Kurram District (Urdu: ضلع کرم) is a district in the Kohat Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The name Kurram comes from the river Kwarma (Pashto: کورمه) in Pashto which itself derives from the Sanskrit word Krumu (Sanskrit: क्रुमुः).[3][4][5]
Kurram District
ضلع کرم | |
|---|---|
.jpg)  Top: View of Kurram from Paktia Border Bottom: Mountains near Parachinar | |
 Kurram District (red) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | |
| Country |  Pakistan |
| Province |  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| Division | Kohat |
| Headquarter | Parachinar |
| Number of Tehsils | 3 |
| Government | |
| • Type | District Administration |
| • District Health Officer | N/A |
| Area | |
| 3,380 km2 (1,310 sq mi) | |
| Population | |
| 785,434 | |
| • Density | 230/km2 (600/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 45,471 |
| • Rural | 739,963 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |
| Main language | Pashto (98.6%) (1998 census)[1]: 20 |
| Website | kurram |
Until 2018, it functioned as an agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. However, with the merger of the FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it attained the status of a district. Geographically, it covers the Kurram Valley region which is a valley in the northwestern of Pakistan.[6] Most of the population is Pashtun and the main religion is Islam (Shia and Sunni) in Kurram. Major tribes living in the Kurram District are Bangash, Turi, Orakzai, Wazir, Mamozai, Muqbil, Zazai, Mandan(Banusi), Paracha(non Pashtuns), Mangal, Ghilzai, Para Chamkani, Hazara and Khoshi tribe (Persian speaking tribe).
Up until the year 2000, when the previous administrative divisions were abolished, the Kurram District was part of the Peshawar Division in the North-West Frontier Province (Now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of Pakistan.[citation needed]
Description
editThe name Kurram comes from the river Kurram, which flows along the valley. In the north it is surrounded by snow-caped mountains of the Safed Koh, locally known as Spīn Ghar in the Pashto language. These mountains also border Afghanistan with the district. Geographically, the Kurram District is a connecting bridge as it interfaces with three provinces of Afghanistan: Khost, Paktia and Nangarhar (Tora bora).
Kurram District is located in the erstwhile FATA and its major tribes are Bangash, Turi, Orakzai, Para-Chamkani, Mangal, Alisherzai, Muqbil, Khuaidadkhel and Masozai.
In the Lower Kurram District, Sadda is a scenic place where tribes such as the Bangash reside and Sadda has natural richness depended upon hills and mountain with evergreen forests and fields for growing crops like rice and wheat.
The Kurram River drains the southern flanks of the Safed Koh mountain range, and enters the Indus plains north of Bannu.[7] It flows west to east and crosses the Paktia Province Afghan-Pakistan border at 33°49′N 69°58′E / 33.817°N 69.967°E about 80 km (50 mi) southwest of Jalalabad, and joins the Indus near Isa Khel after a course of more than 320 km (200 mi). The district has an area of 3,310 km2 (1,280 sq mi);[7] the population according to the 1998 census was 448,310.[8] It lies between the Miranzai Valley. It is inhabited by the Bangash and Mangal tribes.
History
edit
In the Rigveda, the Kurrum is mentioned as Krumu.[3] The Kurram Valley in ancient times offered the most direct route to Kabul and Gardez. The route crossed a pass 3,439 metres (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km (12 mi) west of modern Parachinar and Sadda, that was blocked by snow for several months of the year.
The valley is highly irrigated, well populated and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards, and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mughal emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan.[7] According to the Gazetteer of Kurram, the richness of the land gradually weaned the Turks from their nomadic life. Sections built villages and settled permanently; they ceased to be Kuchi and became Kothi this abandonment of their nomadic habits by the majority of the resulted, as it was bound to do, in a contraction of the area in effective possession. The upper Kurram plain was safe as their headquarters, but hills and slopes below the Safed Koh and Mandher over which their graziers had kept an efficient watch, now afforded a menace as a place in which an encroaching tribe could establish itself. To guard against this settlements of Mangals and Muqbils were half invited half allowed to push themselves in conditions of vassalage, and on promise to afford a buttress against any enemy aggression. In the lower Kurram, where for climatic reasons candidates for settlements were fewer, the problem was not easily solved. The Chardi Turis seem to have been the first to abandon their nomadic life. As the numbers who went down to graze every year became less, the area under control contracted. Sangroba and Hadmela were left far behind and as the Turis receded the Watizai Zaimushts gradually pushed in, until all that was left was a settlement at and about Alizai. On the western side the Saragallas retained, and still largely retain their habits. They too put in settlements around Biliamin and after much intervening warfare had finally to admit Bangashes brother not as vassals, but for the rest they retain unimpaired the rights on the western bank which they acquired at the time the conquest.
With Chardis this was for from being the course left unsupported by their Kuchis they maintained a precarious existence at Alizai until even then they had to give three-fifths of their land to the Watizai Zaimushts in return for their assistance in a feud they had entered upon with Bilyamin. Consequently, the hills and the grazing grounds passed from the Turizun to the Zaimushtzun and as the other Zaimushts section being unopposed had settled themselves on the left bank below Sadda.
In the early 19th century the Kurram Valley was under the government of Kabul, and every five or six years a military expedition was sent to collect the revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at free quarters on the people. It was not until about 1848 that the Turis were brought directly under the control of Kabul, when a governor was appointed, who established himself in Kurram. The Turis, being Shias, never liked Afghan rule.[7]
During the second Afghan War, when Sir Frederick Roberts advanced by way of the Kurram Valley and the Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him every assistance in their power, and in consequence, their independence was granted them in 1880.[7]
The administration of the Kurram Valley was finally rendered to British authorities, at the request of the Turis themselves, in 1890. Technically it ranked, not as a British district, but as an agency or administered area. Two expeditions in the Kurram Valley also require mention:[7]
(1) The Kurram expedition of 1856 under Brigadier-General Sir Neville Chamberlain. The Turis, on the first annexation of the Kohat district by the British, had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to infest the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance, and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages in the Kohat district. Accordingly, in 1856 British forces numbering 4,896 troops traversed their country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future good conduct.[7]
(2) The Kohat-Kurram expedition of 1897 under Colonel W. Hill. During the frontier risings of 1897 the inhabitants of the Kurram valley, chiefly the Massozai section of the Orakzais, were infected by the general excitement, and attacked the British camp at Sadda and other posts. A force of 14,230 British troops traversed the country, and the tribesmen were severely punished. In Lord Curzon's reorganization of the frontier in 1900–1901, British troops were withdrawn from the forts in the Kurram Valley and were replaced by the Kurram militia, reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly drawn from the Turi tribe.[7]
In recent years the Kurram Valley has once again assumed a strategic position and has been the site of intense Taliban activities. The armed forces of Pakistan extended their major offensive against Al-Qaeda and Taliban elements in FATA dubbed Operation Rah-e-Nijat to Kurram in December 2009.[9]
Archeological findings
editAhmad Hasan Dani has recorded several findings in the North Waziristan area.
The nearest Kharoshti finds are the Kurram Casket inscription of the year 20, recovered from the Kurram Valley.[10]
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 99,908 | — |
| 1961 | 121,199 | +1.95% |
| 1972 | 191,204 | +4.23% |
| 1981 | 249,681 | +3.01% |
| 1998 | 430,796 | +3.26% |
| 2017 | 705,362 | +2.63% |
| 2023 | 785,434 | +1.81% |
| Sources:[11][2] | ||
As of the 2023 census, Kurram district has 94,548 households and a population of 785,434. The district has a sex ratio of 107.51 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 35.22%: 49.39% for males and 20.65% for females. 275,458 (35.07% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 45,471 (5.79%) live in urban areas.[2] 2,642 (0.34%) people in the district were from religious minorities, mainly Christians.[12] Pashto was the predominant language, spoken by 99.19% of the population.[13] Nearly half the population of nearly 800,000 are Shiite Muslims.[14]
Administrative divisions
editKurram District is currently subdivided into three Tehsils.[15]
- Central Kurram Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل کرم وسطی)(Pashto: منځنی کرم تحصیل)
- Lower Kurram Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل کرم زیریں)(Pashto: ښکته کرم تحصیل)
- Upper Kurram Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل کرم بالا)(Pashto: پورتنۍ کرم تحصیل)
Parachinar Čoṇə́i (Cantonment)
editParachinar is the administrative headquarter of Kurram valley. It has offices of Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Kurram Police, and Kurram Militia, a part of the Frontier Corps (FC) and Pak Army. It is located northwest of the valley. This makes it a part of Upper Kurram. Governor cottage, Shalozan House, Circuit House and Passport office are also located in cantonment area. The name of Parachinar comes from 'Para' (Paarha), one of the tribes of the valley and 'Chinar', the maple trees which are found in abundance in the region and Parachinar in particular. The old name of Parchinar was Tutki and the inhabitants of Tutki were called Tutkiwal and even still, the Afghans call it Tutki. The town (sometimes listed as a city) of Parachinar has a population of around five thousand predominantly {Turi}, {Bangash} and {jaji}.[16] The town has government hospital and many government schools.
Provincial Assembly
edit| Member of Provincial Assembly | Party Affiliation | Constituency | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Muhammad Riaz | Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) | PK-108 Kurram-I | 2018 |
| Syed Iqbal Mian | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | PK-109 Kurram-II | 2018 |
Climate
editClimate of the valley remains pleasant most of the summer however in winters minimum temperature is usually below freezing point, occasionally mercury drop below -10 degree Celsius.[17] Parachinar is ranked the fourth-coldest location in Pakistan[18] by the weather charts website "Climate-Charts" that uses data available from the World Meteorological Organization.
The northern and western heights of the valley receive snowfalls in winters. Much of the precipitations occur during spring and summer season. Autumn and winter are usually dry. Due to its climatic condition Kurram Agency is known for certain agricultural products throughout Pakistan such as peanut, bean, tomatoes and coarse rice. Wild olive trees are abundantly found along other trees and plants. Maple (chinar) is the identity of Kurram Agency especially Parachinar.
Terrorism issue
editTaliban
editKurram was a stronghold of the TTP till 2008 when the Pakistani Army ordered a military operation in the Agency to flush out the militants. The military offensives Operation Khwakh Ba De Sham and Operation Koh-e-Safaid, ended in 2011 with the Lower and Upper Subdivisions of the agency falling back into the Pakistani control. In August, 2012, the Upper and Lower Subdivisions were de-notified as Conflict zones while as a military operation continued in Masozai Area of Central Kurram Agency. The writ of the Government of Pakistan was restored more or less whole of the Kurram Agency by 2012 as result of the militay operations that pushed back militants back into the Afghanistan.[19][20]
The Kurram faction of Haqqani Network is commanded by the notorious Fazal Saeed Haqqani who is known for his bloody ambushes against Shia community of Kurram Agency. He has thousands of armed supporters from local tribes of Bangash, Watizai, and Daudzai.[21]
Sectarianism
editKurram Agency has become increasingly victimized by sectarian violence as tensions grew between the Shiites and Sunnis of the agency.[22][23][24][25]
Notable people
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b 1998 Census report of Kurram Agency. Census publication. Vol. 140. Islamabad: Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. 2000.
- ^ a b c "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 1" (PDF). www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ a b Rigvida. "The Northwestern Rivers". The Geography of the Rigveda-Chapter 4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ Morgenstierne, Georg (2003). A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. Reichert. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-89500-364-6.
Kuram'a f. - "the river Kurram". Early Loanword < Indo-Aryan, Rig-Veda krumu - f.
- ^ "Sanskritdictionary.com: Definition of krumuḥ". sanskritdictionary.com. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ The Kurram Valley Archived 2013-10-20 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c d e f g h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kurram". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 953.
- ^ "Population (FATA, 1998) - Fata.gov.pk". Archived from the original on 25 November 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
- ^ Tariq, Saeed (17 December 2009). "Operation Rah-e-Nijat, 38 more militants killed". The Pakistan Observer. Pakistan: HURMAT GROUP. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- ^ Senarat Paranavitana, Leelananda Prematilleke, Karthigesu Indrapala, and Johanna Engelberta Lohuizen-De Leeuw, Senarat Paranavitana commemoration volume, Vol. 7 (EJ Brill), p. 47.
- ^ "Population by administrative units 1951-1998" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 9" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 11" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ ur-Rehman, Zia (21 November 2024). "At Least 38 Killed as Gunmen Ambush Shiite Convoys in Pakistan".
- ^ "DISTRICT AND TEHSIL LEVEL POPULATION SUMMARY WITH REGION BREAKUP [PDF]" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan website. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ^ Al-Jazeera News (7 April 2007), "Parachinar placed under curfew", Al-Jazeera Online
- ^ Bureau report (26 January 2010), "Weather to remain dry, cold", The News International, pp. Online, retrieved 26 February 2010
- ^ Casey, Joseph B., "Climates Charts: Parachinar, Pakistan", World Climate Home, archived from the original on 26 December 2018, retrieved 26 February 2010
- ^ Ali, Zulfiqar (6 August 2012). "South Waziristan operation: Only Sararogha cleared in three years". Dawn.
- ^ "Operation Koh-e-Sufaid: Kayani visits Kurram to mark end of campaign". The Express Tribune. Karachi, Pakistan. 18 August 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ Khattak, Daud (1 July 2011). "The Significance of Fazal Saeed's Defection from the Pakistani Taliban". Combating Terrorism Center. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ Dawn (18 August 2011). "Army ends operation in Central Kurram". Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "Pakistan bomb attacks kill at least 57 and injure many more". The Guardian. 27 July 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "The Pakistani tribe that is taking on the Taliban". BBC. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ Shah, Saeed (24 December 2010). "Al Qaida-allied Afghan fighters seek new Pakistan haven". McClatchy Washington Bureau. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ "PK-96 Election Result 2024 Kurram 2, Candidates List".
Bibliography
edit- Martin, Gerald (1879). "Survey Operations of the Afghanistan Expedition; The Kurram Valley." In Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 1, No. 10 (Oct. 1879), pp. 617-645.
- Bowles, Gordon T. (1977). The People of Asia. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- Scott-Moncrieff, Major-General Sir George K. "The Roads of the North-West Frontier." Blackwood's Magazine, No. MCCCIV, Vol. CCXV, June 1924, pp. 743–757.
- Swinson, Arthur (1967). North-West Frontier. Frederick A. Praeger, New York, Washington.