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Kafr Saba

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This article is about the Palestinian Arab village called Kafr Saba. For the Israeli suburban town of a similar name and in the nearby vicinity, see Kfar Saba.

Kafr Saba (Arabic: كفر سابا) was a Palestinian village famous for its shrine dating to the Mamluk period and for a history stretching back for two millennia.[6][7] In Roman times, it was called Capharsaba and was an important town in Palestine.[8] By around 1000, it was noted as a village with a mosque.[9] The people of Kafr Saba were said to have come from Hebron because of crop failures.[10]

Kafr Saba
كفر سابا
Mausoleum of Nabi Yamin, with riwaq (prayer hall) to the left.
Mausoleum of Nabi Yamin, with riwaq (prayer hall) to the left.
Etymology: the village of Sâba (from Aramaic )[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Kafr Saba (click the buttons)
Kafr Saba is located in Mandatory Palestine
Kafr Saba
Kafr Saba
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°10′52″N 34°56′14″E / 32.18111°N 34.93722°E / 32.18111; 34.93722
Palestine grid144/176
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictTulkarm
Date of depopulation15 May 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total9,688 dunams (9.688 km2 or 3.741 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total1,270[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesHak'ramim,[5] Beit Berl, Kfar Saba, Neve Yamin

The village was of its Palestinian residents[11][12]

Much of the village's ruins were built over as the neighboring Israeli town of Kfar Saba expanded in the late 20th century; the location of the built-up area of the village is now the Shikun Kaplan area of Kfar Saba, and part of it is known as the "Kfar Saba Archaeological Garden" or "Tel Kfar Saba".

Two domed maqams remain, located on either side of Route 55 between Kfar Saba and Qalqilya. The larger of the two is called the Tomb of Benjamin and is situated on the east side. About 40 meters (44 yd) away, on the west side of the road, is a much smaller shrine named Nabi Serakha.[13] The Tomb of Benjamin shrine sits on what has historically been considered by Jews to be the biblical character Benjamin[14] and was later taken over by the Breslov sect of Haredi Judaism.

History

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The origins of the name are not known – in Hebrew and Aramaic, it means 'grandfather village'. Residents of the village were said to be Hebronites who migrated to the area due to crop failures.[10]

Antiquity

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Excavations in Kafr Saba have revealed the remains of a large Roman bathhouse. Capharsaba was an important settlement during the Second Temple period[15][8] and is mentioned for the first time in the writings of Josephus in his account of the attempt of Alexander Jannaeus to halt an invasion from the north led by Antiochus XII Dionysus (Antiquities, book 13, chapter 15). Kfar Saba appears in the Talmud in connection to grain tithing and the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree.[15] Kfar Saba is mentioned in the Mosaic of Rehob, the oldest known Talmudic text, which dates from around the 3rd century.

In the Byzantine periods the ruins of the bathhouse were first converted into fish pools, and later into some form of industrial installation.[16]

Samaritan author Benyamim Tsedaka names the Baalah family as a Samaritan family who resided in Kafr Saba before their destruction or conversion.[17]

Around the year 985, al-Maqdisi described the place as a large village with a mosque that was situated on the road to Damascus.[9][18] In 1047 Nasir Khusraw described it as a town on the road to Ramla rich in fig and olive trees.[9]

A five-line inscription recording the grave of Sayf al-Din Bari, dated 1299–1300 CE was recorded within the shrine enclosure in 1922. The present location of this inscription is unknown.[19] A sabil or public water fountain is situated on the east side of the main enclosure. An inscription embedded on the right side of the sabil referred to the foundation of a fountain for the public by Tankiz, governor of Damascus in 1311–1312.[20]

Ottoman era

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In 1596, Kafr Saba was part of the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Bani Sa'b under the administrative banner of Nablus Sanjak. It had a population of 42 households and an estimated 231 persons, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 8,314 akçe. 3/24 the revenue went to a Waqf.[21]

In 1730, the Egyptian Sufi traveller al-Luqaimi visited Kafr Saba and saw the shrine for a local religious figure, the Tomb of Benjamin.[9] In 1808, a riwāq or arcaded prayer hall was constructed, according to a now vanished inscription. This riwāq occupies the south side of the main enclosure of the shrine.[22]

In the 1860s, the Ottoman authorities granted the village an agricultural plot of land called Ghabat Kafr Saba in the former confines of the Forest of Arsur (Ar. al-Ghaba) in the coastal plain west of the village.[23][24]

In the 1870s, the village of Kafr Saba was described as a village built of stone and adobe brick and was situated on a low hill. It contained a mosque and was surrounded by sandy ground with olive groves to the north. Its population was estimated to be 800.[25]

In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiyah (sub-district) of Bani Sa'b.[26]

Part of the village was sold to the Jewish Colonisation Association during the Ottoman period. Jewish immigrants to Palestine established a moshava on the land and called it Kfar Saba.[27]

British Mandate era

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In the 1922 census there were 546 villagers, all Muslim,[28] increasing in the 1931 census to a population of 765, still all Muslims, in a total of 169 houses.[29]

 
Kafr Saba 1942 1:20,000
 
Kafr Saba 1945 1:250,000

The village expanded in the British Mandate period; new houses were built along the highway, and new agricultural land were cultivated to the west of the village.[9] In the 1945 statistics it had population of 1,270 Muslims,[2] while the total land area was 9,688 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 1,026 dunums were used for citrus and bananas, 4,600 dunums for cereals, while 355 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, of which 30 dunums were planted with olive trees.[30]

1948 war and aftermath

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Further information: 1948 Palestine war and 1948 Palestinian expulsion

In the months leading up to the 1948 war, the local militia from Kafr Saba had attacked the neighboring Jewish town of Kfar Saba several times. The Arab Liberation Army (ALA), an army consisting of volunteers from several neighboring Arab countries, supported the Kafr Saba militia with troops during these intermittent attacks.[31]

Historian Saleh Abdel Jawad writes that a massacre occurred in the village on 14 May, killing 11-20.[32]

The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, described the remaining structures on the village land in 1992:

"The village site has been used for the construction of new residential quarters within an industrial area that is part of the settlement of Kefar Sava. Some of the old village houses have survived destruction and are located today within the settlement; a number of them are used as commercial buildings. The two shrines, the school, and the ruins of the village cemetery remain. The shrines have arched entrances and are surmounted with domes. The land around the site is cultivated by Israelis."[33]

 
Archeological Garden on the remains of the village area of Kafr Saba.

After the war, the shrine near the town was abandoned. After 1967, the ruin was taken over by the Breslov sect of Hasidic Judaism, which claimed it was the Tomb of Benjamin, father of Tribe of Benjamin, one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.[34] Meron Benvenisti writes in 2002, "the dedicated inscriptions from the Mamluk period remain engraved on the stone walls of the tomb, but the cloths embroidered with verses from the Qur'an, with which the gravestones were draped, have been replaced by draperies bearing verses from the Hebrew Bible."[35] Benvenisti frames this transformation, and others similar to it, in the context of, "a wholesale appropriation of the sacred sites of a defeated religious community by members of the victorious one."[36]

The Jewish town of Kfar Saba, founded in 1903, was situated southwest of the village on the eve of the war. Following the war, it expanded to cover much of the village land. The location of the built-up area of the village is now the Shikun Kaplan area of modern Kfar Saba, and part of it is known as the "Kfar Saba Archaeological Garden" or "Tel Kfar Saba".

Beit Berl, established in 1947 northwest of the village site, is on village land. The moshav of Neve Yamin was established in 1949 to the east of the village site on land around the shrine for al-Nabi Yamin. The Kibbutz of Nir Eliyahu was established in 1950 about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) northeast of the village site, on lands of nearby Qalqilyah.[33]

References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 174
  2. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 21
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 75
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #193, Also gives the cause for depopulation
  5. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii: settlement #106, 1949.
  6. ^ Masalha 2007, p. 69
  7. ^ Waked, Ali (2005-05-15), "Palestinians mark 'catastrophe'", Ynetnews, ynet, retrieved 2009-08-13
  8. ^ a b Vilnai, Ze'ev (1976). "Kefar-Sava". Ariel Encyclopedia (in Hebrew). Vol. 4. Israel: Am Oved. pp. 3790–96.
  9. ^ a b c d e Khalidi, 1992, p. 555.
  10. ^ a b Grossman, D. "The expansion of the settlement frontier of Hebron's western and southern fringes". Geography Research Forum, 5, 1982, p. 64.
  11. ^ Benvenisti, 2002, p. 273
  12. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 246-247
  13. ^ Petersen, 2001, pp. 233, 235
  14. ^ Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk eras : proceedings of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd international colloquium organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 1992, 1993, and 1994. D. De Smet, Urbain Vermeulen, K. d' Hulster, J. van Steenbergen, G. Schallenbergh, Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters. 1995. p. 424. ISBN 90-429-0671-5. OCLC 39157124.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ^ a b The Origin of the Name Capharsaba Archived 2008-05-23 at the Wayback Machine Kfar Sava Municipal Council
  16. ^ According to Ayalon, 1982. Cited in Petersen, 2002, p.233
  17. ^ Tsedaka, Benyamim (2010-04-23), "Samaritan Israelite Families and Households that Disappeared", Samaritans – Past and Present, De Gruyter, p. 230, doi:10.1515/9783110212839.5.221, ISBN 978-3-11-021283-9, retrieved 2024-03-06
  18. ^ Al-Maqdisi, cited in Le Strange, 1890, p. 471
  19. ^ Petersen, 2001, p. 235
  20. ^ Mayer, 1933, pp. 219-220, cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 235
  21. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 140. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 555
  22. ^ Petersen, 2001, p. 234
  23. ^ Marom, Roy, "The Contribution of Conder's Tent Work in Palestine for the Understanding of Shifting Geographical, Social and Legal Realities in the Sharon during the Late Ottoman Period", in Gurevich D. and Kidron, A. (eds.), Exploring the Holy Land: 150 Years of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Sheffield, UK, Equinox (2019), pp. 212-231
  24. ^ Marom, Roy (2022). "The Oak Forest of the Sharon (al-Ghaba) in the Ottoman Period: New Insights from Historical- Geographical Studies, Muse 5". escholarship.org. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  25. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 134. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 555
  26. ^ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. p. 255.
  27. ^ Karlinsky and Greenwood, 2009, pp. 158–159
  28. ^ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Tulkarem, p. 28
  29. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 57
  30. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 126. Also cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.555
  31. ^ Morris, 2008, p.164
  32. ^ Saleh Abdel Jawad, 2007, Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War. "14 May 1948: Kofr Saba (Qalqilya area): Indiscriminate killings occur. According to eyewitnesses, 11-20 people are killed after the occupation of the village by the Haganah. After the capitulation of the village, a young man, who tries to help his elderly father leave the village, is shot."
  33. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p.556.
  34. ^ "Nabi Yamin" at The Seven Wonders of Israel. Also Zeev Vilnay, Saintly Tombs of the Land of Israel (1985, Achi-ever Press, Israel), V.I, p. 182. Also Gideon Bar (2008), "Reconstructing the Past: The Creation of Jewish Sacred Space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967", Israel Studies, 13 (3): 1–21, doi:10.2979/ISR.2008.13.3.1, S2CID 144598350.
  35. ^ Benvenisti, 2002, p.277
  36. ^ Benvenisti, 2002, p.276

Bibliography

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