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King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)

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The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army. It served under various titles and fought in many wars and conflicts, including both the First and the Second World Wars, from 1680 to 1959. In 1959, the regiment was amalgamated with the Border Regiment to form the King's Own Royal Border Regiment.

2nd Tangier Regiment
The Duchess of York and Albany's Regiment of Foot
The Queen's Regiment of Foot
The Earl of Plymouth's Regiment of Foot
The 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot
The King's Own (Royal Lancaster) Regiment
The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
Cap badge of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster).
Active1680–1959
Country Kingdom of England (1680–1707)
 Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
 United Kingdom (1801–1959)
Branch British Army
TypeInfantry
RoleLine infantry
Garrison/HQBowerham Barracks, Lancaster
Nickname(s)Barrell's Blues, The Lions
ColoursBlue Facings, Gold Braided Lace
MarchQuick: Corn Riggs are Bonnie
Slow: And Shall Trelawny Die?
EngagementsNine Years' War
War of the Spanish Succession
Jacobite rising of 1745
Seven Years' War
French Revolutionary Wars
Peninsular War
War of 1812
Napoleonic Wars
Crimean War
Indian Rebellion of 1857
British Expedition to Abyssinia
Anglo-Zulu War
Second Boer War
First World War
Second World War

Previous names include the 2nd Tangier Regiment, Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York and Albany's Regiment of Foot, The Queen's Regiment of Foot, and The King's Own Regiment.

History

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Formation

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The founder of the regiment, Charles Fitzcharles, Earl of Plymouth 1657-1680, illegitimate son of Charles II

Authorisation to recruit the regiment was given on 13 July 1680 to the Earl of Plymouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II; its nominal strength was 1,000 men, half recruited in London by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Trelawny and half from the West Country.[1] Raised for service in the Tangier Garrison, it was known as the 2nd Tangier Regiment; Plymouth died shortly after arriving in Tangier and Edward Sackville assumed command, with Trelawney formally appointed as colonel in 1682.[2] Tangier was abandoned in 1684 and on returning to England, the regiment was given the title Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York and Albany's Regiment of Foot; after James II became monarch in 1685, this changed to The Queen's Regiment of Foot.[1]

During the Monmouth Rebellion, it fought at Sedgemoor in July 1685; at the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, Trelawny and half the regiment deserted to William III. He was briefly replaced by the loyalist Charles Orby, then reinstated when James went into exile.[3] From 1690 to 1691, it served in the Williamite War in Ireland, including the Battle of the Boyne[4] and sieges of Cork and Limerick.[5] When the war ended with the October 1691 Treaty of Limerick, it returned to England.[6]

Transferred to Flanders in March 1692, it took part in the latter stages of the 1689 to 1697 Nine Years' War.[6] The regiment fought at the battles of Steenkerque in August 1692,[6] and Landen in July 1693[7] and the Siege of Namur in summer 1695.[8] After the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, it was reduced in strength and used to garrison Plymouth and Penryn.[1]

18th century

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Over 200 members of the regiment died during the 1711 Quebec Expedition; red marks approximate location of wreck, 11 August

When the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1702, it was reformed as a regiment of marines and fought at the Battle of Vigo Bay in October 1702[9] and the capture of Gibraltar in August 1704.[10] In 1711, it was redesignated line infantry and took part in the Quebec Expedition. In what remains one of the worst naval disasters in British history, the fleet ran aground in thick fog and over 890 men lost, including 200 members of the regiment.[11]

 
An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745, a painting that shows grenadiers of the regiment fighting highlanders of the Jacobite Army at the Battle of Cullodenin April 1746[12]
 
Colours of Barrell's Regiment, carried at Culloden

With the accession of George I in 1714, it was retitled The Kings Own and spent the next 30 years in Scotland and England.[13] Sent to Flanders in 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession, it garrisoned Ghent and when the 1745 Jacobite Rising broke out in August, it was transferred to Scotland and fought at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746. At the Battle of Culloden in April, it was based in the front line and took the brunt of the Jacobite charge; it suffered the heaviest casualties on the government side, with 18 dead and 108 wounded.[14] The regiment's commander, Sir Robert Rich, was among the wounded, losing his left hand.[15] Lord Robert Kerr, captain of the regiment's grenadier company, was among the dead.[16] The two Regulation Colours (flags) carried by the regiment during the battle both survive and are now part of the collection of the National Museum of Scotland.[17][18] The Regiment introduced the Loyal and Friendly Society of Orange and Blew to commemorate the victories at the Battle of Culloden and Boyne in 1732 and a full list of members wearing the society medal has been compiled.[19]

Following the army reforms of 1751, the regiment was retitled 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot.[20] At the start of the Seven Years' War in 1756, it was part of the Menorca garrison; forced to surrender in June it was transported to Gibraltar.[21] It spent the rest of the war in the West Indies, taking part in the capture of Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint Lucia before returning home in July 1764.[22] When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, it was sent to North America; over the next three years, it took part in numerous actions, including Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Long Island and the Battle of White Marsh in December 1777.[23] The first British soldiers to die in the American Revolution were arguably three members of the light company of the 4th Foot, who died at Concord Bridge in 1775.[24] In early 1778, it returned to Saint Lucia where it was part of the garrison during the December 1778 naval battle of St. Lucia, part of the Anglo-French War.[25]

Napoleonic Wars

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The regiment was sent to Nova Scotia in May 1787 and took part in the capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in May 1793.[26] After returning to England, it embarked for the Netherlands in September 1799 and fought at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.[27]

The regiment was sent to Portugal in August 1808[28] for service in the Napoleonic Wars and fought under General Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809, before being evacuated to England later that month.[29] It returned to the Peninsula in October 1810[30] where it fought at the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812,[31] the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812[32] and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813[33] as well as the Siege of San Sebastián in September 1813.[34] It then pursued the French Army into France and saw action at the Battle of the Nivelle in November 1813 and at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813.[35] It embarked for North America in June 1814[36] for service in the War of 1812 and saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg in August 1814, the Burning of Washington later in August 1814[37] the Battle of Baltimore in September 1814,[38] and the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815, as well as the capture of Fort Bowyer in February 1815.[39] It briefly returned to England in May 1815, before embarking for Flanders a few weeks later to fight at the Battle of Waterloo in June.[40]

The Victorian era

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Detachments of the regiment were used as guards upon convict ships travelling to Australia, with the detachments arriving from 1832. Detachments were stationed in Sydney, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and Swan River.[41] The regiment was relieved in 1837 and headed to India.[41]

During the Crimean War, the regiment fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and took part in the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854. It also saw action in Abyssinia in 1868, and in South Africa in 1879.[20]

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Bowerham Barracks in Lancaster from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment.[42] Under the reforms the regiment became the King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) on 1 July 1881.[43] After the Childers reforms took effect, the regiment contained the following battalions:[44]

The 2nd Battalion embarked for South Africa in December 1899, to serve in the Second Boer War, and saw action at the Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900. The 3rd and 4th Militia battalions were embodied and embarked for South Africa in February and January 1900 respectively.[45][46]

In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve;[47] the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.[a]

First World War

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See also: List of battalions of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) § First World War
 
Memorial to Private James Miller VC who died during the First World War

The regiment raised 14 Territorial and New Army battalions during the First World War.[49][50]

Regular Army battalions

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The 1st Battalion landed at Boulogne in August 1914 as part of the 12th Brigade in the 4th Division of the British Expeditionary Force. It was nearly destroyed as a fighting unit at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914, when it suffered some 400 casualties in a single two minute burst of machine gun fire.[51] It served on the Western Front for the rest of the war.[49] The 2nd Battalion returned from India in December 1914 and landed at Le Havre in January 1915 as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division. It took heavy casualties at the Battle of Frezenberg in May 1915[52] before moving to Egypt in October 1915 and then to Salonika.[49]

Special Reserve (formerly Militia) battalion

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The 3rd (Reserve) Battalion remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen as replacements to the regular battalions that were serving overseas.[49]

Territorial battalions

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The 1/4th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division; it was temporarily attached to 154th (3rd Highland) Brigade in 51st (Highland) Division and landed in France in May 1915; it returned to 164 Brigade in January 1916. The 1/5th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division; it landed in France in February 1915 and was temporarily attached to 28th Division and 1st Division; it returned to 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade in the 55th Division in January 1916.[49]

The 2/4th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1/4th Battalion; it became the 4th (Reserve) Battalion and absorbed 5th (Reserve) Battalion 1916; it was stationed in Dublin from June 1918. The 2/5th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1/5th Battalion; it was attached to the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division February 1915, then to 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade of 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division; it landed in France February 1917. The 3/4th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion; it amalgamated with 2/4th Battalion in January 1916. The 3/5th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen to the 1/5th and 2/5th battalions; it 5th (Reserve) Battalion. The 12th Battalion was formed on 1 January 1917 from 41st Provisional Battalion (TF) in 218th Brigade of 73rd Division, a Home Defence formation; it was disbanded March 1918.[49]

Kitchener's Army battalions

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The 6th (Service) Battalion was formed in August 1914; it was attached to 38th Brigade in 13th (Western) Division; it landed at Gallipoli July 1915 and later served in Mesopotamia. The 7th (Service) Battalion was formed in September 1914; it was attached to 56th Brigade in 19th (Western) Division; it landed in France in July 1915 and was disbanded February 1918 due to an Army-wide reorganisation. The 8th (Service) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it was attached to 76th Brigade in 25th Division; it landed in France in September 1915 and served on the Western Front for the war: it helped to slow the German Advance at the Battle of St. Quentin on 21 March 1918.[52]

The 9th (Service) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it was attached to 65th Brigade in 22nd Division and served in Salonika. The 10th (Reserve) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas; it converted into 43rd Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916. The 11th (Service) Battalion was formed in August 1915 as a Bantam battalion; it was attached to 120th Brigade in 40th Division; it landed in France in June 1916 and was disbanded in February 1918. The 12th (Reserve) Battalion was formed in January 1916; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas; it converted into 76th Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916.[49]

Inter-War

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In 1921, the regiment was re-designated the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster).[53]

Second World War

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See also: List of battalions of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) § Second World War

The following battalions served during the Second World War:

Regular Army battalions

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Infantrymen of the 1st Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) start to dig trenches in an orchard near Vedrano, Italy, 21 April 1945.

The 1st Battalion, King's Own was stationed in Malta on the outbreak of war, moving to Karachi in British India at the end of 1939. It later served with the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade. It subsequently served in Iraq and Syria with 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, with which it served until October 1943, of 10th Indian Infantry Division. In August 1942, the battalion embarked from Egypt for Cyprus, but the transport was torpedoed and the troops had to return and re-embark later. In May 1943, the battalion returned to Syria, and then it joined 234th Infantry Brigade in the Aegean Islands in October 1943. Here, the bulk of the battalion was captured by the Germans on 16 November, after the Battle of Leros, with only 57 officers and men managing to escape the island. The 1st Battalion was reformed in 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, on 30 January 1944, by amalgamating with the 8th Battalion, King's Own. The reformed battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Neville Anderson, later served in the Italian Campaign with 25th Indian Brigade for the rest of the war.[54]

The 2nd Battalion formed part of the British garrison of Jerusalem when war broke out.[55] It joined 14th Infantry Brigade in Palestine in March 1940 and moved with it to Egypt in July.[56] The battalion served with 16th Infantry Brigade of 6th Infantry Division (later redesignated 70th Infantry Division) in the defence of Tobruk and later formed part of the garrison of Ceylon.[57] In September 1943, the battalion was stationed with 70th Division at Bangalore in India when it was selected for attachment to the second Long Range Penetration or Chindits brigade (111th Indian Infantry Brigade) for the Burma Campaign. It formed 41 and 46 Columns in the Second Chindit Campaign, crossing into Burma in March 1944 and being flown out to India in July 1944.[58] From November 1944 to February 1945, the battalion was assigned to 14th Airlanding Brigade in 44th Indian Airborne Division.[59]

Territorial Army battalions

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Troops of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) laying a minefield, Egypt, 30 October 1940

The 4th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted to artillery in November 1938, forming the 56th (King's Own) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery. On the outbreak of war, the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment mobilised in the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, with which it served in the Battle of France in May 1940 and was evacuated at Dunkirk. In 1942, it was sent to join 70th Infantry Division in India, where it was converted into a Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment in 1943. In this guise, it served in the Burma Campaign, mainly with 5th Indian Infantry Division. It reconverted to the anti-tank role in late 1944 and in June 1945 it returned to India as a Royal Artillery training unit.[60][61]

In June 1939, the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment spun off a duplicate unit, the 66th Anti-Tank Regiment, which served in Home Forces throughout the war, mainly with the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.[62][63] In September 1941, the 56th and 66th Anti-Tank Regiments each provided a battery to help form a new regiment for overseas service, 83rd Anti-Tank Regiment. This regiment served in Iraq, Palestine and Egypt.[64]

Before the war, the 5th Battalion, King's Own transferred from 164th (North Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division to 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division. The battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hayman Hayman-Joyce, mobilised with the rest of the 42nd Division and served with the British Expeditionary Force in the battles of France and Belgium in 1940. When the division was converted to armour, becoming the 42nd Armoured Division, in October 1941, 5th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and became the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps.[65][66] The regiment continued to wear the King's Own cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, as did all infantry units converted in this way.[67] However, the regiment was disbanded in December 1943 and a few of its officers and men were sent to 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, which had been converted from the 10th Battalion, King's Own.[48]

Hostilities-only battalions

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The 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Battalions were all formed in 1940 as pioneer battalions and raised specifically for hostilities-only.[48] All four units served with the British Expeditionary Force as GHQ (General Headquarters) troops during the 1940 campaign in both France and Belgium.[68]

After being evacuated at Dunkirk, the 6th Battalion later served in a succession of Home Forces formations: 218th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), 48th Division, 54th Division, 76th Division.[69] The battalion never again served overseas and was disbanded in July 1944.[48]

The 7th Battalion served with the 71st Independent Infantry Brigade before being sent to form part of the Gibraltar garrison, with the 2nd Gibraltar Brigade, in June 1942.[70] In March 1943, the battalion was sent to India where it joined 150th Indian Training Brigade but it did not see action against the Japanese.[58] The battalion was disbanded after the war in 1947.[48]

The 8th Battalion joined the Malta garrison in August 1941 and served through the Siege.[71] It was assigned to the 232nd Infantry Brigade and briefly joined the 233rd Infantry Brigade. In November 1943, the battalion was moved to Palestine and then Italy with the 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 10th Indian Infantry Division. In Italy, on 30 January 1944, the 8th Battalion was disbanded and its personnel merged with the few surviving remnants of the 1st Battalion, King's Own, which had been virtually lost during the fighting at Leros.[72]

The 9th Battalion served in the 47th (Reserve) Infantry Division in the United Kingdom until December 1941.[48][73] The battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery and was converted into the 90th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, serving with the 45th Division from February 1942 until November 1943 when it was disbanded.[74]

The 50th (Holding) Battalion was formed in the United Kingdom on 28 May 1940. On 9 October 1940, it was renumbered as the 10th Battalion.[48][75] 10th Battalion was assigned to 225th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), formed for service in the United Kingdom. When the brigade was converted into a tank brigade in December 1941, the battalion became the 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps.[66][76] When 107th RAC was disbanded in December 1943, a cadre transferred to 151st RAC, which adopted the number of 107th to perpetuate the 5th Battalion, King's Own, a 1st Line Territorial Army battalion. The new 107th Regiment went on to serve in the North-west Europe from 1944-1945.[77]

Post-war

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After the war, all the units created during the war were disbanded; also, following Indian independence, there was no longer a need to maintain such a large overseas garrison and thus the 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1948. The regiment received the freedom of Lancaster in 1953, before being amalgamated with the Border Regiment into the King's Own Royal Border Regiment on 31 October 1959. In 1953 and 1954, the 1st Battalion of the regiment was stationed in South Korea following the Korean War.[78]

Battle honours

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The regiment's battle honours were as follows:[48]

  • Namur 1695, Gibraltar 1704-05, Guadeloupe 1759, St. Lucia 1778, Corunna, Badajoz, Salamanca, Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nive, Peninsula, Bladensburg, Waterloo, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, Abyssinia, South Africa 1879, Relief of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899-1902
  • The Great War (16 battalions): Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1915 '17, Gravenstafel, St Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Guillemont, Ginchy, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Messines 1917, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Lys, Estaires, Hazebrouck, Béthune, Bapaume 1918, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Canal du Nord, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914-18, Struma, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1915-18, Suvla, Sari Bair, Gallipoli 1915, Egypt 1916, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916-18
  • The Second World War: St Omer-La Bassée, Dunkirk 1940, North-West Europe 1940, Defence of Habbaniya, Falluja, Iraq 1941, Merjayun, Jebel Mazar, Syria 1941, Tobruk 1941, Tobruk Sortie, North Africa 1940-42, Montone, Citta di Castello, San Martino Sogliano, Lamone Bridgehead, Italy 1944-45, Malta 1941-42, Chindits 1944, Burma 1944

Victoria Crosses

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The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:

Regimental museum

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The interior of the King's Own Royal Regiment Museum

The King's Own Royal Regiment Museum is part of the Lancaster City Museum in Lancaster, Lancashire. The museum, which opened in 1929, exhibits regimental uniforms, medals, regalia, silver, paintings, medals, weapons and other memorabilia reflecting the regiment's history.[79]

Colonels-in-Chief

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The colonels-in-chief were as follows:

Colonels

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The colonels of the regiment were as follows:[48]

The Queen Consort's Regiment of Foot - (1688)
The King's Own Regiment of Foot - (1715)
4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot - (1751)
4th (The King's Own Royal) Regiment of Foot - (1767)
The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) - (1881)
The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) - (1921)

Footnotes

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  1. ^ These were the 3rd Battalion (Special Reserve), with the 4th Battalion at Victoria Road in Ulverston and the 5th Battalion at Phoenix Street in Lancaster (both Territorial Force)[48]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "The 4th Foot". Seven Years War Project. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  2. ^ Cannon, p. 1
  3. ^ Cannon, p. 9
  4. ^ Cannon, p. 15
  5. ^ Cannon, p. 18
  6. ^ a b c Cannon, p. 19
  7. ^ Cannon, p. 21
  8. ^ Cannon, p. 23
  9. ^ Cannon, p. 28
  10. ^ Cannon, p. 33
  11. ^ Graham, Gerald S (1953). The Walker Expedition to Quebec, 1711. Toronto: The Champlain Society. p. 35. ISBN 0-8371-5072-8. OCLC 12198.
  12. ^ "David Morier (1705?-70) - An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  13. ^ Cannon, pp. 43-44
  14. ^ Royle, Trevor (2016). Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire. Little, Brown. p. 86. ISBN 978-1408704011.
  15. ^ "Regimental History Colonels of the King's Own Royal Regiment Colonel Robert Rich". www.kingsownmuseum.com. King's Own Royal Regiment Museum. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  16. ^ Home, John (1802). The History of the Rebellion in the Year 1745. A. Strahan. pp. 237–238. OCLC 470557538. Lord Robert Ker (second son of the Marquis of Lothian), Captain of grenadiers in Burrel's regiment.... when the Highlanders broke into Burrel's, he received (it is said) the foremost man upon his spontoon, and was killed instantly, with many wounds
  17. ^ "King's colour". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  18. ^ "Regimental colour". National Museums Scotland. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  19. ^ "Loyal and Friendly Society of Orange and Blew". Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  20. ^ a b "King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)". National Army Museum. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  21. ^ Blaikie, Walter Biggar, ed. (1916). Publications of the Scottish History Society (Volume Series 2, Volume 2 (March, 1916) 1737-1746). Scottish History Society. p. 434.
  22. ^ Cannon, pp. 60
  23. ^ Cannon, pp. 64-71
  24. ^ "Concord Bridge". www.nationalguard.mil.
  25. ^ Cannon, p. 73
  26. ^ Cannon, p. 75
  27. ^ Cannon, p. 78
  28. ^ Cannon, p. 92
  29. ^ Cannon, p. 93
  30. ^ Cannon, p. 96
  31. ^ Cannon, p. 99
  32. ^ Cannon, p. 105
  33. ^ Cannon, p. 108
  34. ^ Cannon, p. 109
  35. ^ Cannon, p. 113
  36. ^ Cannon, p. 116
  37. ^ Cannon, p. 118
  38. ^ Cannon, p. 121
  39. ^ Cannon, p. 128
  40. ^ Cannon, p. 129
  41. ^ a b Cannon, p. 140
  42. ^ "Training Depots 1873–1881". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) The depot was the 11th Brigade Depot from 1873 to 1881, and the 4th Regimental District depot thereafter
  43. ^ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881. pp. 3300–3301.
  44. ^ Frederick, pp. 119–20.
  45. ^ "The War - Embarcation of Troops". The Times. No. 36064. London. 13 February 1900. p. 11.
  46. ^ Hay, pp. 242–8.
  47. ^ "Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 31 March 1908. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2006.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g Baker, Chris. "The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  50. ^ "King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) on The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918 by PB Chappell". Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  51. ^ "Lancaster and The King's Own go to War". King's Own Royal Regiment Museum Lancaster. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  52. ^ a b Beckett, p. 61
  53. ^ "King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)". British Armed Forces. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
  54. ^ Joslen, pp. 396, 535–6.
  55. ^ Joslen, pp. 470, 473.
  56. ^ Joslen, pp. 253, 257, 475.
  57. ^ Joslen, pp. 257–8.
  58. ^ a b Joslen, p. 536.
  59. ^ Joslen, p. 416.
  60. ^ Barton, Derek. "56 (Kings Own) Anti-Tank Regiment RA(TA)". The Royal Artillery 1939-45.
  61. ^ Joslen, pp. 49, 514, 527.
  62. ^ Barton, Derek. "66 Anti-Tank Regiment RA(TA)". The Royal Artillery 1939-45.
  63. ^ Joslen, p. 90.
  64. ^ "83 Anti-Tank Regiment RA". The Royal Artillery 1939-45.
  65. ^ Joslen, pp. 165, 311.
  66. ^ a b "Royal Armoured Corps at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2006.
  67. ^ Forty, pp. 50–1.
  68. ^ Joslen, p. 462.
  69. ^ Joslen, pp. 330, 351, 381, 383.
  70. ^ Joslen, pp. 302, 448.
  71. ^ Joslen, pp. 392, 394–6.
  72. ^ Joslen, pp. 535–6.
  73. ^ Joslen, p. 272.
  74. ^ "British Army Forces in Northern Ireland 1939-1945". The War Room. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  75. ^ "50 (Holding) Battalion The King's Own Royal Regiment". Orders of Battle.com.
  76. ^ Joslen, pp. 208, 388.
  77. ^ 107 RAC War Diary February 1945, The National Archives, file WO 171/4717.
  78. ^ Actions, Movements & Quarters: 1914–1959 Archived 18 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; and see: Korea 1953–1954 Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine for photographs of the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan.
  79. ^ "Introduction and History". King's Own Royal Regiment Museum. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Cowper, Colonel Julia (1957). The King's Own: The Story of a Royal Regiment, Volume III: 1914–1950. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
  • Green, Howard. The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) (The 4th Regiment of Foot) (Leo Cooper, 1972) ISBN 978-0-85052-090-3
  • Shannon, Kevin. The Lion and the Rose: The 4th Battalion The King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment 1914-1919 (Fonthill Media, 2015) ISBN 978-1-78155-438-8
  • Shannon, Kevin. The Lion and the Rose: The 1/5th Battalion The King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment 1914-1919 (Fonthill Media, 2016) ISBN 978-1-78155-555-2
  • Shannon, Kevin. The Lion and the Rose: The 2/5th Battalion The King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment 1914-1919 (Fonthill Media, 2018) ISBN 978-1-78155-668-9
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