In Jainism, kulakara (also manu) refers to the wise men who teach people how to perform the laborious activities for survival.[1] According to Jain Cosmology, when the third ara (epoch) of the avasarpani (present descending half-cycle of cosmic age) was nearing its end, felicities due to ten type of Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling trees) started declining.[2] The number of the sages who thus appeared is said to be fourteen, the last of whom was Nabhirai, the father of the first tirthankara, ऋषभदेव.
Role
editJainism acknowledge a set of first law-givers who flourished in the present Avasarpini age (in the third division called susama-duhsama, when beings were born as twins and when the Kalpavriksha (wishing trees) used to provide them with necessary food, light and other necessities of life). The age of Kulakara was a primitive one, when arts and sciences were not known, and crime and punishment were in infancy.[3]
Fourteen Kulakaras
edit
Pratisruti
editThe first kulakara was Pratisruti whose height was 1,800 Dhanush and who lived for a tenth of a Palya. His twin (and female partner) was Swayamprabha. When the trees that shed strong light around them, in the state of the bhogabhumi disappeared and the sun and the moon became visible, the people, who saw them for the first time, were alarmed. It was Pratisruti who understood the cause of their appearance by his superior wisdom. He explained to them that the light of the trees had been too powerful thus far to enable the sun and the moon to be seen but now that that illumination had paled they became visible. The division of day and night dates from his time.[4][5]
He organized a punishment for those who attempted to steal, cause harm or commit any wrongdoing. This punishment involved muttering the phrase “Ha” sternly.
Sanmati
editPratishruti’s son Sanmati was the second Kulkar whose height was 1,300 Dhanush and who lived for one hundredth of a Palya. His female partner was Yashasvati. In his time the light of the trees had faded into insignificance, and even the stars became visible in the sky.[6][5]
Kshemankara
editThen came Kshemankara, after the lapse of a long long time. In his time animals began to be troublesome. Hitherto the feeding-trees had supplied men and animals with enough food; but now the conditions were changing, and every one had to look for himself. The distinction of domestic and wild animals dates from Kshemankara's time.[7][5]
Kshemandhara
editKshemandhara was the fourth manu who followed Kshemankara after a long interval of time. He is said to have devised weapons of wood and stone to drive away wild animals.[7][5]
Seemankara
editThe next manu was Seemankara. In his time, quarrels arose over the kalpa trees (wish-fulfilling trees).[8] He was called Seemankara, because he had fixed the seemas (boundaries) of proprietorship.[5]
Seemandhara
editSeemandhara was the next in order to appear. The quarrels had become more intense by his time over the disappearing kal'pa vrikshas (trees). He laid the foundation of individual ownership over the trees, and he also set marks on them.[7][5]
Vimalabahana
editVimalabahana was the seventh manu. He taught men how to utilise the services of domestic animals, and invented the tethering rope, the bridle and the like to keep them under control.[7][5]
Chakshusmana
editChakshusmana then appeared after the lapse of another long period of time. In his time the old order of bhogabhumi was so far changed that the parents did not die at the birth of their progeny. Some people were astonished at this and enquired the cause of the change from Chakshusmana, which he explained.[9][10]
Yasasvana
editYasasvana, the ninth kulakara. According to Jain texts, he taught the men how to regard their children as their own, and to bless them.[11][10]
Abhi Chandra
editThe tenth manu was Abhi Chandra, in whose time the old order of things underwent still further changes. The people now lived to play with their children; they also began to give them useful instruction. Because Abhi Chandra was the first to play with his children in moonlight he came to be known as Abhi Chandra (chandra signifying the moon).[11][10]
Chandrabha
editThe eleventh manu was Chandrabha, in whose time children came to be looked after better. His guidance was also very beneficial for mankind in certain other ways.[11][10]
Marud deva
editThe twelfth manu was Marud Deva. He is said to have taught the art of navigation.[11][10]
Prasenajit
editPrasenajit was the thirteen kulakara. According to Jain texts, in his time children came to be born with prasena (the amnion or membrane in which a child is born).[12] Before his time children were not wrapped in a membrane.[13][10]
Nabhi rai
editThe last of the kulakaras was Nabhi Rai. He was the father of Rishabhanatha.[14] Kulkara Nabhi taught the men how to cut the navel chord (nabhi). According to Jain texts, thick rain cloud began to gather in the sky freely in his time.[13][10]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 36-37.
- ^ Jain 2015, p. 7-8.
- ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987, p. 69.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 51.
- ^ a b c d e f g Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 14.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 52.
- ^ a b c d Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 53.
- ^ Lal 1991, p. 14.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 53-54.
- ^ a b c d e f g Natubhai Shah 2004, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 54.
- ^ Lal 1991, p. 15.
- ^ a b Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 55.
- ^ Jain Journal, 1999, p. 199
Sources
edit- Jain, Champat Rai (1929), Risabha Deva - The Founder of Jainism, Allahabad: The Indian Press Limited,
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Dehradun: Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, archived from the original on 16 September 2015
- Lālavānī, Gaṇeśa (1991), Jainthology
- Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1938-2
- Shah, Umakant P. (1987), Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 81-7017-208-X
