Wikipedia

LGBTQ rights in the Czech Republic

(Redirected from LGBT rights in Czech Republic)

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Czech Republic are granted some protections, but may still face legal difficulties not experienced by non-LGBT residents.[3] In 2006, the country legalized registered partnerships (Czech: registrované partnerství) for same-sex couples, and a bill legalizing same-sex marriage was being considered by the Parliament of the Czech Republic before its dissolution for the 2021 Czech legislative election, when it died in the committee stage.

LGBTQ rights in Czech Republic
Location of the Czech Republic (dark green) within the EU (light green)
StatusLegal since 1962 as part of Czechoslovakia,
age of consent equalized in 1990
Gender identityTransgender people allowed to change gender without surgery
MilitaryLGBT people allowed to serve
Discrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity protections (see below)
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRegistered partnerships with limited rights since 2006; partnerships with the same rights as marriage since 2025[1][2]
AdoptionIndividual Yes
Stepchild Yes (2025)
Concurrent Yes
Joint No/Yes (2025; de facto, sequentially)

Czech law bans discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. A 2013 Pew Research Center poll showed that 59% of Czechs thought that homosexuality should be accepted by society, the second highest rate among the Eastern Europe countries surveyed. Opinion polls have found increasing levels of support for same-sex marriage, with more than 67% of Czechs supporting the legalization of same-sex marriage as of 2020. Numerous Czech-based corporations have declared an open letter requesting same-sex marriage within the nation, which was sent on 6 September 2023.[4][5]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

edit

Same-sex sexual activity was decriminalized in 1962 after scientific research by Kurt Freund led to the conclusion that homosexual orientation cannot be changed (see the History of penile plethysmograph). The age of consent was equalized in 1990 to 15 – it had previously been 18 for homosexuals.[6][7] The Army does not question the sexual orientation of soldiers, and allows homosexuals to serve openly. Homosexual prostitution was decriminalized in 1990.[8]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

edit
Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in the Czech Republic

There is legal recognition of same-sex couples. Since 2001, the Czech Republic has granted "persons living in a common household" inheritance and succession rights in housing,[7][9] as well as hospital and prison visitation rights similar to married heterosexual couples.

A bill legalizing registered partnership, with some of the rights of marriage, was rejected four times, in 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2005.[10][11][12][13] However, on 16 December 2005, a new registered partnership bill was passed by the Czech House of Representatives; it was adopted by the Senate on 26 January 2006, but later vetoed by President Václav Klaus.[14][15][16] On 15 March 2006, the President's veto was overturned by the Chamber of Deputies and the law came into force on 1 July 2006.[17][18] Since this date, the Czech Republic has allowed registered partnerships for same-sex couples, with many of the rights of marriage (except for adoption rights, joint property rights, widow's/widower's pension, and the title marriage).[19]

On 12 June 2018, a bill to legalise same-sex marriage, sponsored by 46 deputies, was introduced to the Chamber of Deputies.[20][21][22][23] In response, three days later, a group of 37 deputies proposed a constitutional amendment to define marriage as the union of a man and a woman.[24][25] The bill allowing same-sex marriage requires a simple majority in the Chamber of Deputies, whereas constitutional amendments require 120 votes. On 22 June 2018, the Government announced its support for the same-sex marriage bill.[26][27][28] A vote on the same-sex marriage bill was expected to take place in January 2019, but it was moved to March 2019,[29][30] and ultimately lapsed with the October 2021 election. In 2023, the Czech government indicated that the legislation of same-sex marriage rights may be reconsidered.[1]

In 2024, the legislation of same-sex marriage was turned down. Instead, a compromise bill was passed, in which same-sex partnerships would be enshrined into the civil code, equating partnerships to marriage in all aspects except joint adoption, although step-child adoption would be permitted. The bill will take effect on January 1, 2025.

Adoption and family planning

edit

LGBT people can individually adopt children in the Czech Republic. Ban on adoption by those living in registered partnership was struck down by the Constitutional Court in 2016.[31][32][33] Stepchild adoption will be allowed starting January 1, 2025.

The laws don't include provisions for joint adoption of a child by a same-sex couple. However, individuals who live in same-sex relationships (be it informal or registered partnerships) can adopt a child concurrently, thus bringing parental rights to both.[34] Attempts to change the law to allow also joint adoption by same-sex couples have failed repeatedly since 2016[35] [36]

IVF treatment requires a designation of male partner (father-to-be for legal purposes) by the IVF recipients.[37]

Discrimination protections

edit
 
Police cordon defending Queer Parade 2008 in Brno against intrusions by right-wing extremists: only those who had undergone a search for weapons were allowed past the cordon (see also: Gun politics in the Czech Republic)

In 2009, a comprehensive anti-discrimination law was passed, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, education, housing and access to goods and services.[38][39][40] Section 2 of the Anti-Discrimination Act (Czech: Antidiskriminační zákon) defines "direct discrimination" as follows:[41]

Direct discrimination shall mean an act, including omission, where one person is treated less favourably than another is, has been or would be treated in a comparable situation, on grounds of race, ethnic origin, nationality, sex, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, belief or opinions.

Gender identity and expression

edit

The first sex reassignment surgery in the country took place in 1942, when a transgender man subsequently changed his legal sex to male. Currently, 50-60 people undergo such surgeries annually in the country.[42]

Hormonal treatment is prescribed by Sexology and can be obtained after living in the preferred social role for at least one year with a positive evaluation from Psychology and Endocrinology. Sexologists may require additional evaluations or withhold treatment for any period of time.[43]

The change of the gender marker requires an individual to undergo surgical castration.[44]

Transgender related surgeries including those necessary for the gender marker change require an approval by a committee at the Ministry of Health. To be approved, the applicant has to undergo one year of hormonal treatment, change their first name to a neutral one and get a divorce if they are married since the process will change the gender marker and same sex marriage is not permitted by law.[45]

On 27 June 2021 President Miloš Zeman told CNN Prima News that he did "not understand "transgender people" at all." He claimed: "If you undergo a sex-reassignment surgery, you are committing a crime for inflicting self-harm. It's a very dangerous procedure. These transgenders truly disgust me."[46]

In May 2024, the constitutional court ruled that forced surgery and sterilization of transgender individuals is unconstitutional and gives the government 18 months to change the laws.[47][48]

Military service

edit

Since 1999, Czech law has prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in the military.[38][failed verification]

In 2004, the Army of the Czech Republic refused to enter the service of a trans woman, Jaroslava Brokešová, who had previously undergone an official transition, according to assessing doctors. A military spokesperson said that the reason was not her transgender identity.[49] Another trans recruit was rejected in 2014 due to alleged "reduction in the morale of combat units".[50] By 2015,[51] the trans identity of candidates and service candidates was no longer considered relevant to military service.[52]

Blood donation

edit

All citizens regardless of the gender of their partner are allowed to donate blood in the Czech Republic since 1 July 2024.[53][54] Previously people with a same gender partner were banned from blood donation. The new rules do not allow blood donation for all people who report having anal sex with a new sexual partner in the past 4 months.[55]

Public opinion

edit
 
Prague City Hall officially put up the rainbow flags on the major streets of the city centre during Prague Pride festival in 2023 (Národní street on the picture)

In a 1988 survey, 23% of those questioned considered homosexuality a deviation, while in a survey conducted in 1994 only 6% of those asked shared this opinion. Concerning registered partnerships, in a 1994 survey 60% of the respondents expressed themselves in favour of registered partnerships. An opinion poll conducted in 2002 showed 76% of respondents considered a law on registered partnerships to be needed.[56] In 2004, public opinion showed a strong level of support for registered partnerships for same-sex couples, with 60% agreeing with such a law. A 2005 survey showed that 43% of Czechs personally knew someone gay or lesbian, 42% supported same-sex marriage and 62% supported registered partnerships, while only 18% supported same-sex adoption.[57] In 2006, the Eurobarometer showed that 52% of Czechs supported full same-sex marriage (above the EU average of 44%) while 39% supported same-sex adoption.[58] The 2015 Eurobarometer survey indicated a record high support of 57% among the Czechs, a five percent increase from the one in 2006.[59] The annual CVVM poll on gay rights has shown slightly lower, though increasing, levels of support:

Czechs support for gay rights according to CVVM[60] 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2023
YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO
registered partnerships 61% 30% 69% 24% 75% 19% 73% 23% 72% 23% 72% 23% 75% 21% 72% 23% 73% 23% 74% 22% 74% 21% 76% 19% 74% 22% 75% 20% 83% 14%
same-sex marriages 38% 51% 36% 57% 38% 55% 47% 46% 49% 45% 45% 48% 51% 44% 51% 44% 45% 48% 49% 44% 51% 43% 52% 41% 50% 45% 47% 48% 58% 38%
joint adoption 19% 70% 22% 67% 23% 65% 27% 63% 29% 60% 33% 59% 37% 55% 34% 57% 45% 48% 44% 49% 48% 43% 51% 40% 48% 45% 47% 47% 63% 33%
stepchild adoption - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58% 32% 59% 33% 62% 29% 68% 24% 64% 29% 60% 31% 77% 19%
Czechs support for gay rights according to Median 2016[61] 2018[62][63]
YES NO YES NO
registered partnerships 68% 26% - -
same-sex marriages 67% 29% 75% 19%
joint adoption 48% 48% 61% 31%
stepchild adoption - - 71% 21%

In March 2012, a survey found that 23% of Czechs would not want to have gay or lesbian neighbours. This represented a significant drop from 2003, when 42% of Czechs said that they would not want to have gay or lesbian neighbours.[64]

A 2013 Pew Research Center opinion survey showed that 80% of Czechs believed homosexuality should be accepted by society, while 16% believed it should not.[65] 84% of people between 18 and 29 believed it should be accepted, 87% of people between 30 and 49 and 72% of people over 50.

 
2014 Prague Pride on Wenceslas Square

A 2014 survey by the Academy of Sciences found that support for same-sex marriage had fallen slightly on previous years. In general, those opposing the extension of gay rights across the survey more frequently identified themselves as poor, right-leaning, pensioners and Roman Catholics.[66]

In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, an LGBT social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society's view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. The Czech Republic was ranked 18th, just above Austria and below Belgium, with a GHI score of 66.[67]

In April 2019, according to a survey conducted by CVVM, 78% of Czechs would not mind having a gay or lesbian neighbor, a 3% increase from 2018.[68]

In June 2019, according to a survey conducted between 4–14 May 2019 by CVVM, 48% of respondents said that homosexuality would not cause difficulties in coexistence with people in the city or community where they live, while 42% disagreed. Compared to 2008, this represented an increase of 11%.[69] The same survey also found that 39% of Czechs have a gay or lesbian friend or acquaintance, whereas 50% do not have one and 11% "don't know". Compared to 2018, this represented a 5% increase.[70]

A Median poll, made public in January 2020, found that 67% of Czechs supported same-sex marriage. It also found that 78% of Czechs agreed that homosexuals and lesbians should be allowed to adopt their spouse's child, and 62% of Czechs supported full, joint adoption rights for same-sex couples. The poll showed that inhabitants of Bohemia were more likely to support LGBT rights than inhabitants of Moravia. It also revealed a large generational gap, with younger respondents overwhelmingly in support, but people aged 55 and above being mostly opposed. A gender gap was found as well, with women being more supportive of same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption than men.[71]

The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 60% of Czechs thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, and 70% agreed that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex".[72]

Living conditions

edit

In contrast to the limitations of the communist era, the Czech Republic has become socially relatively liberal since the Velvet Revolution in 1989, and is one of the most gay-friendly countries in the European Union.[citation needed] This increasing tolerance is probably helped by the low levels of religious belief in the country, particularly when compared to its neighbours Poland, Austria and Slovakia.

There is a comparatively large gay community in Prague, much less so in the rest of the country, with the capital acting as a magnet for the country's gay youth. The city has a large and well-developed gay nightlife scene, particularly centred around the district of Vinohrady, with at least 20 bars and clubs and 4 saunas.[73][74][75] Gay venues are much more sparsely spread in other Czech towns, however.[76][77][78]

 
The Prague Pride parade in August 2012

In 2012, Fundamental Rights Agency performed a survey on discrimination among 93,000 LGBTQ people across the European Union. Compared to the EU average, the Czech Republic showed relatively positive results. However, the outcomes also showed that there is still large space for improvement for LGBT rights. 43% of Czech respondents indicated that none or only few of their family members knew about their sexual orientation. Only one in five respondents was open about their sexual orientation to all their colleagues or classmates. 71% of the respondents were selectively open about their orientation at work or school. 52% of gay men and 30% of lesbian women avoided holding hands in public outside of gay neighbourhoods for fear of being assaulted, threatened or harassed.[79]

Public events

edit
 
A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian costume (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day - Olomouc greets Prague"

Brno hosts an annual gay and lesbian film festival, known as Mezipatra, with venues also in other cities. It has been held every November since 2000.[80]

In the years 2008, 2009 and 2010, a gay festival took place in the country's second largest city of Brno.[81] The first Prague Pride parade took place in August 2011 with official support from Mayor Bohuslav Svoboda and other politicians.[82][83] The event attracted some negative responses from religious conservative groups and the far-right.[84][85] The second Prague Pride parade took place in August 2012, establishing the tradition of holding the gay pride parade in Prague annually.[86] Since 2014, the organizers banned any promotional activities of pedophiles at the venues connected with the Prague Pride after several pedophiles drew public attention the preceding year by distributing leaflets stating that "Pedophilia does not equal abuse of children".[87]

Late 2010 saw the introduction of the first officially produced gay guide and map for the Czech capital which was produced by the Prague Information Service, under the aegis of Prague City Council.[88]

Summary table

edit
Same-sex sexual activity legal   (Since 1962)
Equal age of consent (15)   (Since 1990)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment   (Since 2001)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services   (Since 2009)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)   (Since 2009)
Same-sex marriage  
Recognition of same-sex unions (e.g. registered partnerships, partnership)   (Registered partnership since 2006, Partnership since 2025)
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples   (Starting in 2025)[89]
Joint adoption by same-sex couples  
Adoption by single LGBT individuals living in a same-sex union   (Since 2016)
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military   (Since 1999)
Right to change legal gender   (First in 1942[90] In 2024 sterilization and surgical requirements ruled unconstitutional)[91]
Gender self-identification  
Conversion therapy on minors banned  
Access to IVF for lesbians  /  (de facto)
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples   (Banned regardless of sexual orientation)
MSMs allowed to donate blood   (Since 2024)

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Dolejší, Václav (20 October 2023). "Agreement: Marriage should be for everyone, but it will have two names". Seznam Zprávy. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  2. ^ "Sněmovnu čeká rozhodnutí o sňatcích párů stejného pohlaví. Desítky poslanců stále váhají". ČT24. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  3. ^ Eisenchteter, Jules (14 January 2021). "From passive tolerance to acceptance: Czech activists fight to bring LGBT rights out of the closet". Kafkadesk. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  4. ^ "Large global corporations call on Czech PM to accept same-sex marriage". Expats.cz. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  5. ^ "Over 60 Czech Firms Ask PM Fiala To Support Same-Sex Marriage". Brno Daily. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  6. ^ State-sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults Archived 17 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ a b CZECH REPUBLIC LAWS Archived 16 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ "Gay Guide - Czech Republic". Archived from the original on 13 March 2013.
  9. ^ "Prague". Archived from the original on 30 June 2015.
  10. ^ "CZECH REPUBLIC: NO MARRIAGES FOR GAYS AND LESBIANS". Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  11. ^ "NO TO REGISTERED PARTNERSHIP IN CZECH REPUBLIC". Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  12. ^ "Gay marriage not likely in Czech Republic". Radio Prague. 26 October 2001.
  13. ^ "Czech Gay and Lesbian League upset about repeated rejection of same sex partnerships". Radio Prague. 14 February 2005.
  14. ^ "Czech MPs approve law on same-sex partnerships". Radio Prague. 19 December 2005.
  15. ^ "Bill on single sex partnerships makes it through both houses of Parliament". Radio Prague. 27 January 2006.
  16. ^ "Gay groups angered by president's veto of registered partnership bill". Radio Prague. 17 February 2006.
  17. ^ "Czech MPs approve gay rights law". 15 March 2006 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  18. ^ "Nearly Weds: Country's first same-sex unions". Prague Post. 12 July 2006.
  19. ^ "Same-sex registered partnerships to be introduced after deputies override presidential veto". Radio Prague. 16 March 2006.
  20. ^ "Sněmovní tisk 201 - Novela z. - občanský zákoník". Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  21. ^ ""Důstojnost pro všechny". Poslanci navrhli, aby manželství mohli uzavírat i lidé stejného pohlaví" ["Dignity for all": Legislators suggest that marriage be opened to same-sex couples.]. Lidové noviny. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2018."'Důstojnost a ochrana rodinného života.' 46 poslanců navrhuje manželství pro páry stejného pohlaví". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  22. ^ "Vláda souhlasí s manželskými svazky párů stejného pohlaví, chce urychlit přípravy výstavby jaderných bloků a usnadní zaměstnávání Srbů" (in Czech). Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  23. ^ "LGBT Prague Pride supporters march as parliament debates same-sex marriage laws". Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  24. ^ "Sněmovní tisk 211". psp.cz.
  25. ^ "Skupina poslanců odmítá sňatky pro homosexuály. Svazek muže a ženy chce chránit ústavně". ČT24. Česká televize.
  26. ^ "Manželství místo partnerství. Vláda podpořila sňatky pro homosexuály". Deník. Czech News Agency. 22 June 2018.
  27. ^ "Manželství budou moci podle Babišovy vlády uzavřít i homosexuálové". iDNES.cz. 22 June 2018.
  28. ^ "Czech government backs bill on same-sex marriage". Reuters. 22 June 2018 – via Reuters.com.
  29. ^ "Czech MPs debate same-sex marriage, vote possible in January". Radio Prague. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  30. ^ "Guess who's coming to dinner? LGBTQ couple could win Christian Democrats' marriage contest". Radio Prague. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  31. ^ "Czech court lifts ban only on individual gay adoptions". Yahoo! News. 29 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016.
  32. ^ "Judgment Pl. ÚS 7/15 – The simple fact that a person lives in a registered partnership should not be an obstacle to the adoption of a child". Ústavní Soud (Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic). 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016.
  33. ^ "Pouhá skutečnost, že osoba žije v registrovaném partnerství, nemůže být překážkou osvojení dítěte" (in Czech). Ústavní soud, Brno, TZ 69/2016. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  34. ^ "Pár gayů pečuje o romské kluky. Vystupujeme otevřeně, ale nebývá to příjemné, říkají". Aktuálně.cz. 4 November 2023.
  35. ^ "Czech Republic just took a big step forward for gay adoption rights". Gay Star News. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  36. ^ Lazarová, Daniela (25 June 2018). "Government backs same-sex marriage bill, but decisive battle looms in parliament". Czech Radio.
  37. ^ "IVF in the Czech Republic – what are the pros and cons?". INVICTA Fertility Clinics. 3 April 2015.
  38. ^ a b "REPORT ON MEASURES TO COMBAT DISCRIMINATION Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC COUNTRY REPORT 2010 CZECH REPUBLIC Pavla Boučková State of affairs up to 1st January 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  39. ^ "Czech Republic becomes last EU state to adopt anti-discrimination law". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
  40. ^ "Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org. 20 February 2024.
  41. ^ "ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT" (PDF). legislationonline.org.
  42. ^ "Operační změnu pohlaví podstoupí v ČR ročně 50 až 60 lidí". Deník. 29 November 2012 – via www.denik.cz.
  43. ^ "Jak probíhá "oficiální" tranzice v ČR?".
  44. ^ "89/2012 Sb. Občanský zákoník (Nový)".
  45. ^ "373/2011 Sb. Zákon o specifických zdravotních službách".
  46. ^ "Czech President Milos Zeman says transgender people 'disgust' him in interview", CNN Video, 28 June 2021, retrieved 10 October 2021
  47. ^ "Czech court removes surgery requirement for gender transition". 7 May 2024.
  48. ^ "Czech Republic's high court rules against forced surgeries for trans people". 7 May 2024.
  49. ^ Gazdík, Jan; Dolejší, Václav (2004). "Transsexuálce odvolání do armády nevyšlo". Novinky.cz. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  50. ^ Gazdík, Jan (15 May 2014). "Transsexuálové míří do US Army. V Česku mají dveře zavřené". Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  51. ^ Dietert, Michelle; Dentice, Dianne (2015). "The Transgender Military Experience: Their Battle for Workplace Rights". SAGE Open. 5 (2): 2158244015584231. doi:10.1177/2158244015584231.
  52. ^ Chládková, Kateřina (27 July 2017). "Česká armáda se vojáků na změnu pohlaví neptá. Trump transsexuály vykázal, u nás může sloužit každý". Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  53. ^ "Věstník 7/2024" (PDF). The Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (in Czech). 30 May 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  54. ^ "Guidelines - Society for Transfusion Medicine - Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkyně" (PDF) (in Czech). Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  55. ^ "Od 1. července platí nová pravidla pro darování krve, která umožní darovat krev více lidem". The Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (in Czech).
  56. ^ Kaňka, Petr; Štěpánová, L.; Bretl, J. (2003). JUDr. Miroslav Mitlöhner, CSc. (ed.). Homosexualita v očích české veřejnosti 2003 [Homosexuality in the Eyes of the Czech Society 2003]. 11. celostátní kongres k sexuální výchově v České republice (in Czech). pp. 51–54.
  57. ^ Attitudes to gay rights in the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and Slovakia[permanent dead link‍]
  58. ^ "Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage". Archived from the original on 4 January 2011.
  59. ^ "Special Eurobarometer 437" (PDF). Eurobarometer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  60. ^ "Postoje veřejnosti k právům homosexuálů – duben/květen 2023" (PDF) (in Czech). CVVM. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  61. ^ Rajlichová, Eva; Kottová, Anna (6 July 2016). "Manželství gayů a leseb podporují téměř dvě třetiny Čechů, ukázal průzkum" (in Czech). Český rozhlas. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  62. ^ "Poll: Most Czechs for same-sex marriages". Prague Monitor. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  63. ^ "Férovější Česko? Tři čtvrtiny lidí fandí manželství bez ohledu na sexuální orientaci, ukazuje výzkum". iROZHLAS.cz. 19 April 2018.
  64. ^ Tolerance in the Czech Republic[permanent dead link‍]
  65. ^ "The Global Divide on Homosexuality". Pew Research Center. 4 June 2013.
  66. ^ The Czechs on Gay Rights – the June 2014 CVVM Survey Archived 30 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Visegrad Review
  67. ^ The Gay Happiness Index. The very first worldwide country ranking, based on the input of 115,000 gay men Planet Romeo
  68. ^ "Průzkum: 78% Čechů nevadí, kdyby měli gaye nebo lesbu za souseda". nakluky.cz (in Czech). 10 April 2019.
  69. ^ "Průzkum 2019: Čím dál více lidí si uvědomuje, že mají v rodině a mezi přáteli gaye a lesby". nakluky.cz (in Czech). 7 June 2019.
  70. ^ "Průzkum 2019: Coming out přestává být problém, lidé jsou tolerantnější". nakluky.cz (in Czech). 7 June 2019.
  71. ^ "67% of Czechs support same-sex marriage, says new poll". 23 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  72. ^ "Discrimination in the EU_sp535_volumeA.xlsx [QB15_2] and [QB15_3]" (xls). data.europa.eu. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  73. ^ "Gay Guide - Gay Prague". Prague Saints.
  74. ^ "Gay Prague - Prague Life". local-life.com.
  75. ^ Wilder, Charly (14 April 2010). "In Prague, Gay-Friendly Clubs in the Vinohrady District". The New York Times.
  76. ^ "Gay Brno Guide Czech Republic". GayGuide.Net.
  77. ^ Gay guide to Brno: GLBT friendly venues Archived 8 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ "Statutory City of Ostrava". Official Website of Ostrava City.
  79. ^ "LGBT Survey data explorer". Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  80. ^ "Mezipatra- Czech GLBT Film Festival". Archived from the original on 26 June 2013.
  81. ^ "NaKluky.cz". NaKluky.cz.
  82. ^ "Praguepride.cz". praguepride.cz.
  83. ^ "Prague Pride z.s." PRAGUE PRIDE.
  84. ^ "First gay pride march in Prague". BBC News. 13 August 2011.
  85. ^ "Prague's first pride parade: A success amidst controversy". Prague Monitor. 18 August 2011. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  86. ^ "Thousands march in Prague Pride parade". Archived from the original on 30 June 2013.
  87. ^ "Ruce pryč od pedofilů. Homosexuálové je do svých řad nechtějí". TÝDEN.cz. 14 June 2015.
  88. ^ Meyer, Jacy (11 January 2011). "Prague Debuts New Map Geared Toward Gay Travelers".
  89. ^ "Partnerství pro stejnopohlavní páry podepsal prezident - Novinky". 29 April 2024.
  90. ^ "Změnu pohlaví podstoupí v Česku až 60 lidí | Zdraví". 29 November 2012.
  91. ^ "Czech court removes surgery requirement for gender transition". 7 May 2024.

Further reading

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Czech_Republic&oldid=1256495497"