The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.[3][4] Most Kurdish people live in Kurdistan, which today is split between Iranian Kurdistan, Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkish Kurdistan, and Syrian Kurdistan.[5]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Turkey (14.7 million (18%)) Iran (8.1 million (10%)) Iraq (5.5 million (17.5%)) Syria (1.7 million (9.7%)) Western Europe: 1.5–1.7 million[1][2] Total: 31–32 million | |
| Languages | |
| Kurdish and Zaza–Gorani languages | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam (incl. Sufism), Shia Islam, Alevism, Yazidism, Yarsanism, with minorities of Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Iranian peoples |
Kurdistan
The bulk of Kurdish groups in Kurdistan are Sunni (mostly of the Shafi'i school), but there are significant minorities adhering to Shia Islam (especially Alevis), Yazidism, Yarsanism, Christianity and Judaism.[6][7][8]
Turkey
According to a report by Turkish agency KONDA, in 2006, out of the total population of 73 million people in Turkey there were 11.4 million Kurds and Zazas living in Turkey (close to 15.68% of the total population).[9] The Turkish newspaper Milliyet reported in 2008 that the Kurdish population in Turkey is 12.6 million; although this also includes 3 million Zazas.[10] According to the World Factbook, Kurdish people make up 18% of Turkey's population (about 14 million, out of 77.8 million people).[11] Kurdish sources put the figure at 10[12] to 15 million Kurds in Turkey.[13]
Kurds mostly live in Northern Kurdistan, in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. But large Kurdish populations can be found in western Turkey due to internal migration. According to Rüstem Erkan, Istanbul is the province with the largest Kurdish population in Turkey.[14]
Iran
From the 7 million Iranian Kurds, majority who are Sunni.[15] Shia Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam Province Province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan, Hamadan and Zanjan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan Province in northeastern Iran are also adherents of Shia Islam. During the Shia revolution in Iran the major Kurdish political parties were unsuccessful in absorbing Shia Kurds, who at that period had no interest in autonomy.[16][17][18] However, since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism has seeped into the Shia Kurdish area partly due to outrage against government's violent suppression of Kurds farther north.[19]
Iraq
Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurds also have a presence in Kirkuk, Mosul, Khanaqin, and Baghdad. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 50,000 in the city of Mosul and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq.[20][better source needed]
Kurds led by Mustafa Barzani were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. In March 1970, Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.[21] However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin.[22] The peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds. Moreover, in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the Algiers Accord, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk.[23] Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq.[24]
Syria
Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria and make up nine percent of the country's population.[25] Syrian Kurds have faced routine discrimination and harassment by the government.[26][27]
Syrian Kurdistan is an unofficial name used by some to describe the Kurdish inhabited regions of northern and northeastern Syria.[28] The northeastern Kurdish inhabited region covers the greater part of Hasakah Governorate. The main cities in this region are Qamishli and Hasakah. Another region with significant Kurdish population is Kobanê (Ayn al-Arab) in the northern part of Syria near the town of Jarabulus and also the city of Afrin and its surroundings along the Turkish border.
Many Kurds seek political autonomy for the Kurdish inhabited areas of Syria, similar to Iraqi Kurdistan in Iraq, or outright independence as part of Kurdistan. The name "Western Kurdistan" (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) is also used by Kurds to name the Syrian Kurdish inhabited areas in relation to Kurdistan.[29][30][31] Since the Syrian civil war, Syrian government forces have abandoned many Kurdish-populated areas, leaving the Kurds to fill the power vacuum and govern these areas autonomously.[32]
Transcaucasus
Armenia
According to the 2011 Armenian Census, 37,470 Kurds live in Armenia.[33] They mainly live in the western parts of Armenia. The Kurds of the former Soviet Union first began writing Kurdish in the Armenian alphabet in the 1920s, followed by Latin in 1927, then Cyrillic in 1945, and now in both Cyrillic and Latin. The Kurds in Armenia established a Kurdish radio broadcast from Yerevan and the first Kurdish newspaper Riya Teze. There is a Kurdish Department in the Yerevan State Institute of Oriental studies. The Kurds of Armenia were the first exiled country to have access to media such as radio, education and press in their native tongue[34] but many Kurds, from 1939 to 1959 were listed as the Azeri population or even as Armenians.[35]
Georgia
According to the 2002 Georgian Census, 20,843 Kurds live in Georgia[36] The Kurds in Georgia mainly live in the capital of Tbilisi and Rustavi.[37] According to a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees report from 1998, about 80% of the Kurdish population in Georgia are assimilated Kurds.[37]
Diaspora
There were also many Kurds among the Kurdish diaspora and in Red Kurdistan.[38][39]
Russia
According to the 2010 Russian Census, 63,818 Kurds live in Russia. Russia has maintained warm relations with the Kurds for a long time, During the early 19th century, the main goal of the Russian Empire was to ensure the neutrality of the Kurds, in the wars against Persia and the Ottoman Empire.[40] In the beginning of the 19th century, Kurds settled in Transcaucasia, at a time when Transcaucasia was incorporated into the Russian Empire. In the 20th century, Kurds were persecuted and exterminated by the Turks and Persians, a situation that led Kurds to move to Russia.[38]
Lebanon
The existence of a community of at least 125,000 Kurds[41] is the product of several waves of immigrants, the first major wave was in the period of 1925–1950 when thousands of Kurds fled violence and poverty in Turkey.[42] Kurds in Lebanon go back far as the twelfth century A.D. when the Ayyubids arrived there. Over the next few centuries, several other Kurdish families were sent to Lebanon by a number of powers to maintain rule in those regions, others moved as a result of poverty and violence in Kurdistan. These Kurdish groups settled in and ruled many areas of Lebanon for a long period of time.[43]: 27 Kurds of Lebanon settled in Lebanon because of Lebanon's pluralistic society.[44]
European Union
The Kurdish diaspora in the European Union is most significant in Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. Kurds from Turkey went to Germany and France during the 1960s as immigrant workers. Thousands of Kurdish refugees and political refugees fled from Turkey to Sweden during the 1970s and onward, and from Iraq during the 1980s and 1990s.
In France, the Iranian Kurds make up the majority of the community.[45] However, thousands of Iraqi Kurds also arrived in the mid-1990s.[46] More recently, Syrian Kurds have been entering France illegally[47]
In the United Kingdom, Kurds first began to immigrate between 1974 and 1975 when the rebellion of Iraqi Kurds against the Iraqi government was repressed. The Iraqi government began to destroy Kurdish villages and forced many Kurds to move to barren land in the south.[48] These events resulted in many Kurds fleeing to the United Kingdom. Thus, the Iraqi Kurds make up a large part of the community.[45] In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini came to power in Iran and installed Islamic law. There was widespread political oppression and persecution of the Kurdish community. Since the late 1970s the number of people from Iran seeking asylum in Britain has remained high.[48] In 1988, Saddam Hussein launched the Anfal campaign in the northern Iraq. This included mass executions and disappearances of the Kurdish community. The use of chemical weapons against thousands of towns and villages in the region, as well as the town of Halabja increased the number of Iraq Kurds entering the United Kingdom.[48] A large number of Kurds also came to the United Kingdom following the 1980 military coup in Turkey.[48] More recently, immigration has been due to the continued political oppression and the repression of ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq and Iran.[48] Estimates of the Kurdish population in the United Kingdom are as high as 200–250,000.[48]
In Denmark, there is a significant number of Iraqi political refugees, many of which are Kurds.[49]
In Finland, most Kurds arrived in the 1990s as Iraqi refugees.[50] Kurds in Finland have no great attachment to the Iraqi state because of their position as a persecuted minority. Thus, they feel more accepted and comfortable in Finland, many wanting to get rid of their Iraqi citizenship.[51]
From 1994 to 1999, 43,759 Kurds entered Greece illegally and of the 9,797 who applied for asylum 524 were granted it.[52]
North America
In the United States, estimates of the Kurdish population vary from 15,000[53] to 20,000[54] to 58,000.[55] During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, about 10,000 Iraqi refugees were admitted to the United States, most of which were Kurds and Shiites who had assisted or were sympathisers of the U.S. –led war.[56] Nashville, Tennessee has the nation's largest population of Kurdish people, with an estimated 8,000–11,000. There are also Kurds in Southern California, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Dallas, Texas.[57]
In Canada, the Kurdish community is 11,685[58] based on the Canadian Census 2011, among which the Iraqi Kurds make up the largest group of Kurds in Canada, exceeding the numbers of Kurds from Turkey, Iran and Syria. Kurdish immigration was largely the result of the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War and Syrian Civil War. Thus, many Iraqi Kurds immigrated to Canada due to the constant wars and suppression of Kurds and Shiites by the Iraqi government.[59]
Oceania
In Australia, Kurdish migrants first arrived in the second half of the 1960s, mainly from Turkey.[60] However, in the late 1970s families from Syria and Lebanon were also present in Australia.[60] Since the second half of the 1980s, the majority of Kurds arriving in Australia have been from Iraq and Iran; many of them were accepted under the Humanitarian Programme.[60] However, Kurds from Lebanon, Armenia and Georgia have also migrated to Australia. The majority live in Melbourne and Sydney.[60]
Japan
The Japanese government has not granted refugee status. While 3,415 Kurds have so far applied for refugee status, none has yet received it.[61]
Statistics by country
Dark green: Ethnicity statistics
Cyan: First language statistics
Light green: Other official measures
Autochthonous community
| Country | Official figures or estimates | Official figures in % | Further information |
|---|---|---|---|
 Turkey |
13,200,000 (1993 MRGI estimate)[62] 14,700,000 (2017 CFR estimate)[1] |
— | Kurds in Turkey |
 Iran |
6,100,000 (1993 MRGI estimate)[62] 8,100,000 (2017 CFR estimate)[1] |
— | Kurds in Iran |
 Iraq |
4,400,000 (1993 MRGI estimate)[62] 5,450,000 (2015 EPRS estimate)[63] |
— | Kurds in Iraq |
 Syria |
1,100,000 (1993 MRGI estimate)[62] 2,500,000 (2011 MRGI estimate)[64] |
— | Kurds in Syria |
Transcaucasus
Europe
| Country | Official figures or estimates | Official figures in % | Further information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Germany |
500,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 850,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 1,200,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | Kurds in Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 France |
60,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[87][85] 230,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 320,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | Kurds in France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Netherlands |
30,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 100,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 120,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | Kurds in the Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Sweden |
15,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 85,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 120,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | Kurds in Sweden | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Russia |
50,701 (2021 census)[88] | 0% | Kurds in Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Austria |
25,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 80,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 85,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | 2,133 (2001 census, Kurdish speakers)[89] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Belgium |
12,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 70,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 90,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 United Kingdom |
93,174[90][91] (2021 census, excludes Scotland) 66,677[92][91] (2021 census, Kurdish speakers, excludes Scotland) |
0.1% | Kurds in the United Kingdom | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Greece |
1,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 40,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 40,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | Kurds in Greece | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Norway |
2,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 25,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 30,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | 7,100 (2013 official estimate, Kurdish speakers)[93] Kurds in Norway | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Denmark |
12,000 (1993 KIP estimate)[85] 25,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 25,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | Kurds in Denmark | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Italy |
25,000 (2016 KIP estimate)[2] 25,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
— | – | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Switzerland |
14,699 (2012 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[94] 19,401 (2015 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[95] 90,000 (2023 KIP estimate)[86] |
0.2% 0.3% |
Kurds in Switzerland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Finland |
4,340 (2003 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[96] 17,270 (2003 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[96] |
0.1% 0.3% |
Kurds in Finland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Romania |
3,000 (2006 estimate)[97] | — | Kurds in Romania | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Ukraine |
2,088 (2001 census)[98] 302 (2014 Crimean census)[99] |
0% | Kurds in Ukraine
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Cyprus |
1,500 (2006 estimate)[100] | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Spain |
1,500 (2012 estimate)[101] | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Ireland |
818 (2016 census, Kurdish speakers)[102] | 0% |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Luxembourg
|
307 (2021 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[104] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Poland |
224 (2011 census)[105] | 0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Hungary |
291 (2001 census) 149 (2011 census) |
0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Moldova |
130 (2017 statistics)[106] | 0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Belarus |
126 (2009 census)[107] | 0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Latvia |
33 (2023 statistics)[108] | 0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Bulgaria |
128 (1992 census)[109] 147 (2001 census)[109] 105 (2011 census)[109] |
0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Czech Republic |
222 (2021 census)[110] | 0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
28 (2013 census)[111] | 0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Estonia |
23 (2011 census)[112] 50 (2021 census)[113] |
0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Serbia |
<12 (2011 census)[114] | 0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Lithuania |
5 (2001 census)[115] 25 (2010 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[116] 29 (2011 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[117] 8 (2012 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[118] 3 (2013 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[119] |
0% | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Croatia |
8 (2011 census)[120][121] | 0% | — |
Middle East
| Country | Est. population | Further information |
|---|---|---|
 Lebanon |
approx. 294,000 (2017 estimate)[41] | Kurds in Lebanon |
 Israel |
approx. 200,000 (Jews from Kurdistan)[122] | Kurds in Israel |
 Bahrain |
approx. 44,600[123] | — |
 Jordan |
approx. 30,000 (2012 estimate)[124] | Kurds in Jordan |
 Kuwait |
approx. 5,000 (1991 estimate)[125] | — |
Asia
| Country | Official figures | Official figures in % | Est. population | Further information | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Kazakhstan |
48,642 (2022 annual statistics)[126] | 0.3% | — | Kurds in Kazakhstan | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Kyrgyzstan |
13,171 (2009 census)[127][128] | 0.2% | — |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
 Turkmenistan |
4,387 (1989 census)[133] 6,097 (1995 census)[134] |
0.1% | — | Kurds in Turkmenistan
| ||||||||||||||||||||
 Afghanistan |
— | — | approx. 2,670[135] | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Uzbekistan |
1,839 (1989 census)[133] | 0% | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
 South Korea |
— | — | approx. 1,000[136] | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Japan |
— | — | approx. 2,000[137] | Kurds in Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Pakistan |
— | — | approx. 240[138] | Kurds in Pakistan | ||||||||||||||||||||
 Tajikistan |
7 (2010 census)[139] | 0% | — | — |
Americas and Oceania
| Country | Official figures | Official figures in % | Further information |
|---|---|---|---|
 United States |
28,152 (2016–2021 ACS)[140] | 0% | Kurds in the United States |
 Canada |
23,130 (2021 census)[141] 19,185 (2021 census, Kurdish speakers)[142] |
0.1% | Kurds in Canada |
 Australia |
10,171 (2021 census)[143] 9,893 (2021 census, Kurdish speakers)[144] |
0% 0% |
|
 New Zealand |
927 (2018 census)[145] | 0% |
- Notes
- ^b Official Azerbaijani records claim only 6,065 Kurds in 2009,[76][146] while Kurdish leaders estimate as much as 200,000. The problem is that the historical record of the Kurds in Azerbaijan is filled with lacunae.[147] For instance, in 1979 there was according to the census no Kurds recorded.[148] Not only did Turkey and Azerbaijan pursue an identical policy against the Kurds, they even employed identical techniques like forced assimilation, manipulation of population figures, settlement of non-Kurds in areas predominantly Kurdish, suppression of publications and abolition of Kurdish as a medium of instruction in schools.[148]
- ^c In the 2010 Russian Census, 23,232 people indicated Kurdish (Курды) as their ethnicity, while 40,586 chose Yazidi (Езиды) as their ethnicity.[149]
- ^d In the 2011 Armenian Census, 2,131 people indicated Kurdish (Քրդեր) as their ethnicity, while 35,272 indicated Yazidi (Եզդիներ) as their ethnicity.[33]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "The Time of the Kurds". CFR. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Diaspora Kurde (2016)". Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ The Kurdish Population by the Kurdish Institute of Paris, 2017 estimate. The Kurdish population is estimated at 15–20 million in Turkey, 10–12 million in Iran, 8–8.5 million in Iraq, 3–3.6 million in Syria, 1.2–1.5 million in the European diaspora, and 400k–500k in the former USSR—for a total of 36.4 million to 45.6 million globally.
- ^ Based on arithmetic from World Factbook and other sources cited herein: A Near Eastern population of 28–30 million, plus approximately a 2 million diaspora gives 30–32 million. If the highest (25%) estimate for the Kurdish population of Turkey, in Mackey (2002), proves correct, this would raise the total to around 37 million.
- ^ Gunter, Michael (2008). The Kurds Ascending. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-60370-7.
- ^ Bruinessen, Martin (2000). Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism Versus Nation-Building States: Collected Articles. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-975-428-177-4. OCLC 46851965. Radu, Michael (2003). Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7658-0166-1. OCLC 50269670.
- ^ Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-11584-2. OCLC 714725127.
- ^ Crane, Keith; Lal, Rollie; Martini, Jeffrey (2008). Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8330-4527-0. OCLC 259715774.
- ^ "Etnik Kimlikler: Anadil [Ethnic Identitites: Mother Tongue]". Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 [Social Structure Research 2006] (PDF) (Report). KONDA. September 2006. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
- ^ Milliyet. "Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!". Retrieved 2010-11-13.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency. "The World Factbook: Turkey". Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
- ^ Kurdish PKK chief Murat Karayilan says will spread to Turkish cities if we were attacked by Turkey
- ^ "Kurdish political rights and its impact on the Middle East economy and Stability. By Hiwa Nezhadian".
- ^ "En Büyük Şehri, İstanbul" Archived 2011-03-23 at the Wayback Machine, Time Türk, March 25, 2010.
- ^ "UNPO: Iranian Kurdistan". unpo.org. 9 May 2024.
- ^ Romano, David (2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-521-85041-X.
- ^ McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 270. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
- ^ Porter, Ellen; Prunhuber, Carol (2010). The Passion and Death of Rahman the Kurd: Dreaming Kurdistan. iUniverse. ISBN 9781440178153.
- ^ McDowall (1996). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 278. ISBN 1-85043-653-3.
- ^ Ghassemlou, A. R. (1993) [1978]. A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Olive Branch Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-1-56656-114-3.
- ^ G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 118–120, 1977
- ^ Introduction. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993).
- ^ G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.121, 1977
- ^ M. Farouk-Sluglett, P. Sluglett, J. Stork, Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq, MERIP Reports, July–September 1984, p.24
- ^ Background Note: Syria U.S. Department of State
- ^ "Syria: End Persecution of Kurds". Human Rights Watch. 26 November 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
- ^ Ian Black. Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says, The Guardian, 16 July 2010.
- ^ Morris, Loveday (9 August 2012). "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government". The Independent. London.
- ^ "Ankara Alarmed by Syrian Kurds' Autonomy". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ "Syrian Kurds more a chance than challenge to Turkey, if…". Al-Arabiya. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ "Syrian Kurdish moves ring alarm bells in Turkey". Reuters. 24 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ "Kurds seek autonomy in a democratic Syria". BBC World News. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Information from the 2011 Armenian National Census" (PDF). Statistics of Armenia (in Armenian). Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ^ The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook – P. 117. by Ronald Wixman
- ^ Mannerheim: Marshal of Finland – P. 210. by Alexandre Bennigsen, Stig Jägerskiöld, S. Enders Wimbush
- ^ a b "Ethnic Groups of Georgia: Censuses 1926 – 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
- ^ a b United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1 August 1998). Georgia: Treatment of the Kurds (Report). Refworld: The leader in Refugee Decision Support. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Kurds". Institute of Estonia (EKI). Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- ^ Ismet Chériff Vanly, “The Kurds in the Soviet Union”, in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 164: Table based on 1990 estimates: Azerbaijan (180,000), Armenia (50,000), Georgia (40,000), Kazakhstan (30,000), Kyrgyzstan (20,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Tajikistan (3,000), Turkmenistan (50,000), Siberia (35,000), Krasnodar (20,000), Other (12,000) (total 410,000).
- ^ РОССИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМА КУРДОВ. rau.su (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Lebanon – Languages". Ethnologue. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ A Modern History of the Kurds – Page 485 by David MacDowall
- ^ Lokman I. Meho; Kelly L. Maglaughlin. Kurdish Culture and Society: An Annotated Bibliography.
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- ^ a b McDowall 2000, 457.
- ^ Miller 2000, 101
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f Museum of London. "Belonging: Voices of London's Refugees". Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ^ Fadloullah 1994, 36.
- ^ Wahlbeck 2005, 1004.
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