Pedestrian and cycling bridge over Saint Volodymyr Descent (Ukrainian: Пішохідно-велосипедний міст через Володимирський узвіз, romanized: Pishokhidno-velosypednyi mist cherez Volodomyrskyi uzviz), also known as Klitschko Glass Bridge (Скляний міст Кличка, Sklianyi mist Klychka),[1] is a bridge connecting two parks in Kyiv, Ukraine—the Saint Volodymyr Hill and Khreshchatyi Park—over the street Saint Volodymyr Descent. It is used by pedal cycles and pedestrians only.[2] Built over five months at a cost of 275 million hryvnia, the bridge was opened by Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko on 25 May 2019.[3]
Pedestrian and cycling bridge over Saint Volodymyr Descent Пішохідно-велосипедний міст через Володимирський узвіз | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Coordinates | 50°27′19″N 30°31′42″E / 50.45517°N 30.52827°E |
| Carries | pedestrians, cyclists |
| Crosses | Saint Volodymyr Descent |
| Locale | Kyiv, Ukraine |
| Official name | Pedestrian and bicycle bridge over Saint Volodymyr Descent |
| Other name(s) | Klitschko Glass Bridge |
| Characteristics | |
| Material | Glass, steel |
| History | |
| Architect | Andriy Myrhorodskyi Proektni Systemy LTD |
| Constructed by | SpetsAvtoBud |
| Fabrication by | Azovstal Okean |
| Construction start | December 2018 |
| Construction end | May 2019 |
| Construction cost | $10 000 000 |
| Opened | May 25, 2019 |
| Location | |
 | |
History
editBackground
edit
The original idea of the bridge between two parks belongs to a Ukrainian architect Vasyl Krychevsky. The bridge was supposed to be a part of Kyiv Government Center project made for architecture contest that was held in 1934, when Kyiv regained its status as the Ukrainian capital. Krychevsky designed the traffic viaduct that was planned to connect the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Council of People's Commissars. He was praised for the viaduct project, but his variant of Government Center was dismissed.[4]
In the independent Ukraine, the plan of building the bridge was brought back up in 2006. At the meeting of Kyiv Architecture Department on September 6 Heorhiy Dukhovnychyi presented the project of a shopping mall with offices and apartments at Saint Volodymyr Descent. The building featured a bridge over the descent, making it similar to Kyiv's central shopping mall Globus that was built in 2002 and had a similar bridge connecting its roof with a park. The project was approved for further development, but it had never ended up anything more than a concept.[5]
In 2013, Kyiv City State Administration decided that there had to be a bridge between two parks, and it had to be opened in 2014. The contest where Kyiv citizens had to choose the best project took place in May. The contest was international and featured participants from different countries: ipv Delft from Netherlands, Buro Happold from United Kingdom, Asadov Architectural Studio from Russia, Leuppi & Schafroth Architekten from Switzerland, RR Architectes from Spain and two projects from Ukraine, one from Soyuzdorproekt and one from Kyivdormostproekt.[6] However, the contest failed because of the split of opinion – the citizens chose a project from the Netherlands while the contest judges couldn't decide between Spain and Switzerland.[7]
Final project
edit
The order to build a new pedestrian and bicycle bridge was issued by Kyiv City State Administration in February 2017, the project's architect had to be decided in a contest.[8] In October 2018, Proektni Systemy LTD was chosen as a winner with a project of Andriy Myrhorodskyi, it featured a 210 meters long steel bridge with glass elements.[9] In November, SpetsAvtoBud had won the tender to build the footbridge, structural steel with ultimate tensile strength of 420 MPa for the construction was fabricated in Azovstal and Okean.[10]
The land preparation began in December 2018. The construction of piers was started in February 2019, the descent was temporarily narrowed with fence to place the cranes. The installation of spans began in March, the final one was installed in April, Klitschko posted a video in Facebook where, following the tradition, the champagne bottle was placed between two spans to be broken during the locking.[11] In May, the installation of glass panels began as well as repair of park space near the bridge that was cleared up for the construction.
On 25 May 2019 during the celebration of Day of Kyiv, the bridge was opened by Mayor of Kyiv Vitaly Klitschko and his brother Volodymyr, they've jumped on one of the glass panels several times to prove the safety of the structure. Vitaly stated that the construction lasted five months and was finished in time, he said that the workers from Zaporizhzhia, Dnipro, Lviv, Konotop, Rivne and Kyiv were involved in the construction working 24 hours a day and this work united all the Ukrainians.[12]
On 13–14 June 2019, the bridge was closed to install the armored glass, apply the markings and clean up the bridge.[13]
On 30 June 2019, additional security cameras had been installed on the bridge.[14]
On 24 November 2021, in Saint Volodymyr Hill Park near the bridge, the bronze scale model of it was opened as a part of the program of popularization of tourism among the disabled people. The model has an information board in Ukrainian and English braille and a QR code for more information with sign language translation. The model has been approved by a head of All-Ukrainian Parliament of Working Disabled People.[15]
Criticism
editWhen the bridge was under construction, Ukrainian Ministry of Culture sent a letter to Kyiv City State Administration to ask for canceling the project because of Volodymyr hills being an object of UNESCO Word Heritage.[16] The administration refused to stop the construction stating that its location is outside of the Sofia Cathedral's buffer zone which makes it completely legal.[17] In March 2019, Mayor of Kyiv Vitali Klitschko alongside director of Historical Heritage Olena Serdiuk had visited the UNESCO headquarters in Paris to present the project of Kyiv's tourist route and to prove the legality of the new bridge.[18] UNESCO's consulting mission decided to visit Kyiv in April.
Plagiarism accusations
editIn May 2019, Swiss architect Stefanie M. Schafroth, the co-founder of Leuppi & Schafroth Architekten, stated that Andrii Myrhorodskyi from Proektni Systemy LTD stole their project of the bridge that had won the contest back in 2013 for which they still didn't get their prize money promised by Kyiv. She also added that the cost of Swiss project was $6 million while the Ukrainian one increased it to $10 million.[19] Andriy Myrhorodskyi called Stefanie's accusations 'complete nonsense' because his company was working on the footbridge project since 2010, making the plagiarism impossible in this situation. Andrii was supported by the transport infrastructure expert Viktor Petruk who made a detailed comparison of two projects in Facebook, where he had shown that while Andriy's project consisted of several strait spans, Stefanie's project had one S-shaped span. Viktor compared the accusations to looking for similarities between the jaguar ornament from Jaguar XK140 and the deer ornament from GAZ-21, where the deer is a Swiss project.[20]
Corruption accusations
editState Architecture and Construction Inspection refused to put the Glass Bridge into operation because Kyiv Prosecution Office was investigating the embezzlement of state funds during the construction, suspecting architects, construction contractors and Kyiv City State Administration.[21]
In 2019, the Head of Office of the President Andriy Bohdan stated that he is contacting the law enforcement about the overpricing of the construction of Podilsko-Voskresenskyi, Shuliavskyi and Glass bridges and is asking the government to fire Vitaly Klitschko from Kyiv City State Administration. In response, Klitschko stated that the bridge had become an element of the political struggle against him. He also called the information about corruption a lie and stated that the takeover of authorities of the city administration oppose the European practice of city municipality.[22]
On 5 July 2019, Vitaly Klitschko sued the owner of 1+1 TV channel Oleksandr Tkachenko for journalists 'manipulating' to lie about corruption during the construction of the bridge. Vitaly stated that the price of the bridge increased because it included the price of Saint Volodymyr Hill work.[23]
On 18 February 2020, Vitaly Klitschko posted the results of the examinations at his Facebook page. The experts denied the embezzlement of state funds but instead proved the saving of 100 million hryvnias. The total cost of bridge construction and a reconstruction of the park had turned out to be 306 million, while at the stage of planning it was expected to be 420 million. In his post, he once again stated that all the accusations against him is an attempt of Servant of the People party to seize the control over the capital city.[24]
Safety concerns
editOn 4 June 2019, architect Andriy Myrhorodskyi admitted that the construction process was rushed to be over in time for Kyiv Day and said that the opening ceremony had to be held several weeks after completion of construction for asphalt to be ready. However, when one of the transparent sections was damaged soon after the opening, he blamed the 'bastards' who were testing the glass strength despite it being temporary anyway.[25]
In July 2019, Mostovyi Tsentr research and production enterprise was ordered to test the bridge's safety by Kyiv City State Administration. According to the results, the bridge was serviceable and met the current standards of pedestrian bridges load. Results were published on the Administration's website.[26]
In March 2024, one of the glass panels cracked. 1+1 TV channel's Television Service of News interviewed the director of Instytut Mista analytics and research center Oleksandr Serhiienko who stated that only first of three glass layers received damage and it was caused by oscillations and temperature drops rather than vandalism.[27]
Construction mistake accusations
editOn 28 January 2024, ICOMOS expert Olha Rutkovska stated that one of the piers of the bridge is misplaced interfering with the Khreshchatyk brook that flows in the underground collector which causes a soil subsidence at Poshtova Square where reconstruction was on hold due to the dispute with archaeologists.[28]
In April, head of Servant of the People fraction Andriy Vitrenko during session of Kyiv City State Administration stated that due to the constructions nearby, Poshtova Square's heritage site is under threat of collapse and soil erosion of Saint Volodymyr Hill is possible.[29]
On 28 April, Andriy Myrhorodskyi, who is the author of both Glass Bridge and Poshtova Square, stated that the real reason of subsidence are temporary piers of the square which were installed back in 2010s and were meant to serve several months, but with the conflict over the underground mall leading to construction interruption, they are now way over their limits and the square may collapse any time.[30]
Accidents
editVandalism
edit
The first act of vandalism on the bridge in the very first night after its opening. On 26 May 2019, two glass panels got cracked. Originally, it was supposed that they were shot with rifles from underneath,[31] but the Municipal Guard stated that it was a result of a 'group of unknown people actively jumping on it'.[32] That day, Mayor of Kyiv Vitaly Klitschko inspected the damage with experts and said that it is only a protective layer that got damaged and the glass itself is unharmed, he said that the repair work will take only one day.[33] The next day, during the repair work, the third panel for unknown reasons got cracked, some people noticed the poor quality of reinstallation, there was dirt between the glass layers and gaps were between the panels.[34]
On 29 July 2019, the glass railings of the bridge got cracked for an unknown reason. Kyiv City State Administration stated that the panel would be dismantled 31 July to be sent to examination to define the reason of the accident. The experts would also examine the material from the surveillance cameras.[35] The viewing platforms of the bridge had been reopened 16 September.[36]
In May 2020, the glass cracked once again and was fenced for repair work.[37]
On 25 November 2020, vandals attempted to steal the observation binoculars from the bridge; however, after being noticed by the Municipal Guard, they threw it away and escaped.[38]
On 18 December 2020, one of the glass panels cracked. Kyiv City State Administration stated that the repair was being conducted by the original contractor, and no city funds had been spent on it.[39]
In February 2021, two glass panels of the bridge got cracked. They had been replaced in May.[40]
On 29 July 2021, an information sign at the bridge got cracked. Examining the surveillance video, police identified the criminal to be a 1997-born man from Lutsk and arrested him. He said that he came to Kyiv for recreation and called his actions an accident because he just wanted to test the sign's strength. He was sentenced to five years in jail for hooliganism.[41]
On 4 January 2022, the Municipal Guard discovered that the glass railing got cracked again during the holidays.[42]
Automobile trespassing
editOn 17 June 2019, a Mercedes ML drove through the bridge despite the cars being banned from accessing a pedestrian zone. Police found the vehicle owner by a number plate and charged him with a 400 hryvnias fine.[43]
Another trespassing happened in February 2020. A group of young people listening to Russian rap in their car drove through the pedestrian bridge in the night while filming it on camera.[44]
Attacks during Russian invasion of Ukraine
editAs part of the 10 October 2022 missile strikes during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a Russian Kh-101 missile fell near the bridge's pillar, but the bridge survived with minor damage.[45][46] During the attack, the only person that was on the bridge managed to survive and escape unhurt, he was the first person to take the photos of the missile's remains. Television Service of News found and interviewed the man on 13 October.[47]
The place of attack was inspected by the Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration Kyrylo Tymoshenko who stated that the attack was targeted on a civilian object only to scare Ukrainians.[48] On 11 October 2022, Vitali Klitschko, the mayor of Kyiv, said that repairs are already underway.[49] On 17 December 2022, the bridge reopened with all 18 floor glass units as well as 143 side glasses replaced.[50]
The bridge became a symbol of endurance among Kyivans in comparison to the controversial Crimean Bridge that got damaged by the SBU earlier that month. On 13 October 2022, Vitali Klitschko launched a merchandise line with a picture of the Glass Bridge and a tagline 'To withstand is not to fall'.[51] On 18 November 2022, the participants of the Smart City Expo World Congress in Barcelona received a souvenir with pieces of glass from the bridge and an inscription 'The bridge has endured, Kyiv has endured, and Ukraine will endure!'.[52] On 10 May 2023, another piece of glass from the bridge was sold from Prozorro's charity auction; received money was used to fund Kyiv's newly formed rifle battalion.[53]
On the night of 28 May 2023, Kyiv suffered the largest Shahed drone attack since the beginning of the war, with one explosion reportedly heard from the city center. The following morning, one cracked glass railing was discovered at the pedestrian bridge. Whether it was caused by the attack or not is unknown.[54]
In popular culture
editOn 21 October 2022, Ukrainian singer Wellboy released a music video for his new song 'Styl'. The video was shot in Kyiv and among the other locations featured the Shevchenko University Red Corps and the St. Volodymyr descent Glass Bridge that were recently damaged by Russian missile strikes.[55]
References
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- ^ У Києві відкрили пішохідний міст між Аркою дружби народів та Володимирською гіркою
- ^ "Віталій Кличко відкрив новий пішохідно-велосипедний міст між Володимирською гіркою та Аркою дружби народів (+фото)" [Vitaliy Klitschko opened a new pedestrian and bicycle bridge between Volodymyrsk Hill and the Arch of Friendship of Peoples (+photo)]. Kyiv City Council (in Ukrainian). 25 May 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ Asadcheva, Tetiana (21 January 2021). "Згадуючи історію Радянського Урядового кварталу: чим заплатило наше місто за повернення столичного статусу" [Recalling the history of the Soviet government house: What did our city pay for the return of capital status?]. Evening Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
- ^ "Архитектурный Союз". Archived from the original on 15 July 2008.
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- ^ "Про будівництво мостового пішохідно-велосипедного переходу між парками «Хрещатий» та «Володимирська гірка» в Печерському кута Шевченківському районах".
- ^ "З'явилася відеопрезентація велопішохідного моста над Володимирським узвозом". 19 October 2018.
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- ^ Kosova, Olha (24 November 2021). "Скляний міст отримав свою бронзову мінікопію" [Glass bridge receives bronze miniature replica]. Evening Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
- ^ "Красная карточка. Почему ЮНЕСКО выступило против "моста Кличко"". 20 March 2019.
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- ^ "Кличко у штаб-квартирі ЮНЕСКО дав пояснення щодо зведення мосту через Володимирський узвіз". 5 April 2019.
- ^ "Мост в Киеве "слизали" со швейцарского проекта, за который не заплатили – СМИ".
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- ^ Watch the moment missiles strike Kyiv's Glass Bridge
- ^ "Explosions across Ukraine as strikes hit Kyiv and other cities". BBC News. 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
Footage from a surveillance camera on the bridge shows the moment it was struck - we don't yet know if there were any casualties from this specific attack. // Russian President Vladimir Putin has confirmed the strikes on a range of locations in Ukraine this morning. // In a video address, he says long-range missiles hit energy, military and communications facilities. // Putin promises a "harsh" response to any further "terrorist" acts on Russian territory.
- ^ "Youtube Відео — Вижив на скляному мосту Кличка - історія чоловіка, який пережив атаку на Київ — Сторінка відео — TSN.ua". 13 October 2022.
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- ^ "Russia Ukraine War 11Oct2022 Update". The Guardian. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Kyiv pedestrian bridge was reopened for visitors after three-month reconstruction due to a Russian missile attack". Euromaidan Press. 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ "Вистояти - це не впасти: Кличко похизувався новою футболкою зі скляним мостом, що витримав ракетний удар - Новини Києва | Big Kyiv". 13 October 2022.
- ^ Novosvitnia, Kateryna (18 November 2022). "З уламків скляного моста на Володимирському узвозі створили сувеніри" [Souvenirs created from fragments of glass bridge on Volodymyr Descent]. Evening Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
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- ^ "Міст Кличка у Києві отримав незначні пошкодження - чи закрито прохід: відео". 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Wellboy презентував нову позитивну пісню: в осінньому кліпі показав міст Кличка та парк Шевченка". 21 October 2022.