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Kohtla-Järve

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Kohtla-Järve is a city and municipality in northeastern Estonia, founded in 1924 and incorporated as a town in 1946. The city is highly industrial, and is both a processor of oil shales and is a large producer of various petrochemical products. During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation, large numbers of immigrant workers from Russia and other parts of the former USSR were brought in to populate the rapidly growing city.[3][4] The population in the Kohtla-Järve area which had been, as of 1934 census, over 90% ethnic Estonian, became overwhelmingly non-Estonian in the second half of the 20th century.[3] According to more recent data (as of 2006)[5] 21% of the city's population are ethnic Estonians; most of the rest are Russians. Kohtla-Järve is the fifth-largest city in Estonia in terms of population.

Kohtla-Järve
City
Kohtla-Järve in August 2009
Kohtla-Järve in August 2009
Flag of Kohtla-Järve
Flag
Coat of arms of Kohtla-Järve
Coat of arms
Location in Estonia.
Location in Estonia.
Country Estonia
County Ida-Viru County
Founded1241
City status1946
Government
 • MayorHenri Kaselo[1]
Area
 • Total68.77 km2 (26.55 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)
 • Total35,395[2]
 • Rank5th
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
30199 to 41542
Area code(+372) 33
ISO 3166 codeEE-321
Websitewww.kohtla-jarve.ee

Kohtla-Järve is unusual among the municipalities of Estonia due to its territory being made of several discontiguous parts. The two main parts, Järve (Kohtla-Järve proper) and Ahtme, both with populations around 20,000, are located about 10 km apart. Several other settlements in north-eastern Ida-Viru county, connected to oil shale mining, are administered as districts of Kohtla-Järve. During most of the period of the Soviet occupation, the town of Jõhvi was also incorporated into Kohtla-Järve.

History

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See also: Oil shale in Estonia

The history of Kohtla-Järve is closely tied to the history of extraction of oil shale – the main mineral of Estonia.

There is evidence that a number of settlements existed on the territory of modern Kohtla-Järve since the High Middle Ages. In the Danish Land Book, Järve and Kukruse villages were first mentioned in 1241 by the names Jeruius and Kukarus respectively, and Sompa village in 1420 by the name Soenpe. Its German name was Kochtel-Türpsal.

 
Monument to the beginning of industrial oil shale mining

Local residents were aware of oil shale's flammable capability in ancient times, but its industrial extraction in Estonia began only in the 20th century. In 1916, researches showed that oil shale could be used both as fuel and as a raw material for chemical industry, and mining started near Järve village. In 1919, the Estonian State Oil Shale Industrial Corporation was formed and extraction by shaft and open-pit mining was extended. Settlements for workers began to appear adjacent to the mines. In 1924 the oil shale processing factory was built near Kohtla railway station, and the nearby settlement, named Kohtla-Järve, started to grow.

During World War II the value of the Estonian oil shale deposit grew. The Germans, who occupied Estonia in 1941–1944, considered it as an important source of fuel. However, they failed to begin full-scale extraction.

After the war, the next occupier of Estonia, the Soviet Union, required constantly increasing quantities of oil shale for its industries and extraction greatly expanded.

Demographics

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Religion in Kohtla-Järve (2021) [2]

  Unaffiliated (49.1%)
  Orthodox & Old Believers (44.6%)
  Lutheran (2.1%)
  Others Christians (2.0%)
  Others Religions (2.2%)

Kohtla-Järve, as the main settlement in the mining area, received city status on 15 June 1946. Since that time, during the next twenty years, there was a process of administrative amalgamation of neighboring settlements within the limits of Kohtla-Järve. Kohtla and Kukruse were added to the city in 1949; Jõhvi, Ahtme and Sompa in 1960. The town of Kiviõli and the boroughs of Oru, Püssi and Viivikonna were subordinated to the city in 1964. Thus, Kohtla-Järve greatly expanded, becoming a city with a unique layout, as its parts remained scattered among woods, agricultural areas and oil shale mines. Total population of the city increased mainly by workers sent from different parts of Soviet Union, reaching (with subordinated settlements) 90,000 in 1980.

After the end of the Soviet Union occupation, Estonia regained independence in August 1991, and thereafter the number of city districts decreased, as Jõhvi, Kiviõli and Püssi became officially separate towns. The volume of oil shale extraction and processing decreased dramatically during the 1990s, and many Kohtla-Järve citizens moved to Tallinn or Russia, due to high unemployment in Ida-Viru County.

Ethnic composition 1959-2021
Ethnicity 1959[6] 1970[7] 1979[8] 1989[8] 2000[9] 2011[10] 2021[11]
amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount % amount %
Estonians 11926 40.9 20883 30.6 19197 26.4 16140 20.9 8479 17.8 5992 16.1 5298 15.8
Russians - - 37037 54.2 43077 59.3 50044 64.7 32843 68.9 27508 73.9 24646 73.6
Ukrainians - - 2009 2.94 2453 3.37 3062 3.96 1521 3.19 1007 2.71 1079 3.22
Belarusians - - 4022 5.89 3957 5.44 4061 5.25 2152 4.51 1341 3.60 1068 3.19
Finns - - 2020 2.96 1910 2.63 1705 2.21 887 1.86 417 1.12 316 0.94
Jews - - 205 0.30 178 0.24 158 0.20 57 0.12 45 0.12 37 0.11
Latvians - - 224 0.33 185 0.25 162 0.21 104 0.22 54 0.15 111 0.33
Germans - - - - 351 0.48 309 0.40 99 0.21 65 0.17 63 0.19
Tatars - - - - 148 0.20 204 0.26 118 0.25 77 0.21 70 0.21
Poles - - - - 453 0.62 435 0.56 280 0.59 174 0.47 171 0.51
Lithuanians - - 179 0.26 173 0.24 162 0.21 81 0.17 62 0.17 60 0.18
unknown 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 546 1.15 49 0.13 63 0.19
other 17262 59.1 1739 2.55 617 0.85 874 1.13 512 1.07 410 1.10 517 1.54
Total 29188 100 68318 100 72699 100 77316 100 47679 100 37201 100 33499 100

Ahtme, which has been a part of Kohtla-Järve since 1960, had a population of 11 215 in 1959, including 1847 (16.5%) Estonians.[6]

Economy

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Kohtla-Järve is known for its chemical industry. It is the headquarters of Viru Keemia Grupp, an Estonian holding group of oil shale industry, power generation, and public utility companies. Eastman Chemical Company also has a manufacturing site located in Kohtla-Järve.[12]

Since 2006, the Ukrainian DF Group has owned a fertilizer plant in Kohtla-Järve – it has (through its Austria and Cyprus based intermediaries) 100% ownership of AS Nitrofert.[13][14] Established in 1993, AS Nitrofert was (as of 2006) the only plant to produce fertilizers in Estonia and during the peak of its production used 25% of the total volume of natural gas in Estonia.[13]

Geography

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Administrative districts of Kohtla-Järve: 1-Järve, 2-Ahtme, 3-Oru, 4-Sompa, 5-Kukruse

Kohtla-Järve has a unique layout. The districts of the city are scattered across the northern part of Ida-Viru County in a considerably large area. The distance between Järve and Oru districts is about 20 km.

Districts

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The city is subdivided into five administrative districts (Estonian: linnaosad):

Population per districts 2011 2016 2017 2021
Järve 17 054 15 869 15 952 15656
Ahtme 17 252 16 222 16 140 15602
Oru 1266 1133 1117 996
Sompa 958 873 870 754
Kukruse 572 550 529 467

The populations of many of the smaller exclaves have rapidly declined since the 1990s.[15] Before the Estonian administrative reform of 2017, Viivikonna and Sirgala (combined population of 99) were also part of the municipality.[16]

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  •  
    Kohtla-Järve city administration building
  •  
    Community centre in Kohtla-Järve
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    Sompa district, community centre in the middle.
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    Administrative building of Viru Keemia Grupp
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    Kohtla-Järve branch of the Tallinn Health Care College

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Estonia

Kohtla-Järve is twinned with:[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ [1] Henri Kaselo elected new mayor of Kohtla-Järve - ERR 29.11.2023
  2. ^ "Eesti elanike arv KOV-de lõikes seisuga 01.01.2018" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  3. ^ a b Duncan, W. Raymond (2019). Ethnic Nationalism And Regional Conflict: The Former Soviet Union And Yugoslavia. Routledge. ISBN 9780429715938.
  4. ^ Kattago, Siobhan (2008). "Commemorating Liberation and Occupation: War Memorials Along the Road to Narva". Journal of Baltic Studies. 39 (4): 431–449. doi:10.1080/01629770802461225. S2CID 145001694.
  5. ^ "Kohtla-Järve linna arengukava 2007–2016" [Development plan of the city of Kohtla-Järve for 2007–2016] (PDF) (in Estonian). Kohtla-Järve city council. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF (2.2 Mb)) on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  6. ^ a b Katus, Kalev; Puur, Allan; Põldma, Asta (2002). Rahvastiku ühtlusarvutatud sündmus- ja loendusstatistika: Ida-Virumaa 1965-1990. Sari C (in Estonian and English). Tallinn: Eesti Kõrgkoolidevaheline Demouuringute Keskus. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9985-820-66-5.
  7. ^ Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus. 1972. p. 75.
  8. ^ a b Eesti Vabariigi maakondade, linnade ja alevite rahvastik: 1989. a. rahvaloenduse andmed: statistikakogumik. 1. osa: Rahvaarv rahvuse, perekonnaseisu, hariduse ja elatusallikate järgi. Tallinn: Statistikaamet. 1990. pp. 27, 32. ISBN 978-9949-71-932-7.
  9. ^ "RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  10. ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  11. ^ "RL21429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA (HALDUSÜKSUS) JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
  12. ^ Eastman Locations: Europe, Middle East & Africa Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ a b Global Witness 2006, p. 40.
  14. ^ "OSTCHEM: Production and Distribution of Chemicals" (PDF). Ostchem website. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  15. ^ Reporter.ee: Ida-Virumaal seisab asula inimtühjana
  16. ^ "REL 2011: EESTI ELANIKKOND KOONDUB SUUREMATE LINNADE ÜMBER". Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  17. ^ "Sõpruslinnad". kohtla-jarve.ee (in Estonian). Kohtla-Järve linn. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
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