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LGBTQ rights in Alabama

(Redirected from LGBT history in Alabama)

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals in the U.S. state of Alabama have federal protections, but still face legal challenges and discrimination on the state level that is not experienced by non-LGBT residents. LGBTQ rights in Alabama—a Republican Party stronghold located in both the Deep South and greater Bible Belt—are severely limited in comparison to other states. As one of the most socially conservative states in the U.S., Alabama is one of the only two states along with neighboring Mississippi where opposition to same-sex marriage outnumbers support.

LGBTQ rights in Alabama
Alabama (US)
Status
Gender identitySex change recognized
Military
Family rights
Recognition of relationships
Adoption

Same-sex sexual activity in Alabama was legalised in accordance with the 2003 Lawrence v. Texas decision. The state's anti-sodomy provisions were repealed in 2019; making it the only state in the Deep South to codify same-sex sexual activity into state law.

Law regarding same-sex sexual activity

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Same-sex sexual activity has been legal in Alabama since 2003, when the United States Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas struck down all state sodomy laws. On May 23, 2019, the Alabama House of Representatives passed, with 101 voting yes and 3 absent, Alabama Senate Bill 320, which repeals the ban on "deviate sexual intercourse". On May 28, 2019, the Alabama State Senate passed Alabama Senate Bill 320, with 32 yea and 3 absent. The bill took effect on September 1, 2019.[1][2]

The age of consent in Alabama is 16 years old; however, sexual contact is legal with someone under 16 years and within 2 years of the older individual. In 2019, this provision was extended to members of the same sex. It had previously only been allowed for individuals of the opposite sex. A few other US states still keep these types of age-of-consent clauses, exclusively applying them to individuals of opposite sexes.[3]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

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Main article: Same-sex marriage in Alabama

On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges made same-sex marriage legal nationwide. However, not all counties immediately complied, and instead they copied behavior from the civil rights era when they had refused to perform interracial marriages.[4] By 2017, eight counties were still protesting by refusing to issue any marriage licenses at all.

In May 2019, the Alabama Legislature decided counties were required to record marriage certificates. On August 29, 2019, all Alabama counties began recording marriage certificates for all couples (including interracial and same-sex couples).

Previously, Alabama had banned the licensing of same-sex marriages and the recognition of such marriages from other jurisdictions by executive order in 1996, by statute in 1998, and by constitutional amendment in June 2006. There are still some legal prohibitions on same-sex marriage, but they are unenforceable. They are: Executive Order Number 24 by Governor Fob James,[5] Alabama Code § 30-1-19,[6] and Amendment 774 of the Constitution of the State of Alabama.[7]

Adoption rights and parenting

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Alabama permits adoption by same-sex couples.

Sexual orientation has sometimes been used as a reason to deny parents' rights. In 2002, the Supreme Court of Alabama ruled that

"the homosexual conduct of a parent — conduct involving a sexual relationship between two persons of the same gender — creates a strong presumption of unfitness that alone is sufficient justification for denying that parent custody of his or her own children or prohibiting the adoption of the children of others. ... Homosexual conduct is, and has been, considered abhorrent, immoral, detestable, a crime against nature, and a violation of the laws of nature and of nature's God upon which this Nation and our laws are predicated. Such conduct violates both the criminal and civil laws of this State and is destructive to a basic building block of society — the family. The law of Alabama is not only clear in its condemning such conduct, but the courts of this State have consistently held that exposing a child to such behavior has a destructive and seriously detrimental effect on the children. It is an inherent evil against which children must be protected."[8]

However, the following year, the U.S. Supreme Court said in Lawrence v. Texas that states could not ban same-sex sexual activity.

Child Placing Agency Inclusion Act

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Main article: Child Placing Agency Inclusion Act

Alabama is one of the few states to have a law protecting the right of faith-based adoption agencies to refuse to place a child with a certain couple or individual due to the agency's religious beliefs. The law was signed by Governor Kay Ivey in May 2017.[9]

Fertility assistance

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In February 2024, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled that embryos have the legal status of children. Justice Gregory Cook dissented, predicting that "the creation of frozen embryos will end in Alabama" due to the court's ruling. Cook explained: "No rational medical provider would continue to provide services for creating and maintaining frozen embryos knowing that they must continue to maintain such frozen embryos forever or risk the penalty of a Wrongful Death Act claim for punitive damages."[10]

Discrimination protections

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Federal law

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Since 2011, gender identity has been applied to the definition of sex in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 within the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. Since 2020, sexual orientation has been applied to the definition of sex in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

State level

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Alabama state law does not address discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, discrimination in public accommodations, addresses harassment and/or bullying of students, and discrimination against students. The state law has neither a ban on insurance exclusions for transgender healthcare nor does it provide transgender-inclusive health benefits to state employees.[11] However, in 2022, it became a felony for a medical provider to give gender-affirming care to a minor.[12]

Local level

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The city of Birmingham prohibits all discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. It approved such protections in September 2017.[13] The city of Montevallo passed a similar non-discrimination ordinance in April 2018, becoming the second city in the state to have such protections.[14]

Huntsville,[15] Tuscaloosa,[15] and Montgomery[16] have public employment protections on the basis of both sexual orientation and gender identity.

Hate crime law

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Since 1994, Alabama has had a hate crime law applicable to "race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, or physical or mental disability." The current law does not apply to crimes committed on account of sexual orientation or gender identity.[17]

On April 24, 2009, State Representative Alvin Holmes introduced HB533, a bill that would have added sexual orientation to the list of hate crime categories.[18] State Representative Patricia Todd, the Legislature's first and only openly‐LGBTQ member, unsuccessfully attempted to add gender identity to the bill, but was opposed by Holmes and other legislators. Holmes said he believed that his bill covering only sexual orientation would protect persons victimized as a result of their gender identity.[19] Holmes had introduced identical bills in previous sessions: HB829 (2008),[20] HB247 (2007),[21] HB57 (2006),[22] HB423 (2001),[23] HB85 (2000),[24] and has pushed for the inclusion of sexual orientation in the hate crime law since at least 1999.[25]

In April 2009, the Alabama House of Representatives passed Holmes' bill by a vote of 46 to 41.[19][26][27] The Alabama Senate Judiciary Committee later approved the bill, but the full Senate took no action on it before the Legislature adjourned on May 15, 2009.[27][28]

HB413 (2016) was sponsored by Todd and Representative Juandalynn Givan to add protections for sexual orientation and gender identity and HB8 (2017), but neither bill made it to a vote.[citation needed]

In 2019, the Alabama Senate Judiciary Committee approved a bill that would have added police officers to the protected classes covered by the hate crime statute.[29] Senator Vivian Davis Figures of Mobile added an amendment that would have also included sexual orientation as a protected class.[30] Though it passed the Senate committee, it did not pass the legislature.[29]

The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, approved by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in October 2009, bans such hate crimes federally.

Education

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From 1992 to 2021, Alabama's no promo homo law said that "course materials and instruction that relate to sexual education or sexually transmitted diseases should include [...] an emphasis, in a factual manner and from a public health perspective, that homosexuality is not a lifestyle acceptable to the general public and that homosexual conduct is a criminal offense under the laws of the state."[31] The law was repealed in April 2021 after Governor Kay Ivey signed the Alabama Legislature's bill to repeal all archaic references to "homosexuality and HIV/AIDS" in Alabama's post-1992 sex education laws.[32][33][34][35]

Transgender rights

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Gender-affirming healthcare

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Since May 8, 2022, it is a Class C felony for a medical provider to give gender-affirming care (including puberty blockers, hormones, or surgeries) to anyone under the age of 19. The medical provider can be punished by 10 years in prison. The ban was temporarily not enforceable while it was challenged in court. On August 21, 2023, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals said that Alabama could begin enforcing the ban until the court could make a permanent decision. The trial is scheduled for April 2, 2024.[36]

Alabama is the first U.S. state to implement a law like this.[37][38][39] The bill, called the "Vulnerable Child Compassion and Protection Act", had been introduced in previous years. The Alabama Legislature passed it in early 2022 (SB 184),[40][41] and Governor Kay Ivey signed it on April 8.[42] It took effect one month later.

The state of Alabama hired James Cantor as an expert witness in defense of the ban of gender-affirming care for minors with gender dysphoria.[43] However, on cross-examination, federal judge Liles C. Burke discovered that Cantor had no clinical experience diagnosing or treating minors with gender dysphoria, nor in monitoring such patients for improvements,[43][44][45] and that he lacked knowledge of the treatments and methods used in gender clinics in the state of Alabama.[43][45] As a result, Burke wrote that he gave Cantor's testimony "very little weight".[43][45]

On May 13, 2022, five days after the law had taken effect, Burke temporarily halted the parts of the law that prohibit doctors from prescribing puberty blockers and hormone therapies from going into effect while the law is challenged in court. However the parts of the law that prohibit minors from receiving sex-altering surgeries remain in effect.[46] An article in The New York Times summarized the changes:[47]

Judge Burke found that particular element of the law most likely unconstitutional, writing that parents have a fundamental right to direct the care of their children within medically accepted standards and that limiting care to gender-nonconforming children amounted to sex discrimination.

A January 2023 review of the state of Alabama's expenses for the trans medical care suit revealed that the state had spent over $1 million on legal council, and over $500,000 on expert witnesses.[48]

Boe v. Marshall (aka Eknes-Tucker v. Ivey)

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Five parents sued the state, with Alabama Attorney General Steve Marshall as a defendant. They argued that the law prevented them from making decisions about their children's healthcare. The state asked the parents for "all medical records" and "all documents" related to their children's "Gender Dysphoria", to any care provider who "treated" the children for gender dysphoria, and to "any mental health treatment" of these children.[49] In August 2023, a three-judge panel of the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decided to allow the ban to take effect.[50][51] On September 11, 2023, plaintiffs asked for a rehearing in the full court. Although the U.S. Department of Justice tried to pause this case, on December 26, 2023, U.S. District Judge Liles Burke said it could continue. A trial is scheduled for April 2024.[52]

Identity documents

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In January 2021, a federal judge said Alabama cannot require sex reassignment surgery to amend name and sex on a driver's license.[53][54] Alabama had been requiring this.[55][56]

Transgender sports ban

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Since July 1, 2021, Alabama requires single-sex sports teams in public schools to consider a student's "biological sex". The Alabama Legislature passed the bill earlier that year, and Governor Kay Ivey signed it.[57][58][59][60]

Bathroom ban

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HB322, a bill to require public school students to use bathrooms consistent with the gender on their birth certificate, passed the Alabama House of Representatives in February 2022 and the Alabama Senate in April 2022. The Senate version included an amendment to ban K–5 classroom "instruction" on sexuality and gender.[61][62] On April 8, 2022, Governor Ivey signed it into law as Act No. 2022-290.[63]

In September 2022, the Alabama Board of Education implemented and codified the policy in full.[64]

In March 2024, the House and Senate passed a bill that would eliminate DEI programs at universities and would also ban people from using bathrooms that aren't aligned with their sex assigned at birth.[65]

Politics

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Patricia Todd, a member of the Alabama House of Representatives, was elected in November 2006 and became the first ever openly gay elected official in the state of Alabama.[66] In September 2013, she married her wife, Jennifer Clarke, in Massachusetts.[67]

In the 2018 Alabama House of Representatives election, Neil Rafferty, a former member of the United States Marine Corps, was elected to represent the 54th House District of Alabama. Rafferty became Alabama's first openly gay congressman.[68] He resides in Birmingham with his husband Michael Rudulph.[69]

Organizations

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Public opinion

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A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 42% of Alabamians supported same-sex marriage, while 51% were opposed. 7% were undecided. The same poll also found that 58% supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 34% were against. Additionally, 51% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBTQ people due to religious beliefs, while 41% supported allowing such religiously-based refusals.[70]

A 2022 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 53% of Alabamians supported same-sex marriage, while 41% were opposed. 6% were undecided. The same poll also found that 69% supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. 26% were against. 5% were undecided. Additionally, 47% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBTQ people due to religious beliefs, while 46% supported allowing such religiously-based refusals. 6% were undecided.[71]

Summary table

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Same-sex sexual activity legal   (Since 2003, under Lawrence v. Texas; codified 2019)
Equal age of consent (16)   (Since 2003)
Same-sex marriage   (Since 2015, under Obergefell v. Hodges; not codified into law yet)
Recognition of same-sex couples in legal unions outside of marriage (e.g. civil unions or domestic partnership)  
LGBTQ people and materials free from censorship   (Although since 2021, the old "no homo promo law" was repealed, in 2022 a new law was enacted censoring LGBT subjects in the classroom again)[72]
Both joint and step child adoption by same-sex couples legally recognised   (Since 2015)
Lesbian, gay and bisexual people allowed to serve openly in the military   (Since 2011)
Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military   (Most transgender personnel allowed to serve openly since 2021)[73]
Transvestites allowed to serve openly in the military   (Cross-dressing banned in the military since 2012)[74]
Intersex people allowed to serve openly in the military   (Current Department of Defense policy bans "hermaphrodites" from serving or enlisting in the military)[74]
Right to change legal gender on birth certificates   (Requires SRS)
Right to change legal gender on drivers licenses   (No longer requires SRS since 2021)[75]
Third gender option on legal documents  
Gay panic defense abolished  
Gay and lesbian criminal records expunged  
Equal access to IVF for lesbian couples  
Banning sexual reassignment surgery on minors   (In litigation)[76]
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples  
Homosexuality declassified as a mental illness   (since 1973)
Transgender identity declassified as a mental illness   (since 1994) Not considered a mental illness.[α]
Intersex sex characteristics declassified as a physical deformity  
Anti discrimination laws and protections Sexual orientation Gender identity
Anti-discrimination laws in public employment   (Under Bostock v Clayton County, Georgia)   (Under Glenn v. Brumby)
Anti-discrimination laws in private employment   (Under Bostock v Clayton County, Georgia)   (Under Glenn v. Brumby)
Anti-discrimination laws in public accommodations  /  (Varies by jurisdiction)  /  (Varies by jurisdiction)
Anti-discrimination laws in housing  /  (Varies by jurisdiction)  /  (Varies by jurisdiction)
Anti-discrimination laws in credit and lending services  /  (Varies by jurisdiction)  /  (Varies by jurisdiction)
Hate crime law    
Conversion therapy banned on minors    

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ From February 9, 2015 to March 3, 2015, 47 of the state's 67 counties issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples. On March 3, 2015, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in the case of Ex parte State ex rel. Alabama Policy Institute and Alabama Citizens Action Program v. King and State v. King that Alabama's ban on same-sex marriage did not violate the United States Constitution. From March 3, 2015 to June 26, 2015, Alabama's probate judges stopped issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples or marriage licensees altogether. From June 26, 2015, to August 29, 2019, some Alabama's probate judges stopped issuing marriage licensees altogether. On August 29, 2019, the final eight counties in Alabama began issuing marriage certificates to all couples. Although unenforceable, Executive Order Number 24 by Governor Fob James, Alabama Code § 30-1-19, and Amendment 774 of the Constitution of the State of Alabama prohibits any recognition or issuance of same-sex marriage licenses, same-sex common law marriage, or a union replicating marriage.[77][78][79]
  1. ^ Diagnosis of "gender dysphoria" in accordance with DSM-5 (2013), is made only if there is "clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning", the American Psychiatric Association advises.[80] The DSM-IV (1994) listed "gender identity disorder" with simlilar clinical criteria. Between 1980 and 1994, "transsexualism" was listed as a mental disorder by the DSM-III, without any criteria of "distress" or "impaired function" (in effect, classifying transgender identity itself as a mental disorder).[81][82]

References

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  1. ^ "Act 2019-465, SB320" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  2. ^ AL SB 320
  3. ^ "Code Of Alabama". alisondb.legislature.state.al.us. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  4. ^ "Alabama same-sex marriages continue as governor refuses to intervene – as it happened". The Guardian. February 9, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  5. ^ James, Fob (August 29, 1996), Alabama Executive Order 24, Alabama Department of Archives and History, retrieved September 8, 2017
  6. ^ "Same-sex marriages banned in Alabama". Tuscaloosa News. April 27, 1998. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  7. ^ Baptist Press: Michael Foust, "Ala. becomes 20th state to pass marriage amendment," June 7, 2006 Archived August 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 5, 2011
  8. ^ "Ex Parte H.H, 830 So. 2d 21". casetext.com. Supreme Court of Alabama. February 15, 2002. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  9. ^ "Ivey signs bill allowing denial of LGBG adoptions". Montgomery Advisor. May 3, 2017.
  10. ^ Bookman, Alaina (February 22, 2024). "Read Alabama court's embryo ruling: IVF in doubt if life starts 'at conception'". AL.com. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
  11. ^ HRC state maps
  12. ^ Golgowski, Nina (May 9, 2022). "Law Banning Transgender Medication For Alabama Kids Takes Effect". HuffPost. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  13. ^ Edgemon, Erin (September 26, 2017). "Birmingham makes discrimination a criminal offense". The Birmingham News.
  14. ^ "Montevallo passes non-discrimination ordinance | Shelby County Reporter". www.shelbycountyreporter.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  15. ^ a b MEI 2017: See Your City's Score
  16. ^ "2019 Employee Handbook City of Montgomery Alabama". www.montgomeryal.gov.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ "Alabama Hate Crimes Law". Hrc.org. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  18. ^ ALISON: Bills Sponsored by Representative Holmes: Regular Session 2009, accessed June 2, 2012
  19. ^ a b Birmingham News: Kim Chandler, "House Oks adding sexual orientation to hate crimes law, which now goes to Senate," April 24, 2009 Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 2, 2012
  20. ^ ALISON: Bills Sponsored by Representative Holmes: Regular Session 2008, accessed June 2, 2012
  21. ^ ALISON: Bills Sponsored by Representative Holmes: Regular Session 2007, accessed June 2, 2012
  22. ^ ALISON: Bills Sponsored by Representative Holmes: Regular Session 2006, accessed June 2, 2012
  23. ^ ALISON: Bills Sponsored by Representative Holmes: Regular Session 2001, accessed June 2, 2012
  24. ^ ALISON: Bills Sponsored by Representative Holmes: Regular Session 2000, accessed June 2, 2012
  25. ^ Phillip Rawls, "Committee adds sexual orientation to hate crimes," Times Daily (Florence, Alabama), January 17, 2006, accessed June 2, 2012
  26. ^ The Guardian: "On gay rights, two steps forward, one step back in the Alabama house", accessed June 2, 2012
  27. ^ a b Birmingham Weekly: "Alabama pays for Legislature's dead bills," May 21, 2009, accessed June 2, 2012
  28. ^ ALISON: Session Adjourn / Convene, accessed June 2, 2012
  29. ^ a b Chandler, Kim (February 13, 2020). "House votes to make it a hate crime to target police". AP News. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  30. ^ "Alabama committee adds sexual orientation, cops to hate crime law". WPMI-TV. Associated Press. May 2, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  31. ^ "Alabama Code Title 16. Education § 16-40A-2 | FindLaw". Findlaw. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  32. ^ "Alabama schools no longer have to teach that being gay is unhealthy & illegal".
  33. ^ Lyman, Brian (April 28, 2021). "Ivey signs bill striking anti-homosexuality language from Alabama sex education law". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  34. ^ "Alabama HB385 | 2021 | Regular Session".
  35. ^ "Alabama House passes bill to eliminate requirement that sex ed courses condemn homosexuality". March 3, 2021.
  36. ^ Chandler, Kim (August 21, 2023). "Alabama can enforce ban on puberty blockers and hormones for transgender children, court says". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  37. ^ Golgowski, Nina (May 9, 2022). "Law Banning Transgender Medication For Alabama Kids Takes Effect". HuffPost. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  38. ^ Yurcaba, Jo (March 24, 2022). "'Terrifying': Doctors, advocates horrified by Alabama bill to ban trans health care". NBC News. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  39. ^ Cason, Mike (April 7, 2022). "Ban on transgender medical treatments for minors at top of House agenda". al. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  40. ^ Baska, Maggie (May 18, 2021). "Cruel ban on trans healthcare for Alabama kids dies in huge victory for common sense". PinkNews. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  41. ^ "Alabama SB10 | 2021 | Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  42. ^ Chandler, Kim (April 8, 2022). "Alabama Governor Signs Law Banning Transgender Medication". HuffPost. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
  43. ^ a b c d Hiltzsik, Michael (June 3, 2022). "Florida's DeSantis launches new attack on his state's transgender citizens". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  44. ^ O'Donnell, Christopher; Wilson, Kirby (July 14, 2022). "Florida report on transgender care flawed, politically motivated, Yale experts say". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  45. ^ a b c "Eknes-Tucker v. Marshall, No. 2:22-CV-184-LCB, 2022 WL 1521889". U.S. District Court for the Alabama Middle District. May 13, 2022. p. 12. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  46. ^ Rojas, Rick (May 14, 2022). "Alabama's Transgender Youth Can Use Medicine to Transition, Judge Rules". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
  47. ^ Rojas, Rick (May 14, 2022). "Alabama's Transgender Youth Can Use Medicine to Transition, Judge Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  48. ^ Holmes, Jacob (January 25, 2023). "State has spent nearly $1.7M on experts, lawyers in transgender medical care suit". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
  49. ^ Tryens-Fernandes, Savannah (January 6, 2023). "Alabama asks for children's medical records in trans health care lawsuit". AL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  50. ^ Vrbin, Tess (October 9, 2023). "Full appeals court will hear Arkansas AG's request to reverse ruling on transgender care for minors". KUAR. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  51. ^ "Boe v. Marshall". GLAD. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  52. ^ "Lawsuit Challenging Alabama's Transgender Care Ban For Minors Will Move Forward, Judge Says". HuffPost. December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  53. ^ "Judge: Alabama can't require transgender people to have reassignment surgery to change driver's licenses". January 16, 2021.
  54. ^ "Alabama law requiring surgery for transgender individuals to change sex on driver's license unconstitutional - JURIST - News".
  55. ^ Human Rights Campaign: Alabama Birth Certificate Law: Gender Identity Issues, accessed July 5, 2011
  56. ^ "Sec. 22-9A-19. Amendment of vital records". Code of Alabama. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  57. ^ "Governor Ivey signs bill requiring K-12 athletes compete in sports based on birth gender". April 23, 2021.
  58. ^ "Lawmakers pass ban on transgender athletes from public school teams". April 15, 2021.
  59. ^ "Movement Advancement Project | Bans on Transgender Youth Participation in Sports".
  60. ^ "Alabama is becoming the fifth state this year to ban trans youth from participating in sports".
  61. ^ Cason, Mike (February 22, 2022). "Alabama House passes bill to restrict bathroom access for transgender students". AL.com. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  62. ^ Tryens-Fernandes, Savannah (April 7, 2022). "Alabama Senate passes 'Don't Say Gay' bill, transgender bathroom restrictions". al. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  63. ^ Alfonseca, Kiara (April 8, 2022). "Alabama governor signs 'Don't Say Gay,' trans care and bathroom ban bills". ABC News. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  64. ^ Holmes, Jacob (September 9, 2022). "Alabama Board of Education codifies "Don't Say Gay" law". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  65. ^ Griesbach, Rebecca (March 19, 2024). "Alabama passes wide-ranging bill banning college DEI programs, training". al. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  66. ^ Wilcox, Barbara (July 19, 2006). "Vote points to first out gay Alabama lawmaker". PlanetOut. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
  67. ^ Chandler, Kim (September 24, 2013). "Alabama's first openly gay lawmaker marries long-time partner in Massachusetts ceremony". al.com.
  68. ^ Towle, Andy (November 7, 2018). "Gay Marine Veteran Neil Rafferty Wins Patricia Todd's Seat in Alabama". towleroad.com.
  69. ^ "Two Marines In Love: “You Were Willing To Go To War And Possibly Die To Be Sure That I'm Okay”". NewNowNext, January 27, 2017.
  70. ^ PRRI: American Values Atlas 2017, Alabama
  71. ^ PRRI: American Values Atlas 2022, Alabama
  72. ^ "Are LGBTQ people free from censorship?" (PDF). Alabama State Government. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  73. ^ "Biden reverses Trump ban on transgender people in military". Associated Press. April 20, 2021.
  74. ^ a b "Medical Conditions That Can Keep You from Joining the Military". Military.com. May 10, 2021.
  75. ^ "Federal Court Finds Alabama's Driver's License Policy Violates Rights of Transgender People".
  76. ^ "Ban on transgender medical treatments for minors at top of House agenda". April 7, 2022.
  77. ^ Executive Order Number 24 by Governor Fob James.
  78. ^ AMENDMENT 774 RATIFIED
  79. ^ Section 30-1-19
  80. ^ "What Is Gender Dysphoria?". American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  81. ^ Kirby, D. (1998). "Transsexualism". In Ruth Chadwick (ed.). The encyclopedia of applied ethics. London: Elsevier; Academic Press. pp. 423–425. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373932-2.00314-8. ISBN 978-0-12-373932-2.
  82. ^ Wyndzen, Madeline H. (2008). "DSM-IV Gender Identity Disorder and Transvestic Fetishism". www.genderpsychology.org.

Further reading

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