Kitab-i Nauras (transl. The Book of Nine Rasas), also transliterated as Kitab-e-Nauras, is a 16th-century treatise written by Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II of Bijapur.[1][2][3] It was written with the title Nauras, meaining Nine Rasas, but was named as Nauras Nama or Kitab-i Nauras later.[4] It is a collection of 59 Manqabat Kalaam (song) and 17 couplets in the Deccani Urdu language.
 | |
| Author | Ibrahim Adil Shah II |
|---|---|
| Language | Deccani with an introduction in Persian |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Publication place | Bijapur Sultanate (modern-day India) |
Contents
editIntroduction
editThe introduction to the book was not written by Ibrahim; instead, it was written by the poet Muhammad Zuhuri in Persian rather than Deccani. Zuhuri states that the preface is "a worthless stone for the garland made of royal pearls".
Songs
editIn the ten known manuscripts, there are fifty-nine songs, although no single copy contains all of them. In addition, there are seventeen dohas.[5]
A significant portion of the songs are praises sung for Saraswati, Ganesha, and other Hindu deities. Others praise the prophet Muhammad and Sufi saint Bande Nawaz. Another portion refers to Ibrahim's private life. His favorite elephant Atish Khan and favorite tambourine Moti Khan are also praised. In others, Ibrahim's mother Bari Sahib and wife Chand Sultan are referred to.[5]
Rasas
edit- Shringara means the sentiment of love and romance.
- Veera means the sentiment of heroism or chivalry
- Veebhatsa means the sentiment of disgust
- Raudra means the sentiment of anger and fury
- Bhayanak means the sentiment of dread and terror
- Hasya means the sentiment of joy and humour
- Karuna means the sentiment of compassion and pathos
- Adbhuta means the sentiment of wonder and amazement
- Shanta means the sentiment of peace and contenment[6]
References
edit- ^ Griffin, Sushma (2021-12-03), "Vernacular Subjectivity as a Way of Seeing: Visualising Bijapur in Nujūm al-ʿUlūm and Kitāb-i-Nauras", Naẓar:Vision, Belief, and Perception in Islamic Cultures, Brill, pp. 284–311, ISBN 978-90-04-49948-5, retrieved 2024-12-08
- ^ Khan, Umrat. "Strokes of Sentiment: A case study of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II's Kitab-i-Nauras". Tyler School of Art & Architecture, Temple University.
- ^ Overton, Keelan (2016). "Book Culture, Royal Libraries, and Persianate Painting in Bijapur, circa 1580‒1630". Muqarnas. 33: 91–154. doi:10.1163/22118993_03301P006. JSTOR 26551683.
- ^ Ahmad 1956, p. 55.
- ^ a b Ahmad 1956, p. 61-67.
- ^ Ahmad 1956, p. 55-56.
Bibliography
edit- Ahmad, Nazir (1956). Kitab-i-Nauras by Ibrahim Adil Shah II: Introduction, Notes, and Textual Editing (PDF). New Delhi: Bharatiya Kala Kendra.
- Haider, Navinda Najat (2011). "The Kitab-i Nauras: Key to Bijapur's Golden Age". Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ISBN 978-1-58839-438-5.