A kype is a hook-like secondary sex characteristic which develops at the distal tip of the lower jaw in some male salmonids prior to the spawning season.[1][2] The structure usually develops in the weeks prior to, and during, migration to the spawning grounds. In addition to the development of the kype, a large depression forms in the two halves of the premaxilla in the upper jaw, allowing the kype to fit into the premaxilla when the mouth is closed.[3]
.jpg)
The kype functions as a secondary sexual characteristic and influences the formation of dominance hierarchies at the spawning grounds. The size of the kype is believed to determine male spawning frequency.
Description
editThe kype grows rapidly from bony needles proliferating from the tip of the dentary (the anterior and largest of the bones making up the lower jaw). The needles form a mesh, but do not interfere with the connective tissues used by bone marrow. At the snout, the needles strengthen into Sharpey's fibres. The speed at which the kype skeleton develops results in many osteoblasts and proteoglycans appearing along the growth zone. The dentary itself is made of compact bone, but the kype tissue contains chondrocytes and cartilage.[3][4] The kype formation process has been described as "making bone as fast as possible and with as little material as possible".[4]
Some species of salmon are semelparous (they have a single reproductive bout before death) whereas others are iteroparous (they spawn multiple times after maturation). In iteroparous cases, at least in Atlantic salmon, the kype is not fully resorbed after the breeding season, although basal parts of the kype skeleton are re-modelled into regular dentary bone.[3] Some fish never lose their kype. Rather, as they re-enter subsequent spawning seasons, their kypes continue to grow. This fast growing skeletal tissue fuses with the dense dentary, becoming a permanent, growing kype.[5]
Occurrence
edit
Many male trout (e.g. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)) and salmon develop a kype prior to spawning periods.[5] In pre-spawning Salmo and Salvelinus males, the lower jaw elongates and the hook develops; female salmon do not develop a kype.[3] Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) are adfluvial (adults spawn in streams but subadults and adults migrate to lakes for feeding) and sometimes develop a kype, however, although this may occur in some populations, it remains absent in others.[6]
Among American species of charr, the kype reaches its maximum size in the large anadromous males, Dolly Varden trout (Salvelinus malma) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), whereas it is reportedly absent or hardly visible in large nonanadromous males, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).[7]
Similar structural changes
editIn salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus (meaning "hooked snout"), the upper jaw becomes more elongated than the lower thereby forming a "snout".[3] In some species, the development of the "kype" (in this study defined as the distance from the middle of eye to the tip of the snout) is used as an indicator of a difference in behavioural mating strategies. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) express one of two fixed alternative reproductive tactics. Individuals expressing these are referred to as "hooknose" or "jack". Hooknose males leave their natal rivers at the end of their first year of life, but then return after maturing for 3 to 5 years on average. Once returned, they fight for position in a dominance hierarchy to gain closer access to spawning females. Alternatively, jacks are presumably resident in their natal rivers their entire lives, reach sexual maturity precociously (after 2 years), and use a sneaking tactic, by darting from nearby refuges to steal fertilisations from hooknose males.[8]
Associated seasonal changes
edit
Female (above) and male in mating condition. Note that the male has a kype, enlarged snout, humped back and deeper, more extensive colouration.
Development of the kype often occurs in association with other seasonal changes. In the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), kype development is accompanied by a morphogenesis of bones and cartilages in the ethmoidal zone (the anterior region of the skull) changing the appearance of both jaws, the appearance of "breeding teeth" and resorption of scales (more so in males than females).[9] Some salmonids may develop a predominant hump under their dorsal fin.
Function
editCharles Darwin considered the kype to be a product of sexual selection and as a tool for fighting among males. For example, male salmon have been seen in the wild using their kype to firmly grasp an opponent's tail.[10] Others have suggested it has no function, and observed the kype seems to prevent the use of the breeding teeth which sometimes develop alongside the kype. One suggestion was that the kype is merely the result of a surplus of chemicals, not used for the production of sex products.[3]
Today, the kype is regarded as a secondary sex characteristic displayed by males at the spawning grounds. Therefore, its function is considered to be helping the fish establish a hierarchy among other males where those with larger kypes are dominant over animals with smaller kypes,[2][3] and/or characteristics that could be of importance in inter- and intra-sexual evaluations of individual quality. The size of the kype is believed to determine male spawning frequency.[11]
In extinct salmon
editThe extinct sabertooth salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus, was first named for its prominent premaxillary dentition. It possessed an enormous conical tooth on each premaxilla. There is no visible kype on the dentary, implying a different strategy for forming mate dominance.[12]
Gallery
edit
_(19175729410).jpg){kind=small}
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Kype". FishBase. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
- ^ a b Järvi, T. (1990). "The effects of male dominance, secondary sexual characteristics and female mate choice on the mating success of male Atlantic salmon Salmo salar". Ethology. 84 (2): 123–132. Bibcode:1990Ethol..84..123J. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1990.tb00789.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g Witten, P.E.; Hall, B.K. (2003). "Seasonal changes in the lower jaw skeleton in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): remodelling and regression of the kype after spawning". Journal of Anatomy. 203 (5): 435–450. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00239.x. PMC 1571185. PMID 14635799.
- ^ a b Witten, P.E.; Hall, B.K. (2002). "Differentiation and growth of kype skeletal tissues in anadromous male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)". International Journal of Developmental Biology. 46 (5): 719–730. PMID 12216984.
- ^ a b Paetz, D. (March 19, 2015). "What is a kype on a fish and why does it exist anyway?". Troutster.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
- ^ Nitychoruk, J.M.; Gutowsky, L.F.G.; Harrison, P.M.; Hossie, T.J.; Power, M.; Cooke, S.J. (2013). "Sexual and seasonal dimorphism in adult adfluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 91 (7): 480–488. Bibcode:2013CaJZ...91..480N. doi:10.1139/cjz-2012-0294.
- ^ Morton, W.M. (1965). "The taxonomic significance of the kype in American salmonids". Copeia. 1965 (1): 14–19. doi:10.2307/1441233. JSTOR 1441233.
- ^ Butts, I.A.; Love, O.P.; Farwell, M.; Pitcher, T.E. (2012). "Primary and secondary sexual characters in alternative reproductive tactics of Chinook salmon: Associations with androgens and the maturation-inducing steroid". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 175 (3): 449–456. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.041. PMID 22172341.
- ^ Kacem, A.; Baglinière, J.L.; Meunier, F.J. (2013). "Resorption of scales in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during its anadromous migration: a quantitative study". Cybium. 37 (3): 199–206. doi:10.26028/cybium/2013-373-007.
- ^ Groot C and Margolis L (1991) Pacific salmon life histories. UBC Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-7748-0359-5.
- ^ Haugland, T.; Rudolfsen, G.; Figenschou, L.; Folstad, I. (2011). "Is the adipose fin and the lower jaw (kype) related to social dominance in male Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus?". Journal of Fish Biology. 79 (4): 1076–1083. Bibcode:2011JFBio..79.1076H. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03087.x. PMID 21967591.
- ^ Claeson, K.M.; Davis, E.B.; Sidlauskas, B.L.; Prescott, Z.M. (2016). "The Sabertooth Salmon, Oncorhynchus rastrosus, gets a facelift". Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.