King Jaja of Opobo (full name: Jubo Jubogha; c. 1821–1891) was the founder and first king (amanyanabo) of the Opobo Kingdom in present-day Rivers State and Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. Originally belonging to the Igbo ethnicity,[1][2] he was initiated into the Ijaw people during his time in Bonny.
| King Jaja of Opobo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amanyanabo | |||||
 King Jaja of Opobo, Opobo | |||||
| Reign | 25 December 1870–September 1887 | ||||
| Coronation | 25 December 1870 | ||||
| Predecessor | No Predecessor | ||||
| Successor | King Sunday Jaja (Jeki II) | ||||
| Born | c. 1821 Umuduruoha, Amaigbo, present-day Imo State | ||||
| Died | c. 1891 Tenerife, Spain | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| |||||
| House | Sam Annie-Pepple | ||||
| Dynasty | Jaja | ||||
Life and career
editIn his youth, Jaja was kidnapped from Igboland, possibly by the Aro Confederacy,[3] and sold into slavery. He was then brought to Bonny thereafter. Jaja earned his way out of slavery after serving his master for a number of years. At the death of his master, he took charge of the trade and went on to head the Anna Pepple House merchant faction of Bonny. Under him, Annie Pepple absorbed other trade houses until a war with the Manilla Pepple House led by Oko Jumbo compelled Jaja to break away to establish Opobo Kingdom (26 miles east of Bonny) in 1869.[4]
"Oko Jumbo and Ja Ja were looked upon by every one as being the rulers of Bonny."
Opobo came to be a prominent trading post in the region's palm oil trade. Jaja barred entry to European and African middlemen, effectively monopolizing trade, and by 1870 was selling eight thousand tons of palm oil directly to the British. Opobo also shipped palm oil directly to Liverpool. Despite his trade rivalry with the Europeans, Jaja sent his children to schools in Glasgow and enlisted whites to staff the secular school he built in Opobo. He barred any missionaries from entering Opobo.[6]
At the 1884 Berlin Conference the Europeans designated Opobo as British territory. When Jaja refused to cease taxing the British traders, Henry Hamilton Johnston, a British vice consul, invited Jaja for negotiations in 1887. Jaja was arrested on arrival aboard a British vessel; he was tried in Accra in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) then exiled, first to London, and later to Saint Vincent and Barbados in the British West Indies.[7][8] His presence in the West Indies was alleged to be the cause of civil unrest, as the people of Barbados, of African descent, were upset at the poor treatment of a King from their homeland.[4]
In 1891, Jaja was granted permission to return to Opobo, but died on the way.[9] Following his exile and death, the power of the Opobo state rapidly declined.[4] In 1903 the King Jaja of Opobo Memorial was erected in his honour in Opobo town centre.
The grave of his son, Prince Waribo, is in the churchyard at St Laurence's Church, Frodsham, Cheshire, United Kingdom.[10] Waribo was sent to Frodsham to be educated at Manor House School.[10] He died a year later from inflammation of the lungs on 21 April 1882, aged 13 or 14.[10] There are two white arrows indicating the way to the Prince's grave. One is at the entrance opposite the Ring O'Bells pub, and the other further down the pathway showing the direction to his grave. It has no headstone, but there is an inscription on the edging stone.
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ K. Onwuka Dike (1966). Trade and politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885: an introduction to the economic and political history of Nigeria.
- ^ Crow, Hugh (1830). Memoirs of the late Captain Hugh Crow of Liverpool : comprising a narrative of his life together with descriptive sketches of the western coast of Africa, particularly of Bonny; the manners and customs of the inhabitants, the productions of the soil, and the trade of the country. Smithsonian Libraries. London; Liverpool : Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green : And G. and J. Robinson.
- ^ Ofonagoro, Walter I. (1978). ""Notes on the Ancestry of Mbanaso Okwaraozurumba otherwise known as King Jaja of Opobo, 1821-1891"". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 9 (3): 145–156. ISSN 0018-2540.
- ^ a b c Adebowale 2019.
- ^ Kingsley, Mary Henrietta (1899). West African studies. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. London : Macmillan.
- ^ Zuckerman 2021, p. 37.
- ^ "King Ja Ja". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 24 April 1891. col. 1322.
- ^ Cookey 2005, p. 159.
- ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography, p. 203.
- ^ a b c Barrett, Frances (15 January 2015). "Descendant visits Frodsham grave of African prince". Cheshire Live. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
Sources
edit- Adebowale, Oludamola (25 August 2019). "Jaja of Opobo: The Slave Boy Who Became King". The Guardian (Nigeria). Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- Cookey, S. J. S. (2005) [1974]. King Jaja of the Niger Delta: His Life and Times 1821–1891. UGR Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9549138-0-9. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- "Ja Ja of Opobo". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale Research. 1998. pp. 201–204. ISBN 978-0-7876-2548-1.
- Ofonagoro, Walter I. (1978). "Notes on the Ancestry of Mbanaso Okwaraozurumba otherwise known as King Jaja of Opobo, 1821-1891". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 9 (3): 145–156. JSTOR 41854916.
- Zuckerman, Jocelyn C. (2021). Planet Palm: How Palm Oil Ended Up in Everything - and Endangered the World. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-62097-523-7.
External links
edit- King Jaja of Opobo at Black History Pages
- History of Opubo-Ama (Opobo Town) at Igbani-Awo Association
- "King Ja Ja of Opobo Dead". The New York Times (Obituary). 9 August 1891. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
- "King Ja Ja of Opobo Dead" (PDF). The New York Times (Obituary). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-14 – via Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta.
- King Ja Ja - Sing Out Barbados on YouTube, a Barbadian folk song referencing the king