Wikipedia

Mechagodzilla

(Redirected from Kiryu (Godzilla))

Mechagodzilla (Japanese: メカゴジラ, Hepburn: Mekagojira) is a fictional mecha character that first appeared in the 1974 film Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla. In its debut appearance, Mechagodzilla is depicted as an extraterrestrial villain, a robot created by alien invaders to confront and destroy Godzilla. In subsequent iterations, Mechagodzilla is usually depicted as a man-made robotic weapon designed to defend Japan against Godzilla and other kaiju. In all incarnations, the character is portrayed as a robotic doppelgänger of Godzilla with a vast array of high-tech weaponry. Along with King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla is commonly considered to be an archenemy of Godzilla.

Mechagodzilla
Godzilla character
Mechagodzilla in Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla (1974)
First appearanceGodzilla vs. Mechagodzilla (1974)
Last appearanceGodzilla vs. Kong (2021)
Portrayed byShōwa era:
Kazunari Mori[1]
Heisei era:
Wataru Fukuda[2]
Millennium era:
Hirofumi Ishigaki[3]
Motokuni Nakagawa[4]
In-universe information
AliasThe Bionic Monster
The Cosmic Monster
Mecha-G
Super Mechagodzilla
Kiryu
Type-3 Kiryu
MFS-3
Mechagodzilla 2[Note 1]
Mechagodzilla 3[Note 2]
Robo-Godzilla
Last Hope of Mankind
Ultimate Destroyer
The Apex Titan
RelativesGodzilla (Organic Counterpart; all incarnations)
Mecha-King Ghidorah and Moguera (Components Donor; Heisei incarnation)
FormsFake Godzilla[Note 3]
Super Mechagodzilla[Note 4]

Overview

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Development

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Mechagodzilla was conceived in 1974 as a more serious villain than its immediate two predecessors, Gigan and Megalon, whose films were considered creative disasters.[5][6][7] According to Tomoyuki Tanaka, Mechagodzilla was inspired by both Mechani-Kong from the previous Toho film King Kong Escapes and the robot anime genre, which was popular at the time.[8] Effects director Teruyoshi Nakano also felt that a mechanical monster was cheaper to construct than the mutated animals Godzilla had previously faced.[9][10][11] As the resulting Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla proved to be a greater critical success than previous 1970s Godzilla films, the character was revived in 1975's Terror of Mechagodzilla. The film's screenplay was based on the winning entry of a story-writing competition won by Yukiko Takayama, who continued the darker tone of the previous film by adding the subplot of Mechagodzilla being cybernetically connected to a young woman. Mechagodzilla's design remained largely unchanged from its previous appearance, though it was made to look thinner and more angular, with a darker sheen and an MG2 insignia emblazoned on its upper arms. The film's original draft was going to have Mechagodzilla destroy Tokyo utterly, though the destruction was cut down for budgetary reasons.[12]

 
Early concept art of Mechagodzilla's Heisei incarnation, dubbed "Berserk"

Mechagodzilla was brought back in 1993's Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II, as the success of Godzilla vs. Mothra and the popularity of its main antagonist Mothra spurred Toho into reintroducing familiar characters rather than inventing new ones.[13] Originally, the new Mechagodzilla was to be named "Berserk", and was envisioned as being a much more organic Godzilla-like creature which would later turn on its creators after becoming infected with a computer virus which makes it self-aware. Berserk would subsequently absorb more and more machinery, to the point of degenerating into a mass of metal and wires, though this concept was rejected early in pre-production.[14] As Mechagodzilla was intended to be a military defense weapon rather than an alien construct, the character was redesigned as looking sleeker and smoother.[13] It was portrayed by suit actor Wataru Fukuda, and consisted of multiple separate elements which were worn like plate armor. Special effects artist Koichi Kawakita originally envisioned Mechagodzilla being able to split into aerial and terrestrial units, though this idea was scrapped in favor of the character merging with the flying battleship Garuda. The film was promoted through the children's program Adventure Godzilla-land, which portrayed Godzilla and Mechagodzilla as rival news anchors reporting on the events of the upcoming movie.[15] Composer Akira Ifukube wrote a theme for Mechagodzilla incorporating a slow battle march with heavy percussion and pentatonic phrasing.[13]

The decision to incorporate Mechagodzilla into the Millennium series was taken by producer Shōgo Tomiyama, who gave the general outline of what would become the story of Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla to Godzilla vs. Megaguirus director Masaaki Tezuka.[16] Tezuka instructed his staff to research both cybernetics and DNA engineering in order to make the character scientifically plausible. Tezuka had initially wanted Mechagodzilla to be a much speedier robot than the one on film, envisioning it as becoming progressively more agile during its fight against Godzilla as the latter tore off its opponent's armaments. This incarnation of Mechagodzilla was deliberately shown being airlifted by carriers rather than flying directly into battle as the previous two incarnations had done, as Tezuka felt that it made little sense for Mechagodzilla to drain its energy in such a manner. Upon being asked why the Mechagodzilla suit wasn't painted with military camouflage colors, Tezuka answered that "Mechagodzilla doesn't need to hide."[17] Tezuka had originally intended to have both Godzilla and Mechagodzilla die at the end of the film, but was forced to change this on the insistence of Toho managers, who felt that such an ending was too dark for a New Year movie release.[16]

In the 2003 sequel Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S., creature designer Shinichi Wakasa used the same mold to create a redesigned Mechagodzilla, which was meant to look more weathered than its predecessor. According to production designer Shinki Nishikawa, several other changes were made to the Mechagodzilla design's head, chest and arms in order to make the character look less heroic and more machine-like. The robot's back unit was reduced in size and flipped upside down, and the head was made smaller. As the previous design's shoulder cannons were considered uneven and unsophisticated-looking because of their rectangular shape, special effects director Eiichi Asada made them more pentagonal. As the character was supposed to rely more on its forearm cannons than in the previous film, Nishikawa made them larger and more powerful looking.[18]

For Godzilla vs. Kong, Mechagodzilla's design was inspired by the Generation 1 Transformers due to their "simplicity." Director Adam Wingard attempted to avoid the "complex" designs from the Michael Bay Transformers films.[19] Writer Max Borenstein had originally written Mechagodzilla into Godzilla: King of the Monsters. However, director Michael Dougherty scrapped the character during development.[20]

Arsenal

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Kiryu's Absolute Zero Cannon in Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla (2002)

The Showa Mechagodzilla stands 50 m (160 ft) in height and weighs 40,000 metric tons.[6] It is built from "space titanium", and is capable of launching missiles from its fingers, toes and knees, as well as firing Space Beams from its eyes and a Cross Attack Beam from its chest unit. It also possesses jets in its feet, allowing it to fly. Its head can spin 360°, and can form a force field capable of repelling and shocking opponents.[21] The upgraded model featured in Terror of Mechagodzilla included revolving missiles, and was no longer vulnerable to decapitation, as its main computer was housed in an external power source. Once Mechagodzilla's head was removed, the machine was able to continue to fight, possessing a Head Controller capable of firing a concentrated laser with the same strength as its regular beams.[22]

The Heisei Mechagodzilla stands at 120 m (390 ft) in height, weighs 150,000 metric tons, and is powered by a nuclear reactor which derives its energy from heavy hydrogen and helium-3 in pellet form. Its frame is coated in an armor made of synthetic diamond codenamed T-1, allowing the robot to resist and repel Godzilla's atomic breath, as well as absorb its power to energize its Plasma Grenade, an energy weapon housed in its abdomen. Additional armaments include Mega Buster ray fired from its mouth, Laser Cannons in its eyes, missiles fired from its shoulders and hips, jet propulsors on its back and behind its hips to fly and two harpoons known as the G-Crusher fired from its arms. The G-Crusher is capable of sending large amounts of electric current through the cables. The model is later combined with the flying battleship Garuda, thus allowing it to hover and adding two additional Maser Cannons to its arsenal.[23]

Kiryu, the Millennium Mechagodzilla, stands at 60 m (200 ft) in height, weighs 40,000 metric tons, and is piloted remotely from a control craft. The mecha can be remotely recharged from the ground using microwaves that are relayed through a power system on one of the command aircraft, and then beamed back down to the robot. Its armaments include a Twin Maser Cannon in its mouth, railguns on its hands, a maser blade on its right hand, two reactors on its back to fly, a back unite with missiles and boosters and two rocket launchers on its shoulders. Its most powerful and most energetically costly weapon is the Absolute Zero Cannon housed in its chest, which fires a beam capable of flash freezing enemies.[24] In Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S., the Absolute Zero Cannon is replaced with a Triple Hyper Maser Cannon and instead of the maser blade he can assemble his right hand into a drill.[25]

The Anime Trilogy Mechagodzilla stands 50 meters in height, weighs 30,000 metric tons, and is powered by artificial intelligence and made from nanometal. In the novel: Project Mechagodzilla, its arsenal includes a Blade Launcher, Convergent Neutron Cannon, Flight, Hyper Lance, Thermal Energy Buffer Layer, and Tail Blow. When it forms Mechagodzilla city, the defenses include gun cannons, EMP Harpoons, and a force field to protect itself when fired upon.

In Godzilla vs. Kong, Mechagodzilla stands at 122 m (400 ft) in height, towering over Godzilla, weighs 100,000 metric tons, and is telepathically piloted through a cybernetic neural network developed from King Ghidorah's only surviving brain. Its weaponry includes a Proton Scream fired from its mouth, missiles fired from its shoulders and chest, jet boosters on its back, plasmic hits, buzzsaws in its fingers and spinning spikes at the end of its tail.

Film history

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Shōwa period (1974–1975)

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Shōwa Mechagodzilla

In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla, Mechagodzilla is created by the Black Hole Planet 3 aliens, also known as the Simians, in order to conquer Earth before their homeworld gets destroyed by an expanding black hole. First appearing in a pseudo-flesh outer covering and masquerading as the real Godzilla, Mechagodzilla attacks Japan and overpowers Godzilla's ally Anguirus. Godzilla appears and destroys the pseudo-flesh disguise, forcing Mechagodzilla to reveal itself in full. Their initial battle results in a tie, as Godzilla is severely wounded and Mechagodzilla is forced back into the Simian's base for repair. Mechagodzilla is deployed again but is overpowered through the combined efforts of Godzilla and King Caesar. Godzilla ultimately defeats Mechagodzilla by decapitating it, and Mechagodzilla subsequently explodes upon the self-destruction of the Simians' base.

The Simians, now under the leadership of Mugal, return and rebuild Mechagodzilla in Terror of Mechagodzilla. This time, it is further modified with living human brain cells and has its control circuitry integrated into the body of the formerly human cyborg Katsura Mafune. Mechagodzilla is teamed up with the dinosaur Titanosaurus, who is controlled by Katsura's crazed father. Although Mechagodzilla survives another decapitation during a battle against Godzilla, it is once more defeated after Katsura commits suicide, destroying the robot's controls and freezing it long enough for Godzilla to use its atomic heat ray on Mechagodzilla's headless body, causing it to explode.

Heisei period (1993)

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Heisei Mechagodzilla, dubbed Super Mechagodzilla.

In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II, Mechagodzilla is built as an anti-Godzilla weapon by the United Nations Godzilla Countermeasures Center using 23rd-century technology reverse engineered from the remains of Mecha-King Ghidorah. Mechagodzilla overpowers Godzilla in Kyoto, but is rendered harmless by a voltage backsurge caused by Godzilla. Mechagodzilla is recovered and merged with the smaller airship Garuda to form Super-Mechagodzilla (スーパーメカゴジラ, Supa-Mekagojira). This combined mecha later fights both Fire Rodan and Godzilla. He proceeds to cripple Godzilla by destroying his secondary brain and mortally wounds Rodan. Rodan then sacrifices his energy to revive Godzilla, who then uses his new red spiral atomic breath to destroy the weakened Super-Mechagodzilla.

In Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla, it is revealed that Mechagodzilla's remains were salvaged and used to construct Moguera.

Millennium period (2002–2003)

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Millennium Mechagodzilla, dubbed Kiryu.

The Millennium incarnation is featured in two films: Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla and Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S. and is referenced as Kiryu (機龍, Kiryū), derived from Kikai Ryu (Japanese for "machine dragon") or "Kōryū" (Japanese for steel dragon). When a second Godzilla appears in 1999, the Japanese military creates a Mechagodzilla built around the skeleton of the original Godzilla from 1954 and a DNA computing-based operating system. During its first battle with Godzilla four years later in 2003, Kiryu's genetic memories of its 1954 incarnation are awakened, and it proceeds to attack Tokyo, free from the controls of its pilot until its power drains. During its second battle with Godzilla, Kiryu forces Godzilla to retreat after using its Absolute Zero Cannon.

In Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S., taking place one year later in 2004, Mothra's fairies warn Japan that Kiryu's creation is a violation of the natural order and that Mothra would gladly take the cyborg's place in protecting Japan, should Kiryu be dismantled. The ultimatum is declined, as Kiryu was built partially to defend against a second attack from Mothra herself. Godzilla eventually appears, prompting Mothra and Kiryu to cooperate. Kiryu momentarily is forced to fight Godzilla alone after Mothra is killed, but is later assisted by Mothra's larvae, who encase Godzilla in a cocoon, and Kiryu is given orders to terminate him. However, Kiryu's soul has awakened once again, and it instead grabs hold of Godzilla, flies out to sea, and submerges both Godzilla and itself in the depths of the ocean (though not before ejecting its human occupant to safety).

Reiwa period (2017–2018)

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Mechagodzilla appears briefly in Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters, the first film in the anime trilogy. The mecha is designed and constructed by humans and bilusaludo - the latter one of two alien races who made contact with humans in an attempt to rescue them - as a countermeasure against Godzilla. But the mech is never activated as Godzilla attacked the construction facility forcing them to abandon it. Though not seen again, the mech is referenced several other times throughout the film. In Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle, the second film in the trilogy, the remnants of Mechagodzilla's AI rebuild the facility it was created in by utilizing nanometal to help defeat Godzilla, aptly named "Mechagodzilla City". It also creates three battlesuits with flight capabilities called "Vultures".

Haruo and his forces use the city as a base of operations to destroy Godzilla. When Mechagodzilla City begins assimilating its surroundings and living beings with its nanometal under the command of the Bilusaludo, and is predicted to assimilate the entire planet prompting Haruo to destroy its command center, giving Godzilla the opening to destroy it. In Godzilla: The Planet Eater, some nanometal survives within Yuko's body which Professor Martin extracts and applies to the last Vulture intending to rebuild civilization. Realizing this will only repeat the mistakes that prompted Godzilla's advent, endanger the Houtua and risk the return of Ghidorah, Harou takes Yuko and the last Vulture and flies all three towards Godzilla in a suicide charge to save the Houtua from mankind's mistakes.

MonsterVerse (2021)

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Mechagodzilla was featured in the 2021 film Godzilla vs. Kong.[26] Secretly built by Apex Cybernetics as an anti-Titan weapon, it is designed to wipe out the Titans and replace Godzilla, remotely piloted by Ren Serizawa via a telepathic link originating from a skull of Ghidorah's left head (acquired after it was torn off by Godzilla in Godzilla: King of the Monsters prior), though conventional energy sources prove insufficient to power it to full capacity.

As Mechagodzilla is being built at a facility in Pensacola, Florida, Godzilla senses Ghidorah's presence whenever the mecha activates, which causes him to search for and eventually attack the facility. Due to the secrecy of the project, the public misinterprets this as Godzilla having gone rogue, resulting in Monarch and Apex taking Kong to the Hollow Earth in search of an energy source to confront Godzilla with; simultaneously, Apex covertly plans to use it to power Mechagodzilla, now housed within Victoria Peak. Godzilla and Kong clash en route to the Hollow Earth in the Tasman Sea, but ultimately the team finds and retrieves the power source, in the form of "Hollow Earth Energy".

After Godzilla and Kong fight a second time in Hong Kong, Serizawa charges the mechanized titan with the untested Hollow Earth's energies, upon pressure from Apex Cybernetics' CEO Walter Simmons. However, the process unexpectedly allows Ghidorah's mind to possess Mechagodzilla, who then kills both Simmons and Serizawa, goes on a rampage in the city, and faces Godzilla. Godzilla is easily overwhelmed, and is nearly killed before Kong joins the battle. Kong's axe initially proves ineffective against Mechagodzilla, as its energy was depleted after battling Godzilla. As Mechagodzilla maintains the upper hand, Josh Valentine tampers with its control panel via alcohol spillage, stalling it long enough for Godzilla to supercharge Kong's axe with his atomic breath. Kong then uses his fully powered axe to dismember Mechagodzilla's limbs, and finishes it off by tearing off its head.

In other media

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The various incarnations of Mechagodzilla have appeared in other media associated with the series, such as video games, television shows, and comics.

In video games

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The Shōwa Mechagodzilla appears in the video games Godzilla: Monster of Monsters for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Godzilla for the Game Boy, Super Godzilla for the Super NES (American release; replaces the Heisei version from the Super Famicom release, since the Heisei incarnation's film had yet to be released in America when the game was released), Godzilla: Battle Legends for TurboGrafx-16, Godzilla Generations for the Dreamcast (erroneously using his Heisei counterpart's sound effects) and Godzilla Generations: Maximum Impact for the Dreamcast and the Wii version of Godzilla: Unleashed.

The Heisei Mechagodzilla appeared in the video games Super Godzilla (Japanese version, replaced by the Showa Mechagodzilla in the English release) and Godzilla: Monster War, both for the Super NES, Godzilla: Domination! for Game Boy Advance, Godzilla: Save the Earth for Xbox and PlayStation 2, Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee for Xbox and GameCube, and Wii and PlayStation 2 versions of Godzilla: Unleashed.

Kiryu first appeared in the Japanese version of Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee on the GameCube. Since the Millennium Mechagodzilla duology would take a few years to reach US stores, it was dropped from the American version of the game, but did appear as an exclusive in the Xbox version. Kiryu was next playable in Godzilla: Save the Earth for the Xbox and the PlayStation 2 under the title "Mechagodzilla 3"; this would be Kiryu's first PS2 appearance in the United States. Kiryu also appears in both versions of Godzilla: Unleashed, for the first time under the name "Kiryu" as opposed to its names in the two previous games; "Millennium Mechagodzilla" and "Mechagodzilla 3".

Like the other kaiju in the game, the backstories of all three Mechagodzilla incarnations are altered slightly, to fit the context of the game. The Heisei Mechagodzilla and Kiryu are man-made mecha created by the G.D.F. (Global Defense Force) faction to defend Earth from the Vortaak and their kaiju of the aliens' faction. The original Showa Mechagodzilla was salvaged and rebuilt by the Vortaak to be used in their kaiju force.

In the PlayStation 4 version of Godzilla, 4 incarnations of Mechagodzilla appear, the original Showa Mechagodzilla appears as both Mechagodzilla from Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla and as Mechagodzilla 2 the rebuilt Mechagodzilla from Terror of Mechagodzilla. The Heisei Mechagodzilla appears in its Super Mechagodzilla form, while Kiryu appears in its rebuilt design from Tokyo S.O.S. In the PS4 version, all 4 Mechagodzilla are playable, the 2 versions of the Showa Mechagodzilla can be played in God of Destruction Mode via the Invade option (which allows the mode to be played using Kaiju other than the Heisei era Godzilla), while Super Mechagodzilla and Kiryu can be played via selecting Defend option (where the player defends humanity as friendly kaiju such as Mothra and various G-Force Mecha). In the PS3 version, only Mechagodzilla 1975, Super Mechagodzilla, and Kiryu appear as bosses and are not playable.

The thirteenth level of City Shrouded in Shadow, a game where players, as civilians, must escape and survive kaiju attacks, mostly mirrors the first encounter between Godzilla and Kiryu in Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla. The protagonists, tied up in the building by Yakuza thugs, witness Godzilla rampage through the game's setting, the fictional Ichi City, and Kiryu is eventually deployed in response. After a short battle where both shoot at each other, Godzilla roars at Kiryu and reminds the spirit within of his past as a Godzilla, causing him to be possessed & go berserk. As Godzilla leaves, Kiryu approaches and fires missiles at the building in which the player is inside. Once the player has reached safety or once 30 seconds have transpired, Kiryu marches through the building, cleaving it in half, heading off into the distance. The newspaper that displays the results after the level reveals that, after 30 minutes of rampaging, Kiryu has run out of power, allowing the government to retrieve the inactive mecha.

Kiryu along with Godzilla, Gigan and Destoroyah become DLC guest stars in the indie game GigaBash.

Television

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While Mechagodzilla did not appear in Godzilla: The Series, a sequel to Godzilla (1998), the first Godzilla was reanimated as a cyborg called Cyber-Godzilla in the Monster Wars trilogy.[27]

A Shōwa-inspired Mechagodzilla appears in the post-credits scene of the anime series Godzilla Singular Point, though the lab's computer screens identify him as Robogodzilla.

In film

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Mechagodzilla appears in the 2018 science fiction action film Ready Player One where he is seen battling the Iron Giant and the RX-78-2 Gundam. This time, Mechagodzilla is remodeled and resembles the 1974 Shōwa version, the 2002 Kiryū, and the 2014 Legendary MonsterVerse Godzilla design.

Appearances

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Films

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Television

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Video games

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Literature

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Reception

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The character has generally been positively received. It was rated No. 15 of the 50 Best Movie Robots by The Times, beating other such legends as C-3PO from Star Wars, the T-1000 from Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and Optimus Prime from Transformers.[28] Complex listed the character as No. 6 on its "The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time" list,[29] while IGN listed it as No. 4 on their "Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters" list.[30]

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  • In an episode of 30 Rock's fifth season, "Chain Reaction of Mental Anguish", Kiryu appears as one of the characters in a theme restaurant.
  • In Ernest Cline's novel Ready Player One and its film adaptation, the main antagonist Nolan Sorrento controls a full-size Mechagodzilla replica during the climactic battle in a virtual reality environment. In the book, it is the Kiryu model that fights against Ultraman.
  • In the game Bulletstorm, there is a level where the player controls a mechanical version of a Hekaton (which is the game's equivalent to Godzilla) as well as the song being played during this part of the game being called "Mecha-dzilla."
  • Mechagodzilla makes a cameo appearance in the Ugly Americans episode "Kong of Queens", in which King Kong fights Godzilla (King Kong's children watching the movie King Kong vs. Godzilla), and another when Kong punches a wall (after an argument with Mark Lily on the phone), the Showa-era Mechagodzilla was seen having breakfast.
  • Mechagodzilla was parodied by the series South Park in their episode "Mecha-Streisand", which features singer Barbra Streisand becoming a gigantic mechanical monster.
  • The Nitrome flash game Rubble Trouble Tokyo has Mechagodzilla (here called "Mecha Saur") as a tool that can be used to demolish buildings.
  • A parody of Mechagodzilla appears in The Adventures of Mini-Goddess anime series' episode "Gabira - The Strike Back".
  • An episode of the pop culture video podcast Death Battle pitted the Kiryu MechaGodzilla against the DragonZord from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers where it was determined that MechaGodzilla would win.
    • Godzilla would go on to officially crossover with the Power Rangers in Godzilla vs. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ The Heisei Mechagodzilla is referenced as "Mechagodzilla 2" in multiple video games. The 1975 Showa Mechagodzilla is referenced as "Mechagodzilla 2" in Bandai's 2014 video game Godzilla, see Video games
  2. ^ The Millennium Mechagodzilla is referenced as "Mechagodzilla 3" in multiple video games, see Video games
  3. ^ In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla (1974), Mechagodzilla first appears disguised as Godzilla. His true mechanical form is later revealed when the real Godzilla appears.
  4. ^ Combination of Garuda and Heisei Mechagodzilla.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Ryfle 1998, p. 361.
  2. ^ Ryfle 1998, p. 365.
  3. ^ Kalat 2010, p. 243.
  4. ^ Kalat 2010, p. 247.
  5. ^ Ryfle 1998, p. 195.
  6. ^ a b Ryfle 1998, p. 196.
  7. ^ Ryfle 1998, p. 197.
  8. ^ 元山掌; 松野本和弘; 浅井和康; 鈴木宣孝 (2012). 『東宝特撮映画大全集』 ヴィレッジブックス. ヴィレッジブックス. ISBN 9784864910132.
  9. ^ Kalat 2010, p. 137.
  10. ^ Kalat 2010, p. 138.
  11. ^ Kalat 2010, p. 139.
  12. ^ Ryfle 1998, p. 200-6.
  13. ^ a b c Ryfle 1998, p. 287-93.
  14. ^ Kawakita, Koichi (2012). 平成ゴジラパーフェク [Heisei Godzilla Perfection] (in Japanese). Dengeki Hobby Books. ISBN 978-4048861199.
  15. ^ Kalat 2010, pp. 196–201.
  16. ^ a b 東京SOSの監督〜EXTRA〜 (SciFi Japan TV #27) ["Tokyo SOS Director EXTRA]. CHO Japan. September 2014. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
  17. ^ "Interview: Masaaki Tezuka and Wataru Mimura". henshionline. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  18. ^ "Godzilla X Mothra X Mechagodzilla: Tokyo SOS production report - The men behind the monsters discuss the latest Godzilla film", Uchusen #108 (Asahi Sonorama) (October 22, 2003)
  19. ^ Jake Kleinman; Eric Francisco (March 31, 2021). "Godzilla vs. Kong's Mechagodzilla was inspired by a bad Transformers movie". Inverse. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  20. ^ Kaye, Don (April 5, 2021). "Godzilla vs. Kong Writer Talks About Spending 8 Years in the MonsterVerse". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  21. ^ Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla (1974). Directed by Jun Fukuda. Toho
  22. ^ Terror of Mechagodzilla (1975). Directed by Ishirō Honda. Toho
  23. ^ Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993). Directed by Takao Okawara. Toho
  24. ^ Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla (2002). Directed by Masaaki Tezuka. Toho
  25. ^ Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S. (2003). Directed by Masaaki Tezuka. Toho
  26. ^ Raymond, Nicholas (April 6, 2021). "How Mechagodzilla's Design In Godzilla vs Kong Compares To Past Versions". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  27. ^ Johnson, Bob; Aiken, Keith (March 28, 2006). "The Ultimate Guide to Godzilla: The Series". SciFi Japan. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
  28. ^ Michael Moran (2007-07-25). "The 50 best movie robots". The Times. Archived from the original on 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  29. ^ Josh Robertson, "The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time", Complex (May 18, 2014)
  30. ^ Hawker, Tom (May 15, 2014). "Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters". IGN. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
  31. ^ Burt, Preston (March 30, 2018). "The most (and least) clever Ready Player One Easter eggs and nostalgia references". Syfy. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

General and cited references

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