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Mark McMenamin

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Mark A. S. McMenamin (born c. 1957) is an American paleontologist and professor of geology at Mount Holyoke College. He has contributed to the study of the Cambrian explosion and the Ediacaran biota.

Mark McMenamin
Born1957 or 1958 (age 66–67)[3]
Oregon, U.S.
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma materUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, Ph.D.
Stanford University, B.S.
Known forEdiacaran fossils; Hypersea theory; Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia[1]
SpouseDianna L. Schulte McMenamin
AwardsPresidential Young Investigator Award
Sigma Xi National Lecturer
2011 Irish Education 100 Award [1][2]
Scientific career
FieldsPaleontology, Geology
InstitutionsMount Holyoke College[1]

He is the author of several books, most recently Deep Time Analysis (2018) and Dynamic Paleontology (2016). His earlier works include The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the Earliest Complex Life (1998), one of the only popular accounts of research on the Ediacaran biota, and Science 101: Geology (2007). He is credited with co-naming several geological formations in Mexico, describing several new fossil genera and species, and naming the Precambrian supercontinent Rodinia[4] and the superocean Mirovia.[5][6] The Cambrian archeocyathid species Markocyathus clementensis was named in his honor in 1989.[7]

Early life and career

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McMenamin was born in Oregon,[3] earned his B.S. at Stanford University in 1979 and his PhD at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1984.[8] In 1980, while at Santa Barbara he met his future wife, Dianna, also a paleontology graduate student, with whom he would co-author several publications. He joined the staff at Mount Holyoke College in 1984.[9] In October 2021, he described a Jurassic-period dinosaur fossil in South Hadley, Massachusetts.[10]

Origins of complex life

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In 1995 McMenamin led a field expedition to Sonora, Mexico, that discovered fossils (550-560 million years old[11]) which McMenamin argued belonged to a diverse community of early animals and Ediacaran biota.[12] The paper was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America where it was reviewed by Ediacaran expert James G. Gehling. In 2011, McMenamin reported the discovery of the oldest known adult animal fossils, Proterozoic chitons from the Clemente Formation, northwestern Sonora, Mexico.[13][14][11] However, during earlier report by him, other researchers questioned about its affinity as biogenic fossils, which also predate the majority of Ediacaran biota by at least 50 million years.[15] Further up in this same stratigraphic sequence, McMenamin also discovered and named the early shelly fossil Sinotubulites cienegensis, a fossil that allowed the first confident Proterozoic biostratigraphic correlation between Asia and the Americas.[16] In Lower Cambrian strata higher in the stratigraphic sequence, McMenamin also discovered important stem group brachiopods belonging to the genus Mickwitzia.[17] During a Mount Holyoke College field trip to Death Valley, California, McMenamin and his co-authors found evidence indicating that the Proterozoic shelly fossil Qinella survived the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary.[18][14]

In 2012 McMenamin proposed that the enigmatic Cambrian trace fossil Paleodictyon was the nest of an unknown animal, a hypothesis which, if supported, may be the earliest fossil evidence of parental behavior, surpassing previous findings by 200 million years.[19] In his 2019 article 'Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians', McMenamin described Shenzianyuloma yunnanense, a new genus and species of Vetulicolia interpreted as bearing myotome cones, a notochord, and gut diverticula in its posterior section.[20]

Hypersea

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In an attempt to explain the unprecedented and rapid spread of vegetation over dry land surfaces during the middle Paleozoic, Mark and Dianna McMenamin proposed the Hypersea Theory.[9] Their Hypersea is a geophysiological entity consisting of eukaryotic organisms on land and their symbionts. By means of a process known as hypermarine upwelling, the expansion of Hypersea led to a dramatic increase in global species diversity and a one hundred-fold increase in global biomass.[21][22] Mark McMenamin's Hypertopia Option has been called one of only two "means by which planetary temperature can be stabilized."[23]

Critique of Neodarwinism

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Mark McMenamin has repeatedly criticized conventional Neodarwinian theory as inadequate to the task of explaining the evolutionary process. Joining with Lynn Margulis and the Russian symbiogeneticists, McMenamin has argued that symbiogenesis theory is important as one means of addressing the gap in our understanding of macroevolutionary change in conventional Neodarwinian terms.[24]

Phoenician coins

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In 1996, McMenamin proposed that Phoenician sailors discovered the New World c. 350 BC.[25] The Phoenician state of Carthage minted gold staters in 350 BC bearing a pattern in the reverse exergue of the coins, which McMenamin interpreted as a map of the Mediterranean with the Americas shown to the west across the Atlantic.[25][26] McMenamin later demonstrated that other (base metal) coins found in America were modern forgeries.[27]

Triassic kraken

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Mark McMenamin and Dianna Schulte McMenamin argued that a formation of multiple ichthyosaur fossils (belonging to the genus Shonisaurus) placed together at Berlin–Ichthyosaur State Park may represent evidence of a gigantic cephalopod or Triassic kraken that killed the ichthyosaurs and intentionally arranged their bones in the unusual pattern seen at the site.[28][29]

Opponents have challenged the theory as too far-fetched to be credible.[30][31] PZ Myers believes that a much simpler explanation is that the rows of vertebral discs may be a result of the ichthyosaurs having fallen to one side or the other after death and rotting in that position, while Ryosuke Motani, a paleontologist at the University of California, Davis, has alternately proposed that the bones may have been moved together by ocean currents because of their circular shape.[32] McMenamin has dismissed both of these concerns as not being in accord with either the sequence of bone placement or the hydrodynamics of the site.[33]

Mark and Dianna McMenamin presented new evidence favoring the existence of the hypothesized Triassic kraken on October 31, 2013 at the Geological Society of America annual meeting in Denver, Colorado.[34] Paleontologist David Fastovsky critiqued McMenamin's argument, saying that the fossil fragment used as evidence was too small to determine its origin and that the argument about currents didn't take into account the lack of knowledge about currents at the time and what would be needed to move the vertebrae. Fastovsky stated that the most likely scenario was one in which, once the tendons and ligaments holding the vertebrae together are gone, the vertebral column "sort of starts to fall over almost like a row of dominoes" with the most likely configuration for that to be the assemblage found.[35] Adolf Seilacher has noted that this ichthyosaur bone arrangement "has never been observed at other localities".[36]

In 2023, McMenamin described a fossil that he interpreted as upper beak rostrum of a large cephalopod and estimated total length of this animal at 28.6 metres (94 ft). Based on the morphology of the fossil, McMenamin rejected previous interpretation of the fossil as part of the hinge of a ramonalinid clam.[37]

Filmography

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Film and television
Year Title Role Notes
2006 Naked Science--Colliding Continents Miscellaneous Crew, Himself National Geographic
2007 How the Earth Was Made Himself History Channel
2013 America Unearthed Himself Committee Films TV Documentary

Books

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  • McMenamin, Mark A. S.; McMenamin, Dianna Schulte. (Jan 1990). The Emergence of Animals: The Cambrian Breakthrough. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06646-5.
  • McMenamin, Mark A. S.; McMenamin, Dianna Schulte (1994). Hypersea: Life on the Land. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07530-8.
  • McMenamin, Mark A. S. (1996). Carthaginian Cartography: A Stylized Exergue Map. Meanma Press. ISBN 0-9651136-1-2.
  • McMenamin, Mark A. S. (1998). The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the Earliest Complex Life. Columbia University Press.
  • McMenamin, Mark A. S. (Jun 2007). Science 101: Geology. Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-089136-7.
  • McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2009). Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution. Meanma Press. ISBN 978-1-893882-18-8.
  • McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2016). Dynamic Paleontology: Using Quantification and Other Tools to Decipher the History of Life. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-22776-4.
  • McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2018). Deep Time Analysis: A Coherent View of the History of Life. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-74255-7.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Mark McMenamin Faculty Profile". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  2. ^ McGoldrick, Debbie, ed. (2011). "Mark McMenamin". The Irish Voice Third Annual Irish Education 100 Special Supplement: S38.
  3. ^ a b Macone, Steve (June 3, 2007). "Out there". The Boston Globe.
  4. ^ Meert, J. G.; Powell, C. M. (2001). "Assembly and breakup of Rodinia". Precambrian Research. 110 (1–4): 1–8. Bibcode:2001PreR..110....1M. doi:10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00177-2.
  5. ^ McMenamin, Mark A.; McMenamin, Dianna L. (1990). "The Rifting of Rodinia". The Emergence of Animals. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06647-1.
  6. ^ Dutkiewicz, A.; Merdith, A. S.; Collins, A. S.; Mather, B.; Ilano, L.; Zahirovic, S.; Dietmar Müller, R. (2024). "Duration of Sturtian 'Snowball Earth' glaciation linked to exceptionally low mid-ocean ridge outgassing". Geology. 52 (4): 292–296. doi:10.1130/G51669.1. hdl:2440/140615.
  7. ^ Debrenne, F.; Gandin, A.; Rowland, S. M. (1989). "Lower Cambrian bioconstructions in Northwest Mexico (Sonora). Depositional setting, paleoecology and systematics of archaeocyaths". Geobios. 22 (2): 137–195. Bibcode:1989Geobi..22..137D. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(89)80127-5.
  8. ^ "Mark McMenamin Professor of Geology". Mount Holyoke College Geology Department. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  9. ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (October 1995). "Hypersea Invasion". Discover Magazine.
  10. ^ "Mount Holyoke College professor discovers a local dinosaur bone". New England Public Media. 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  11. ^ a b McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2018). Deep Time Analysis: A Coherent View of the History of Life. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-74255-7.
  12. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (10): 4990–4993. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.4990M. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.10.4990. PMC 39393. PMID 11607679.
  13. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (2011). "Fossil chitons and Monomorphichnus from the Ediacaran Clemente Formation, Sonora, Mexico". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 43 (5): 87.
  14. ^ a b McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2016). Dynamic Paleontology: Using Quantification and Other Tools to Decipher the History of Life. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-22776-4.
  15. ^ Waggoner, Ben (1999). "Biogeographic analyses of the Ediacara biota: a conflict with paleotectonic reconstructions". Paleobiology. 25 (4): 440–458. doi:10.1017/S0094837300020315. ISSN 0094-8373.
  16. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1985). "Basal Cambrian small shelly fossils from the La Ciénega Formation, northwestern Sonora, Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 59 (6): 1414–1425.
  17. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1992). "Two new species of the Cambrian genus Mickwitzia". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (2): 173–182. Bibcode:1992JPal...66..173M. doi:10.1017/S0022336000033680. S2CID 132405917.
  18. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S.; Hughes, W. A.; McMenamin, J. M. (2013). "Surviving the Cambrian Explosion: Qinella from Death Valley, California". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 45 (7): 112.
  19. ^ Barras, Colin (16 November 2012). "Leonardo fossil sketch may depict early nests". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11841. S2CID 191382775.
  20. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S. (11 August 2019). "Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians". Geosciences. 9 (8): 354. Bibcode:2019Geosc...9..354M. doi:10.3390/geosciences9080354.
  21. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S.; McMenamin, D. L. S. (1993). "Hypersea and the land ecosystem". BioSystems. 31 (2–3): 145–153. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(93)90043-c. PMID 8155847.
  22. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S.; McMenamin, D. L. S. (1994). Hypersea: Life on the Land. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07530-8.
  23. ^ McPherson, G. R.; Sirmacek, Beril Kallfelz; Massa, J. R.; Kallfelz, W.; Vinuesa, R. (2023). "The commonly overlooked environmental tipping points". Results in Engineering. 18: 101118. doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101118. S2CID 258399831.
  24. ^ Margulis, L.; McMenamin, M. A. S. (1990). "Kinetosome-centriolar DNA: Significance for endosymbiosis theory". Treballs de la Societat Catalana de Biologia. 41: 5–16.
  25. ^ a b Scott, J. M. 2005. Geography in Early Judaism and Christianity. Cambridge University Press, pp. 182–183.
  26. ^ McMenamin, M. A. 1997. The Phoenician World Map. Mercator's World 2(3): 46–51.
  27. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. (2000). Phoenicians, Fakes and Barry Fell: Solving the Mystery of Carthaginian Coins Found in America. Meanma Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-893882-01-0. Retrieved 8 February 2020. The putative Carthaginian coins must now be removed from the body admissible evidence favoring a pre-Columbian transatlantic crossing. It gives me some chagrin to admit this, as I had earlier come out mildly in support of the authenticity of these coins (McMenamin 1999b, 2000a, 2000b). Weak evidence (involving measurements of die axis; the Arkansas coin has a die axis [33 degrees] differing from the Alabama type coins [12 to 20 degrees]) in support of the authenticity of these coins (McMenamin 2000b) is superseded by the strong evidence in the current work.
  28. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S.; McMenamin, Dianna Schulte (Oct 2011). "Triassic Kraken: The Berlin Ichthyosaur Death Assemblage Interpreted as a Giant Cephalopod Midden". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 43 (5): 310.
  29. ^ "Psycho kraken made portraits from bones of prehistoric whale victims. Maybe..." Herald Sun. The Herald and Weekly Times. October 12, 2011.
  30. ^ Simpson, Sarah (October 11, 2011). "Smokin' Kraken?". Discovery News. Discovery Channel. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  31. ^ "Mythical Kraken-Like Sea Monster Might be Real: Researcher". International Business Times. The International Business Times Inc. October 12, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  32. ^ Than, Ker (October 11, 2011). "Kraken Sea Monster Account "Bizarre and Miraculous"". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
  33. ^ Flatow, Ira (October 14, 2011). "Seeing a Cephalopod in Ancient Bones". NPR Stories. National Public Radio. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  34. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S.; McMenamin, Dianna Schulte (2013). "The Kraken's back: New evidence regarding possible cephalopod arrangement of ichthyosaur skeletons". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 43 (5): 87.
  35. ^ Pappas, Stephanie (October 31, 2013). "The kraken rises! New fossil evidence revives sea monster debate". NBC News Science. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  36. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (2012). "Evidence for a Triassic Kraken: Unusual arrangement of bones at Ichthyosaur State Park in Nevada". 21st Century Science and Technology. 24 (4): 55–58.
  37. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2023). "A Late Triassic Nuculanoid Clam (Bivalvia: Nuculanoidea) and Associated Mollusks: Implications for Luning Formation (Nevada, USA) Paleobathymetry". Geosciences. 13 (3): 80. doi:10.3390/geosciences13030080. ISSN 2076-3263.
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