Dictation is the transcription of spoken text: one person who is "dictating" speaks and another who is "taking dictation" writes down the words as they are spoken. Among speakers of several languages, dictation is used as a test of language skill, similar to spelling bees in the English-speaking world. Secondary to teaching language skills, the exercise of dictation has also been used to introduce students to literary works, and to instill morals.[1] Dictation has also been used in an attempt to capture endangered or dying languages, as in the case of Victoria Howard, a Chinook speaker who dictated songs and stories to Melville Jacobs.[2]
Etymology
editIt derives from Latin, dictāre (to assert).[3]
Method
editThe exercise requires at least two persons: a reciter and a recorder. The reciter reads a selected text, evenly and clearly and at audible volume, by snippets of multiple words (three to ten or as need be). The text is transcribed by the recorders, as the reciter proceeds. Each snippet is read by the reciter at first slowly, then repeated once or twice at a normal pace. Once the selection has been read to the end in this way, the reciter reads the text once again from start to finish at a normal pace. The recorders then have time to re-read their work, and edit where necessary. The exercise in knowledge, comprehension and application comes to a close.
The analysis and evaluation step now proceeds as follows, upon the revelation of the selected text. The process requires a red pen, and can be varied according to the maturity of the recorders, or as to taste:
- the reciter gathers the written work of the recorders and evaluates it;
- the recorders are given the selection and expected to grade themselves.
The latter auto-evaluation process is quicker, but is sometimes trickier for two reasons: one, the handwriting of the recorder is indistinguishable from that of the evaluator; and two, the severity of the evaluator may be in question as the same person (or class of persons) is employed.
The selected texts are often taken from a sentence, a paragraph or a page of a published book, and may include an homily in morals, honesty or nobility. Biblical passages or pages from the Fables of La Fontaine have been employed with success throughout the ages.
Dictation in different languages
editFrench
editFor speakers of French, la dictée is a school exercise that aims at testing the mastery of orthography and grammar. Since many features of French grammar are distinguished in writing but not in speech, this can be a challenging task.[4]
Some dictées became famous for their difficulty or their interest, like those of Prosper Mérimée and Bernard Pivot. In several countries of the world (including Switzerland, France, Belgium, Poland, and Canada), the dictations are the subject of structured championships, similar to English spelling bees.
Korean
editIn South Korea, badasseugi (Hangul: 받아쓰기) is a school exercise for children in the lower grades of elementary schools. The Korean language is written using hangul, which is basically a phonemic alphabet; however, Hangul writing is also morphophonemic, so morphological knowledge (in addition to familiarity with hangul) is necessary for correct dictation. Also, phonological rules such as assimilation, palatalization, and deletion can cause pronunciation to be different from what the written form may suggest. Badasseugi may take form of a word, a phrase, or a sentence, and is similar to spelling tests.
Chinese
editDictation in Chinese (simplified Chinese: 听写; traditional Chinese: 聽寫; pinyin: tīngxiě, literally means 'listen and write') is a vital part of Chinese primary school education curriculum. Chinese characters are unique because a single syllable can have different corresponding characters. Since Chinese dictation is usually done in phrases (i.e. words are made up of more than one characters), this can help the person taking dictation to determine the proper character through phrases. Dictation also increases students' ability to write characters properly.
Vietnamese
editSimilar to the Korean hangul script, the Vietnamese Latin alphabet is also basically a phonemic alphabet; however, aside from mistakes in standardising the orthography of the language,[5] Vietnamese dialects have some sound mergers (a few of which can be morphophonemically[6] affected) that can confuse people, especially when talking to other people with a different dialect. Therefore, dictation in Vietnamese (Vietnamese: chính tả), also considered a vital part of Vietnamese primary school education curriculum, helps students, and foreign Vietnamese learners, solve these ambiguities.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Goldrich, Leon W.; Jones, Olivia Mary (1904). School Work. Editors of School Work. pp. 62–86.
- ^ Howard, Victoria; Mason, Catharine; Jacobs, Melville (2021). Clackamas Chinook performance art: verse form interpretations. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians series. Lincoln Bloomington: University of Nebraska Press American Indian Research Institute, Indiana University. ISBN 978-1-4962-2411-8.
- ^ "Dictaphone". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
- ^ Leavenworth, Clarence E. (1926). "The Dictation Exercise: Its Variations and Values". The Modern Language Journal. 10 (8): 483–490. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1926.tb00391.x.
- ^ "Nghĩ về việc chuẩn hóa chính tả tiếng Việt hiện nay". hcmussh.edu.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-05-04.
- ^ "Quy tắc chính tả phân biệt l/n, ch/tr, x/s, gi/d/, c/q/k, i/y nhanh, chính xác". Luật Minh Khuê. 2023-08-07.