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Ward McAllister

(Redirected from Knickerbocracy)
For the American actor, see Ward McAllister (actor).

Samuel Ward McAllister (December 28, 1827 – January 31, 1895) was a popular arbiter of social taste in the Gilded Age of America, widely accepted as the authority to which families could be classified as the cream of New York society (The Four Hundred). His listings were questioned by those excluded from them, and his self-aggrandizement motivation was noted.

Ward McAllister
Born
Samuel Ward McAllister

December 28, 1827
Savannah, Georgia, U.S.
DiedJanuary 31, 1895(1895-01-31) (aged 67)
New York City, U.S.
Spouse
Sarah Taintor Gibbons
​
​
(m. 1853)​
Children3
Parent(s)Matthew Hall McAllister
Louisa Charlotte Cutler
RelativesSamuel Ward (uncle)
Julia Ward Howe (cousin)
Samuel Cutler Ward (cousin)
Benjamin Clark Cutler (grandfather)

Early life

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Born Samuel Ward McAllister to a socially prominent Savannah, Georgia, judicial family, his parents were Matthew Hall McAllister (1800–1865) and Louisa Charlotte (née Cutler) McAllister (1801–1869).[1]

Through his maternal aunt, Julia Rush Cutler, and her husband, Samuel Ward, McAllister was a first cousin of Julia Ward Howe and Samuel Cutler Ward, the lobbyist whose first wife, Emily Astor, had been the daughter of William Backhouse Astor Sr. and a granddaughter of John Jacob Astor. His maternal grandparents were Benjamin Clark Cutler, Norfolk County Sheriff, and Sarah (née Mitchell) Cutler.[1]

In 1850, McAllister traveled to California with his father during the Gold Rush and became one of the partners in the law firm McAllister & Sons.[1][2]

New York Society

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"Snobbish Society's Schoolmaster". Caricature of Ward McAllister as an ass telling Uncle Sam he must imitate "an English snob of the 19th century" or he "will nevah be a gentleman". Published in Judge, November 8, 1890.

McAllister wrote that after his marriage in 1853, he bought a farm on Narragansett Bay, planted trees and left for a three-year journey throughout Europe's great cities and spas—Bath, Pau, Bad Nauheim, and the like—where he observed the mannerisms of other wealthy Americans and titled nobility, returning to New York with his wife and two small children on October 15, 1858.[a][3][4][5] Using his wife's wealth and his own social connections, he sought to become a tastemaker amongst New York's "Knickerbocracy", a collection of old merchant and landowning families who traced their lineage back to the days of colonial New Amsterdam.[6] Above all in his life was his desire for social recognition by what he termed the Ton, i.e., the cream of society.[7]

Although purported to be an index of New York's best families, McAllister's list was suspiciously top-heavy with nouveau riche industrialists and his southern allies, seeking a new start in the nation's financial capital after the American Civil War. In his glory, he referred to his patroness, Caroline Astor as his "Mystic Rose".[8] He was an early summer colonist of Newport, Rhode Island, and was largely responsible for turning the town into a Mecca for the pleasure-seeking, status-conscious rich of the Gilded Age. His gift for party and picnic planning soon made him a society darling.[9]

Among the undesirables McAllister endeavored to exclude from the charmed circle of the Four Hundred were the many nouveau riche Midwesterners who poured into New York seeking social recognition. In 1893, he wrote a column about the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in which he urged that if Chicago society hostesses wanted to be taken seriously, they should hire French chefs and "not frappé their wine too much".[10][11] The Chicago Journal replied: "The mayor will not frappé his wine too much. He will frappé it just enough so the guests can blow the foam off the tops of the glasses without a vulgar exhibition of lung and lip power. His ham sandwiches, sinkers, and ... pigs' feet, will be triumphs of the gastronomic art."[12][13]

McAllister's downfall came when he published a book of memoirs entitled Society as I Have Found It in 1890.[14] The book, and his hunger for media attention, did little to endear him to the old guard, who valued their privacy in an era when millionaires were the equivalent of modern movie stars.[15]

"The Four Hundred"

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McAllister coined the phrase "The Four Hundred" by declaring that there were "only 400 people in fashionable New York Society".[16] According to him, this was the number of people in New York who really mattered; the people who felt at ease in the ballrooms of high society. "If you go outside that number", he warned, "you strike people who are either not at ease in a ballroom or else make other people not at ease". The number was popularly supposed to be the capacity of Caroline Schermerhorn Astor's ballroom.[17][18] The lavish parties were held at the Astor mansion.[19]

On February 16, 1892, McAllister named the official list of The Four Hundred in The New York Times.[20] The Four Million, the title of a book by O. Henry, was a reaction to this phrase, expressing O. Henry's opinion that every human being in New York was worthy of notice.[15]

Society of Patriarchs

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In 1872, McAllister founded the "Society of Patriarchs" which was a group of 25 gentlemen from New York Society.[21] The group of 25 were "representative men of worth, respectability, and responsibility".[21] Beginning with the 1885–1886 season,[22][23] the Patriarchs threw a ball each year, known as the Patriarchs Ball, which each member was entitled to invite four ladies and five gentlemen to, thereby establishing the invitees as fit for society.[24] The first Patriarchs Ball was held at Delmonico's,[22] with the Balls, which were difficult to obtain invitations to, receiving significant press coverage.[25][26][27][28] The Patriarchs Ball inspired similar balls, including the Ihpetonga Ball, which was considered "the most important social event of the season in Brooklyn".[29]

The Society dissolved two years after McAllister's death in 1897 due to a lack of interest.[21]

Personal life

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On March 15, 1853, McAllister married a Georgia-born heiress who was then living in Madison, New Jersey, Sarah Taintor Gibbons (1829–1909), the daughter of William Gibbons (1794–1852) and Abigail Louisa (née Taintor) Gibbons (1791–1844).[30][31][32] Her grandfather was politician, lawyer, and steamboat owner Thomas Gibbons.[3][b] Her father built the Gibbons Mansion in Madison, New Jersey, which her brother sold to Daniel Drew after their father's death, and which Drew donated to found Drew Theological Seminary (now known as Drew University).[33]

Together, Ward and Sarah were the parents of:[1]

Death

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Ward McAllister died while dining alone, and in social disgrace for his writings, at New York's Union Club, in January 1895.[15] His funeral, held on February 5, 1895, was well attended by many society figures of the day, including Chauncey Depew and Cornelius Vanderbilt II.[52] McAllister is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.[53][54]

In 1907, Sarah was described as having been an invalid for 25 years.[38]

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Ward McAllister is portrayed by Nathan Lane in the American television series The Gilded Age.

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ McAllister wrote (Chapter IV) that this trip included London and then Paris for the Universal Exposition of 1855 (incorrectly referenced by him as 1857) followed by the baptism of the Imperial Prince on June 11, 1856. If he attended both events in Paris, he would have returned to Paris after his first European winter (1855-1856) spent on the Arno River. He employees first person plural for payment of meals, indicating his family was with him possibly until their return in October 1858. His second and third winters (1856-57 and 1857-58) were at Pau. (Chapter VI)
  2. ^ Sarah's grandfather, Thomas Gibbons, was the plaintiff in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden and was a mentor to Cornelius Vanderbilt.
  3. ^ George Barclay Ward, the son of Susan Barclay Parsons (1822–1893) and Montagnie Ward (1812–1879), cousin of William Barclay Parsons and brother-in-law of Luther Kountze, was a widower of Jane Mary de Pau (1848–1886), with whom he had three children. Louise and George were engaged for fifteen to eighteen years before his death.
  4. ^ Appointed by President Chester Arthur "through the political pull" of his friends including the Alaska Commercial Company, Judge McAllister, an alcoholic, was removed from office after a year on the bench due to his indiscretions. Although incorrectly referred to as McAllister's nephew instead of his son, he was described "a man of enormous power" who was incompetent.
  5. ^ His first wife, Janie or Jennie, remarried in 1898 to Augustus Philip Brandt of William Brandt's Sons and Co.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d McAllister, Mary Catharine (1898). Descendants of Archibald McAllister of West Pennsboro Township, Cumberland County, Pa. 1730–1898. Scheffer. p. 51. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  2. ^ "Samuel Ward McAllister (1827-1895)". www.nyhistory.org. New-York Historical Society. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  3. ^ a b McAllister, Ward (1890). Society as I Have Found it. New York: Cassell Publishing Company. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  4. ^ "Personal Intelligence / Americans registered with American European Express and Exchange Company, Paris, from 26 May - 3 June 1856". New York Herald. June 22, 1856. p. 8.
  5. ^ "New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820-1957". www.ancestry.com. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  6. ^ Vanderbilt II, Arthur T. (1989). Fortune's Children. Wm. Morrow and Co. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-688-07279-8.
  7. ^ Hitchcock, Jane Stanton (2012). Social Crimes. New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 9780062206565.
  8. ^ Vanderbilt, 97.
  9. ^ Gavan, Terrence (1998). The Barons of Newport: A Guide to the Gilded Age. Newport: Pineapple Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-929249-06-2.
  10. ^ "When Ward McAllister Sauced Chicago". worldsfairchicago1893.com/. February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  11. ^ Dedmon, Emmett (2012). Fabulous Chicago: A Great City's History and People. Garrett County Press. p. 259. ISBN 9781891053634. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  12. ^ Larson, Erik (2004). The Devil in the White City: A Saga of Magic and Murder at the Fair that Changed America. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 209. ISBN 9781400076314. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  13. ^ "Ward M'allister's Triumph; His Work as As A "Society Reporter" Excites Much Gossip. Other Newspaper Men Received at the Patriarchs' Ball with Chilliness--For Mr. McAllister Did Not Wish Them to Obtain Descriptions of the Women's Dresses--His Story of the Ball a Prose Poem--Some of the Choicest Gems from His Pen". The New York Times. December 15, 1893. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  14. ^ Ward McAllister (1890) Society as I Have Found It, Cassell, New York
  15. ^ a b c "WARD M'ALLISTER DEAD; He Had Been Ill for a Week with an Attack of the Grip. THE END WAS UNEXPECTED His Condition Not Considered Serious by His Physicians Until Wednesday Morning – His Long Career as a Society Leader". The New York Times. February 1, 1895. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  16. ^ Salvini, Emil R. (2005). Hobey Baker: American Legend. Hobey Baker Memorial Foundation. p. 3. ISBN 9780976345305. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  17. ^ Vanderbilt, 98.
  18. ^ Keister, Lisa A. (2005). Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780521536677. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  19. ^ Parker, Maggie. "The Four Hundred: Then and Now Tony Abrams has reinvented Gilded Age society. Will you get in?". Dujour. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  20. ^ McAllister, Ward (February 16, 1892). "THE ONLY FOUR HUNDRED | WARD M'ALLISTER GIVES OUT THE OFFICIAL LIST. HERE ARE THE NAMES, DON'T YOU KNOW, ON THE AUTHORITY OF THEIR GREAT LEADER, YOU UNDER- STAND, AND THEREFORE GENUINE, YOU SEE" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  21. ^ a b c Bryk, William (August 8, 2005). "The Father of the Four Hundred". The New York Sun. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  22. ^ a b Hicks, Paul DeForest (2016). John E. Parsons: An Eminent New Yorker in The Gilded Age. Easton Studio Press, LLC. p. 97. ISBN 9781632260741. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  23. ^ "Society Topics of the Week". The New York Times. January 3, 1886. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  24. ^ Vanderbilt, Arthur T. (1991). Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780688103866. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  25. ^ "The Patriarchs' Ball; a Brilliant Scene at Delmonico's Last Night". The New York Times. January 18, 1888. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  26. ^ "The Patriarchs' Guests; a Notable Social Event at Delmonico's. Debutantes at the Ball--a New Cotillion--Visitors from Other Cities--the Decorations". The New York Times. 17 December 1889. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  27. ^ "Patriarchs Were Hosts; Their Third and Last Ball of the Season a Success. Many Distinguished Guests Made the Occasion Delightful -- Choice Music and Tasteful Decorations at Delmonico's". The New York Times. February 10, 1891. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  28. ^ "Society Ends the Season; the Third of the Patriarchs' Balls a Great Success. Throngs of Dancers at Delmonico's -- a Late Cotillion Led by Mr. Dyer -- the Guests from Other Cities". The New York Times. March 1, 1892. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  29. ^ "PREPARATION FOR THE IHPETONGA; The Most Important Social Event of the Season in Brooklyn -- Patronesses and Subscribers". The New York Times. January 10, 1896. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  30. ^ "U.S., Marriage Records, 1670–1965". www.ancestry.com. New Jersey. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  31. ^ Cunningham, John T. (1998). Images of America: Madison. Dover, New Hampshire: Arcadia Publishing. pp. 19, 31. ISBN 9780738567792.
  32. ^ "William Gibbons – Drew University History – U-KNOW". uknow.drew.edu. Drew University. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  33. ^ "A brief history of Mead Hall". Drew University. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
  34. ^ "Mrs. Louise W. McAllister Lewis". The New York Times. October 22, 1923. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  35. ^ "Estate of Ward McAllister's Only Daughter Appraised at $471,270; Bulk Goes to Husband". The New York Times. April 1, 1925. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  36. ^ "MISS M'ALLISTER WED TO A.N. LEWIS; Daughter of Late Creator of "New York's 400" Married Quietly at the Waldorf. ONLY 3 COUSINS PRESENT Bride-to-Be, Recovering from Influenza, Was Ordered South and Ceremony Hurriedly Arranged". The New York Times. May 4, 1920. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  37. ^ Moffat, R. Burnham (1904). The Barclays of New York: Who They Are And Who They Are Not, – And Some Other Barclays. R. G. Cooke. p. 151. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  38. ^ a b "WHY G.B. WARD DIED UNWED.; His Fiancee Clung to Her Sick Mother – Ready to Forego Dower". The New York Times. January 21, 1907. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  39. ^ Warren, Charles (1908). History of the Harvard Law School and of Early Legal Conditions in America. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 380. ISBN 9781584770060. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  40. ^ The Railway World. United States Railroad and Mining Register Company. 1880. p. 520. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  41. ^ Harring, Sidney L. (1994). Crow Dog's Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9780521467155. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  42. ^ a b c "H. H. M'ALLISTER DIES IN FRANCE; Last Surviving Son of Late Leader of the Famous "400" Was III Two Years. FORMERLY A BROKER HERE Union Club Member's Marriage to Miss Melanle Renke in 1908 a Surprise to His Family". The New York Times. December 2, 1925. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  43. ^ Alaska Bar Association and Sketch of Judiciary. Sanborn, Vail & Company. 1901. p. 21. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  44. ^ Haycox, Stephen (2006). Alaska: An American Colony. University of Washington Press. p. 193. ISBN 9780295986296. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  45. ^ Gruening, Ernest (1967). An Alaskan Reader, 1867-1967. Meredith Press. pp. 62-63. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  46. ^ "Philip Alexius De László (1869–1937), Portrait of Jean Garmany Brandt (b. 1867)". www.christies.com. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  47. ^ "Mr. M'Allister and Wife.; Rumor Has It That the Young Couple Will Separate". The New York Times. September 21, 1892. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  48. ^ "SHOCKING BAD FORM. Ward McAllister's Son Gets Married and Tells Nobody". San Francisco Call. May 13, 1892. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  49. ^ "Why It Was Made Known; Story of the M'allister-Garmany Marriage Notice. Its Publication Demanded by Frank Garmany, a Brother of the Wife – a Strange Affair from Beginning to End – Off on a Tour". The New York Times. May 14, 1892. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  50. ^ "Brandt – McAllister". The New York Times. May 5, 1898. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  51. ^ "Mrs. Heyward M'Allister". The New York Times. September 15, 1939. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  52. ^ Homberger, Eric (2002). Mrs. Astor's New York: Money and Social Power in a Gilded Age. Yale University Press. pp. 150–152. ISBN 0-300-09501-5.
  53. ^ "SOCIETY IN MOURNING; Ward McAllister's Death Came Almost Without Warning. A LIVING "TRILBY" TO BE SEEN Success of the Charity Ball – Some of Its Leaders in the Past – Incidents in the Social World". The New York Times. February 3, 1895. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  54. ^ "MR. M'ALLISTER'S FUNERAL; Grace Church Crowded with Friends and Relatives. SOCIETY WAS WELL REPRESENTED The Body Placed in a Vault in Greenwood Cemetery – Women Scramble for Flowers in the Church". The New York Times. February 5, 1895. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
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