as a teacher in a nearby school he once attended. He later practiced Chinese herbal medicine as a doctor. Kim Hyong Jik protested against Japanese rule and was arrested several times for his activism. He was a founding member of the Korean National Association in 1917, participated in the 1919 March First Movement, and fled Korea for Manchuria with his wife and young Kim Il Sung in 1920. There is a teacher's college named after him in Pyongyang.[20]

Kim Hyong Jik's own parents, Kim Po Hyon and Ri Po Ik,[20] were described as "patriots" by the Editorial Committee of the Short Biography of Kim Il Sung.[22]

Kim Il Sung

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Eternal President Kim Il Sung
Main article: Kim Il Sung

Kim Il Sung married twice and had six children. He met his first wife, Kim Jong Suk, in 1936, marrying her in 1940. She bore sons Kim Jong Il (born 1941 or 1942) and Kim Man Il (born 1944), and daughter Kim Kyong Hui (born 1946) before dying while bearing a stillborn daughter in 1949. Kim Jong Suk was born 24 December 1917 in Hoeryong in (North) Hamgyo'ng Province. Her family and she fled Korea to Yanji, Jilin (Kirin) Province around 1922.[23] In October 1947, Kim Jong Suk presided over the establishment of a school for war orphans in South Pyongan Province, which became the Mangyongdae Revolutionary School. When the school opened in west Pyongyang one year after its foundation, Kim Jong Suk also unveiled the country's first statue to Kim Il Sung. In 1949, Kim Jong Suk was once again pregnant. She continued public activities, but her health diminished. She died on 19 September 1949 due to complications from pregnancy. Kim Il Sung had three children with his second wife, Kim Song Ae: Kim Kyong Il (born 1951), Kim Pyong Il (born 1953), and Kim Yong Il (born 1955).[24] He had two younger brothers, Kim Chol-ju and Kim Yong-ju and a sister.[23]

When Kim Il Sung's first wife died, Kim Song-ae was not recognized as Kim Il Sung's wife for several years. Neither partnership had public weddings.[25] Born Kim Sŏngp'al in the early 1920s in South P'yongyang Province, Kim Song-ae began her career as a clerical worker in the Ministry of National Defense where she first met Kim Il Sung in 1948. She was hired to work in his residence as an assistant to Kim Jong Suk. In addition to doing secretarial work for the Kims, she also looked after Kim Jong Il and Kim Kyong-hui. After Kim Jong Suk's 1949 death, Kim Song-ae began managing Kim Il Sung's household and domestic life.[26]

In 1953, Kim Song-ae gave birth to her first child with Kim Il Sung, a daughter named Kim Kyong Jin (Kim Kyong Chin). She went on to have at least two other children with him, sons Kim Pyong Il (b. 1954) and Kim Yong Ill (b. 1955).[23]

Kim Kyong-hui became North Korea's first female four-star general.[16] Her husband Jang Song-thaek was the second most powerful person in Korea before his December 2013 execution for corruption.[17] Their 29-year-old daughter overdosed on sleeping pills in 2006 while in Paris.[27] It has also been reported that Kim Yong-il, who was dispatched to serve in Germany, died from cirrhosis of the liver in 2000.[28]

Kim Jong Il

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Eternal General Secretary and Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Jong Il
Main article: Kim Jong Il

Kim Jong Il had four partners,[17] and at least six children with three of them.[18] He married his first wife, Hong Il-chon, at the behest of Kim Il Sung in 1966. They had one daughter, Kim Hye-kyung (born 1968), before divorcing in 1969.[29] He later fathered Kim Jong-nam (born 1971) with his first consort, film star Song Hye-rim. Due to Song being a divorcée, Kim concealed the relationship and son from his father.[30] In 1974, Kim Jong Il married his second wife, Kim Young-suk. They had two daughters, Kim Sol-song (born 1974) and Kim Chun-song (born 1976).[23] Kim Jong Il divorced her in 1977, after she lost his personal interest. In 1980, Kim Jong Il married his third wife, Ko Yong Hui. Ko was the de facto First Lady of North Korea from Kim Jong Il's becoming of leader in 1994 until her death in 2004. The couple had two sons, Kim Jong-chul (born 1981) and Kim Jong Un (born 1982 or 1983), and one daughter, Kim Yo Jong (born 1987).[24] After Ko Yong Hui's death, Kim Jong Il was married to his personal secretary, Kim Ok.[17] The two were married until Kim Jong Il's death, and did not have any children. The two half-brothers Kim Jong Un and Kim Jong-nam never met, because of the ancient practice of raising potential successors separately.[31][32] From the early 1980s onward, Kim Jong Il dichotomized the Kim Family between its main, or central, branch (won kaji) and its side, or extraneous, branch (kyot kaji). The main branch referred to Kim Il Sung's family with Kim Jong Suk and publicly included Kim Jong Il and Kim Kyong-hui. The side branch referred to Kim Il Sung's family with Kim Sung-ae and included the three children from their marriage.[23]

Kim Jong Un's two older brothers were considered "black sheep" of the family.[27] Kim Jong-nam likely fell out of favor due to advocating for reform in the government.[33] He had a reputation as a troublemaker within the family,[8] and publicly stated in 2011 that North Korea should transition out of his family's rule.[27] On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam was assassinated with the chemical nerve agent VX at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia.[34][35] Two women, one Indonesian and one Vietnamese, smeared the agent on Kim Jong-nam's face; both women were released after it was determined that they had been tricked by North Korean operatives, who had told them that the act was a prank for a Japanese comedy program and that the substance was lotion.[36][37] Four North Koreans fled Malaysia on the day of the murder.[36] Kim Jong-nam was survived by his wife and six children. His son, Kim Han-sol, has also criticized the regime. In an interview with Finnish media in 2012, Kim Han-sol openly criticized the reclusive regime and the government saying that he has always dreamed that one day he would return to his homeland to "make things better". Ever since the death of his father, his whereabouts have been unknown.[38] It was later revealed in 2019 that Jong-nam was a CIA informant prior to his assassination.[39]

The middle son, Kim Jong-chul, was reportedly not considered in succession considerations due to his unmasculine characteristics.[27] He is also known to be reserved.[8]

Kim Jong Un

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Current supreme leader of North Korea and General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Jong Un
Main article: Kim Jong Un

Kim Jong Un became North Korea's Supreme Leader on 29 December 2011.[24] He married Ri Sol-ju in either 2009 or 2010, and the couple reportedly had a daughter, Kim Ju-ae, in 2012.[17] His sister Kim Yo-jong had fallen out of favor with her brother for a few years, but in 2017, she was elevated by Kim Jong Un to the powerful Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. Kim Jong Un made an effort to distinguish himself from the reputations of his father and brothers and has promoted the image of an academic who possesses a masculine and extroverted demeanor.[8]

In April 2020, a three-week absence from public view led to speculation that Kim was seriously ill or dead, but no clear evidence of any health problem came to light.[40][41] He continued to appear in public rarely over the following months, possibly because of health problems or the risk of COVID-19.[42] In August, it was reported that Kim had ceded a degree of authority to his sister, Kim Yo-jong, giving her responsibility for relations with South Korea and the United States and making her his de facto second-in-command.[43]

Possible successors

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Kim Ju-ae

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Kim Ju-ae is the daughter of North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un and his wife Ri Sol-ju.[44]

Kim Ju-ae appeared in public for the first time at a missile launch in November 2022.[44][45] She had made five public appearances by early February 2023. State media initially called her Kim Jong Un's "beloved" daughter, but soon began using the adjective "respected", which is reserved only for the most honoured members of North Korean society, such as Kim Ju-ae's parents.[46] Some analysts believe that her new public profile is an attempt to present the Kim family in the fashion of a traditional monarchy[45] or a response to rivalries within the North Korean government.[47] It has also led to speculation that she has been chosen as her father's successor, which could make her the first woman to serve as Supreme Leader.[46][48][49][50]

Kim Yo Jong

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US President Donald Trump greets Kim Yo Jong.

Kim Yo Jong, the younger sister of Kim Jong Un, is considered a "rising star" within North Korean politics.[45][51] She has been groomed since an early age,[clarification needed] and has represented North Korea in the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea, becoming the first member of the Kim family to visit since the end of the war, and has also played a key role behind the scenes.[45][51] She met then-US President Donald Trump in 2018.[51]

Kim Pyong-il

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Kim Pyong-il is the last living son of the country's founder, Kim Il Sung. After losing out to Kim Jong Il, he spent four decades as an ambassador to various European countries, until returning in 2019.[52] He is thought of as having an advantage over Kim Yo Jong due to his gender, but simultaneously carrying a disadvantage due to his lack of connections.[52] He has an adult son, Kim In-kang, and an adult daughter, Kim Ung-song.[53]

Unlikely heirs

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Kim Jong-chul, the older brother of Kim Jong Un, has been described as "lacking in ambition" and to be more interested in Eric Clapton and playing guitars.[45]

Kim Jong Un is also reported to have two other children born a few years before and after Kim Ju-ae.[54][55][56]

Kim Il Sung's deceased brother, Kim Yong-ju, had two biological and two adopted children, whose identity and current positions within the North Korean government are obscure.[57]

Family tree

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See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Jason LaBouyer "When friends become enemies — Understanding left-wing hostility to the DPRK" Lodestar. May/June 2005: pp. 7–9. Korea-DPR.com. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  2. ^ Young W. Kihl, Hong Nack Kim. North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2006. p. 56.
  3. ^ Robert A. Scalapino, Chong-Sik Lee. The Society. University of California Press, 1972. p. 689.
  4. ^ Bong Youn Choy. A history of the Korean reunification movement: its issues and prospects. Research Committee on Korean Reunification, Institute of International Studies, Bradley University, 1984. Pp. 117.
  5. ^ Moghaddam, Fathali M. (2018). "The Shark and the Octopus: Two Revolutionary Styles". In Wagoner, Brady; Moghaddam, Fathali M.; Valsiner, Jaan (eds.). The Psychology of Radical Social Change: From Rage to Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-108-38200-7.
  6. ^ "Kim tells N Korean army to ready for combat". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network. 25 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  7. ^ Mullen, Jethro (9 September 2013). "Dennis Rodman tells of Korea basketball event, may have leaked Kim child's name". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d Milevsky, Avidan (12 April 2013). "Dynamics in the Kim Jong Family and North Korea's Erratic Behavior". The Huffington Post. AOL. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Kim Il-Sung (president of North Korea)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  10. ^ a b "Next of Kim". The Economist. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  11. ^ Lee 2004, p. 1–7.
  12. ^ a b Choe, Sang-hun (25 October 2013). "Following Dear Leader, Kim Jong-un Gets Title From University: Dr. Leader". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  13. ^ Behnke, Alison (2008). Kim Jong Il's North Korea.
  14. ^ Kim 1982, p. 142.
  15. ^ "Kim Jong Il (North Korean political leader)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  16. ^ a b Bishop, Rachel (31 August 2017). "Mystery deepens over Kim Jong-un's once-powerful aunt and key aide as fears grow she's "critically ill" in hospital". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "North Korea's secretive 'first family'". BBC News Asia. BBC. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  18. ^ a b Choe, Sang-hun; Fackler, Martin (14 January 2009). "North Korea's Heir Apparent Remains a Mystery". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  19. ^ Grzelczyk 2012, p. 37.
  20. ^ a b c Corfield, Justin (2013). Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. Anthem Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-85728-234-7.
  21. ^ Martin 2007, p. 14.
  22. ^ Editorial Committee for the Short Biography of Kim Il Sung; Chʻulpʻansa, Oegungmun (1973). Kim Il Sung: short biography. Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 1.
  23. ^ a b c d e "Kim Family". North Korea Leadership Watch.
  24. ^ a b c "The Kim Family Tree". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  25. ^ Martin 2007, p. 187.
  26. ^ "Kim Song Ae (Kim Song Ae)". North Korea Leadership Watch. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  27. ^ a b c d Shenon, Philip (19 December 2011). "Inside North Korea's First Family: Rivals to Kim Jong-un's Power". The Daily Beast. The Newsweek Daily Beast Company. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  28. ^ "The Life and Execution of Kim Hyun". Daily NK. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  29. ^ "Hong Il-ch'o'n (Hong Il Chon) | North Korea Leadership Watch". www.nkleadershipwatch.org. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  30. ^ "Song Hye Rim (So'ng Hye-rim) | North Korea Leadership Watch". www.nkleadershipwatch.org. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  31. ^ Demetriou, Danielle (17 February 2017). "Kim Jong-nam received 'direct warning' from North Korea after criticising regime of half-brother Kim Jong-un". The Telegraph. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  32. ^ McKirdy, Euan (16 February 2017). "North Korea's ruling family: Who is Kim Jong Nam?". U.S.: CNN. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  33. ^ "Kim Jong-nam Says N.Korean Regime Won't Last Long". The Chosun Daily (in Korean). 17 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  34. ^ Park, Ju-min; Sipalan, Joseph (14 February 2017). "North Korean leader's half brother killed in Malaysia". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  35. ^ "Kim Jong-un's half-brother 'assassinated with poisoned needles at airport'". The Independent. 14 February 2017.
  36. ^ a b Kim Jong-nam: Vietnamese woman freed in murder case, BBC News (3 May 2019).
  37. ^ Hannah Ellis-Petersen, Kim Jong-nam death: suspect Siti Aisyah released after charge dropped, The Guardian (11 March 2019).
  38. ^ "Kim Han Sol, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un's estranged nephew, tired of life on the run: Reports". The Straits Times. 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  39. ^ "Kim Jong-nam, half-brother of North Korean leader, 'was a CIA informant'". the Guardian. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  40. ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (1 May 2020). "Kim Jong-un Resurfaces, State Media Says, After Weeks of Health Rumors". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  41. ^ O'Carroll, Chad (22 May 2020). "Amid health rumors, Kim Jong Un absent for two consecutive three-week periods". NK News.
  42. ^ O'Carroll, Chad (29 June 2020). "Amid all-time appearance lows, Kim Jong Un absent for another three-week period". NK News.
  43. ^ "Kim Yo-jong, sister of North Korea's Kim Jong-un, now 'de facto second in command'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  44. ^ a b Yoon, John (19 November 2022). "Kim Jong-un Takes His Daughter to Missile Test Launch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  45. ^ a b c d e White, Edward; Manson, Katrina (27 April 2020). "How Kim's sister could be next in line to rule North Korea". www.ft.com. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  46. ^ a b Mackenzie, Jean (9 February 2023). "Succession questions raised by presence of Kim's daughter". BBC News. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  47. ^ Lloyd Parry, Richard (27 January 2023). "Kim Jong-un 'signalling that daughter Ju-ae will succeed him'". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  48. ^ Lloyd Parry, Richard (8 February 2023). "Kim Jong-un's daughter Ju-ae appears for North Korean military parade". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  49. ^ Rai, Arpan (8 February 2023). "Kim Jong-un gives strongest hint yet about his successor at key military event". The Independent. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  50. ^ Lendon, Yoonjung Seo,Brad (8 February 2023). "Kim Jong Un puts daughter front and center at lavish military banquet". CNN. Retrieved 9 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ a b c Lee, Sung-Yoon (2023). The Sister: The extraordinary story of Kim Yo Jong, the most powerful woman in North Korea. United Kingdom: Macmillan. ISBN 9781529073539.
  52. ^ a b hermesauto (29 April 2020). "Kim Jong Un's uncle suddenly relevant after four decades abroad". The Straits Times. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  53. ^ Levi 2010, p. 39n38.
  54. ^ "North Korea leader Kim Jong-un married to Ri Sol-ju". BBC. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013. Ms Ri is believed to have married Mr Kim in 2009 and given birth to a child the following year, analyst Cheong Seong-chang told the South Korean Korea Times newspaper.
  55. ^ "Keeping up with the Kims: North Korea's elusive first family". BBC. 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  56. ^ "Kim Jong-un 'has fathered his third child' after wife disappeared from public eye". The Telegraph. Agence France-Presse. 29 August 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  57. ^ "Kim Yong Ju". The New York Times. 5 July 1972.

Sources

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Further reading

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