The Yuin–Kuric languages are a group of mainly extinct Australian Aboriginal languages traditionally spoken in the south east of Australia. They belong in the Pama–Nyungan family.[1] These languages are divided into the Yuin, Kuri, and Yora groups, although exact classifications vary between researchers.[2] Yuin–Kuric languages were spoken by the original inhabitants of what are now the cities of Sydney and Canberra.
| Yuin–Kuric | |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Yuin, Eora, Koori |
| Geographic distribution | New South Wales, ACT, and SE Queensland, Australia |
| Linguistic classification | Pama–Nyungan
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | yuin1243 |
 Yuin–Kuric languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan). From southwest to northeast, the three groups are Yuin, Yora, and Kuri. | |
The name of this grouping was coined by Wilhelm Schmidt in 1919,[3] and it refers to the two groups which define the geographical extent of the subgroup. The labels of all three subgroups reflect the word for 'man' or 'Aboriginal person' in their respective included languages.
The koala is named from the word gula for the animal in the Dharug language,[4] a Yuin–Kuri language within the Yora group, and the same word occurs in other Yuin–Kuri languages, such as Gundungurra,[5] within the Yuin group.
As of 2020[update], Yuin is listed as one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers".[6]
Languages
editThe constituent languages are groups are arranged from southwest to northeast:
Yuin group
editThe Yuin (southern) group includes:
- The extinct[7] Tharawal languages spoken along the South Coast of New South Wales, including Thawa, Dyirringany, Thurga, Tharawal, and possibly Gweagal.
- Nyamudy language spoken by people around Canberra
- Ngarigo (Ngarigu) spoken by the Ngarigo people
- Ngunnawal, also known as Gundungurra (Gundungura, Gudungura, or Gandangara), spoken by the Ngunnawal people and Gandangara people in inland south-eastern New South Wales in the now Yass region.
Yora group
edit
some Yuin-Kuric languages
The Yora or Iyora (central) group is accepted by Dixon.[8]
- Dharug, an extinct language[7] which attempts are being made to revive.[9]
- Darkinjung, an extinct language.[7]
They were spoken in the region of Sydney.
Kuri group
editThe Kuri (northern) group has been reduced to its southernmost languages:
- Worimi languages: Worimi (Worimi, Katthang, Birrpayi), Awabakal
- Dunghutti language
Languages once classified as Kuric include Yugambal, Yuggarabul (Yuggera), and Nganyaywana (Anaiwan) further north.
Comparison
editJeremy Steele's partial reconstruction of the Sydney language[10] includes a comparison of pronouns in several Yuin–Kuric languages. The following partial and simplified version shows some of the similarities and differences across the family:
| Language | Group | I | You (singular) | He | We two (inclusive) | We two (exclusive) | We all (inclusive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gundungurra | Yuin | gula-ngGa, gula-nga | gulandyi | dhanaladhu | gulanga | gulangala(ng) | gulanyan, gulambanya(n) |
| Tharawal | Yuin | ngayagang(ga) | nyindigang | namarang | ngulgang | ngangaling(ga) | nyulgang(ga) |
| Awabakal | Kuri | ngaduwa | nginduwa | nyuwuwa | bali | balinuwa | ngiyin |
| Darkinjung | Yora | ngaya | nyindi, ngindi | nuwa | ngaliya | ngungaliya | ngiyang |
| Dharug | Yora | ngaya | nyindi, ngindi | nanu | ngali | — | — |
References
edit- ^ AIATSIS Language and Peoples Thesaurus Archived 9 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 23 Jan 2010.
- ^ Wafer, Jim; Lissarrague, Amanda (2008). "A handbook of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory". Nambucca Heads: Muurrbay Aboriginal Language & Culture Co-operative. pp. 101–193.
- ^ Schmidt, Wilhelm (1919). Die Gliederung der australischen Sprachen: Geographische, bibliographische, linguistische Grundzüge der Erforschung der australischen Sprachen. Vienna: Mechitharisten Buchdruckerei.
- ^ Dixon, R.M.W.; Moore, Bruce; Ramson, W. S.; Thomas, Mandy (2006). Australian Aboriginal Words in English: Their Origin and Meaning (2nd ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-19-554073-5.
- ^ Eugene Stockton, Blue Mountains Dreaming: The Aboriginal Heritage, Three Sisters Productions, 1993, p. 88, ISBN 0-646-14883-4.
- ^ "Priority Languages Support Project". First Languages Australia. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ a b c Christopher Moseley, Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0-7007-1197-X.
- ^ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
- ^ See the William Dawes web site, accessed 23 Jan 2010.
- ^ Jeremy Steele's Master of Arts thesis, 2005