Gumbaynggir (also spelled Gumbaingari, Kumbainggar, Kumbaingeri, Gambalamam, and also called Baanbay) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Gumbaynggirr people, who are native to the Mid North Coast of New South Wales.
| Gumbaynggirr | |
|---|---|
| Kumbainggar | |
| Region | New South Wales, Australia |
| Ethnicity | Gumbaynggirr, Banbai, ?Ngamba |
Native speakers | 310 (2021 census)[1] (may include L2 speakers) |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kgs |
| Glottolog | kumb1268 |
| AIATSIS[3] | E7 |
| ELP | Gumbaynggir |
 | |
 Kumbainggar is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
History and description
editGumbaynggir is the only surviving language in the Gumbaynggiric family of Pama–Nyungan stock.[4]
It has a binary way of counting numbers.[citation needed]
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː | |
| Low | a aː |
Consonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar/ Retroflex |
Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | b | d | ɟ | ɡ |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
| Lateral | l | |||
| Trill | r | |||
| Approximant | w | ɻ | j |
Voiced stops may also be realised as voiceless sounds [p, k, c, t], when occurring in intervocalic positions.[5]
Revitalisation
editOrganised revitalisation of Gumbaynggir has been under way since 1986 when Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative was founded at Nambucca Heads.[6] Classes in Gumbaynggir are taught through the North Coast Institute of TAFE up to Certificate II level.
Muurrbay and Many Rivers Aboriginal Language Centre (MRALC) supports Aboriginal language revitalization through activities that include:[7][8]
- Providing access to linguistic expertise, and training for Aboriginal people.
- Recording languages wherever possible, and assisting with access to archival materials, providing a regional storage base for these materials.
- Producing language materials such as dictionaries or wordlists, grammars, learner's guides, transcriptions and translations.
- Providing community access to languages by using, and assisting communities to use information technology such as: Transcriber, Shoebox, Powerpoint and Adobe Audition.
- Employing linguists, Aboriginal language researchers and specialists in Information and Communication Technology.
- Raising awareness in the wider community about the value of Aboriginal languages.
In recent years, the Bularri Muurlay Nyanggan Aboriginal Corporation (BMNAC), established in 2010 by Gumbaynggirr and Bundjalung man Clark Webb, has made great efforts to revitalise the Gumbaynggirr language. The BMNAC started in 2010 when two after school learning centres were set up at Wongala Estate Aboriginal Reserve and Woolgoolga High School. A third after school Learning Centre was established at William Bayldon Primary School in Sawtell in 2012.[9]
Further efforts from the BMNAC saw the Gumbaynggirr Giingana Freedom School open in February 2022. The first independent Indigenous bilingual primary school to ever operate in New South Wales.[10] The school caters to students from K-2, and operates under the ethos of “Bularri Muurlay Nyanggan” meaning "Two Path Strong" in Gumbaynggirr language.[11]
Funding
editMuurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Cooperative Ltd at Bellwood receives funding from the following government organisations:
- The Australian Government has an Indigenous Languages Support (ILS) program which gives money to community driven digital and multi-media resources as a tool for maintenance, revival and development of native languages[12]
- New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs has funded the Muurrbay Centre Sydney-based Aboriginal Languages Summer School[13]
In November 2011, the Australian Government declared an Indigenous Protected Area for the Gumbaynggirr people. The Indigenous Protected Areas Act protects the native land of Indigenous Australians. The protection of the land ties into the spiritual beliefs of the Gumbaynggirr people and by protecting the land, the government is helping revitalise their culture.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- ^ Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxiv.
- ^ E7 Gumbaynggirr at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ "Kumbainggar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ^ Eades, Diana (1979). Gumbaynggir. Handbook of Australian Languages, Vol 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 245–362.
- ^ Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. "The Language Today". Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. "Gumbaynggirr Language Revitalisation". Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ Poetsch, Susan; Jarrett, Michael; Angelo, Denise (1 May 2019). "Learning and teaching Gumbaynggirr through story: Behind the scenes of professional learning workshops for teachers of an Aboriginal language". Language Documentation & Conservation. 13: 231–252. hdl:10125/24867. ISSN 1934-5275.
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ "Indigenous Languages Support (ILS)". Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. "Certificate II in Gumbaynggirr language & culture". Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ "Gumma Indigenous Protected Area". Retrieved 18 September 2020.