Laem Chabang (Thai: แหลมฉบัง, pronounced [lɛ̌ːm tɕʰābāŋ]) is a port city municipality (thesaban nakhon) in Si Racha and Bang Lamung districts of Chonburi Province, Thailand.[2] It includes Thung Sukhla subdistrict (tambon) and parts of subdistricts Bueng, Nong Kham and Surasak of Si Racha District and part of Bang Lamung township of Bang Lamung District. As of 2019 it had a population of 88,271.[1] The city has grown up around the port, but also serves as a major stop on the coastal highway linking Pattaya and Bangkok via Sukhumvit Road (Hwy 3). The city is also known for hosting a Japanese retirement community with specialty stores geared towards them.
Laem Chabang
แหลมฉบัง | |
|---|---|
| City of Laem Chabang เทศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง | |
 Entrance to the port in 2005 | |
 Seal | |
  Laem Chabang Location in Bay of Bangkok  Laem Chabang Location in Thailand | |
| Coordinates: 13°05′N 100°53′E / 13.083°N 100.883°E | |
| Country |  Thailand |
| Province | Chonburi |
| District | Si Racha |
| Subdistrict municipality | 3 January 1992 |
| City municipality | 24 May 2010 |
| Government | |
| • Type | City municipality |
| • Mayor | Jinda Thanomrod |
| Area | |
| • Total | 88.59 km2 (34.20 sq mi) |
| • Water | 21.06 km2 (8.13 sq mi) |
| Population (2019)[1] | |
| • Total | 88,271 |
| • Density | 996/km2 (2,580/sq mi) |
| 60,000 people are not registered | |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (ICT) |
| Postcode | 20230 |
| Calling code | (+66) 38 |
| Website | lcb |
History
editSince 1981 the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has defined Laem Chabang as a target area for the development into a new urban community by constructing and developing infrastructure and public utilities to support the expansion of the community resulting from the development. Industry by carrying out the construction of an international deep sea port. Industrial estates for export. Construction of the Laem Chabang Port. Railway to connect with the Bangkok-Sattahip Port Railway. Realisation of Laem Chabang Community Housing Building.
According to the Eastern Seaboard Development Project the area consists of the whole Thung Sukhla subdistrict and some areas of Surasak subdistrict, Nong Kham subdistrict, Bueng subdistrict and Bang Lamung subdistrict. Development of the port complex started in 1988. The container port was completed in 1991.
By raising the status of some areas of Ao Udom sanitation district (sukhaphiban), Laem Chabang subdistrict municipality (thesaban tambon), Si Racha district and Bang Lamung district, Chonburi province was established, announced in the Government Gazette, book 108, issue 211, dated 4 December 1991, effective from 3 January 1992. To be a local government organization that controls and enforces the urban development plan. As well as being an agency that provides social services to the community. Conduct business of various industries with the people to rule and take care. Upholding their localities according to the municipal system.
Subsequently Laem Chabang city municipality (thesaban nakhon) was established on 24 May 2010.[3]
The port is part of the Belt and Road Initiative that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via Singapore through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India, via Mombasa through the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.[4][5][6]
Geography
editThe area of Laem Chabang city municipality is generally coastal and is located on the east of Gulf of Thailand about 120 km (75 mi) from Suvarnabhumi Airport, 30 km (19 mi) south of Chonburi, 25 km (16 mi) north of Pattaya and 60 km (37 mi) from Map Ta Phut and covers an area of 109.65 km2 (42.34 sq mi) of which 88.59 km2 (34.20 sq mi) land area and 21.06 km2 (8.13 sq mi) water surface (sea).[7] It is in the development zone under the Eastern Seaboard Development Project, consists of a commercial port, industrial estate centers, playgrounds, sports fields, etc.
Laem Chabang borders to the north: Surasak subdistrict (tambon), Si Racha district (amphoe), Chonburi province (changwat), east: subdistricts Nong Kham and Bueng, Si Racha district, Chonburi province, south: Bang Lamung subdistrict, Bang Lamung district, Chonburi province, west: Gulf of Thailand.
Climate
editLaem Chabang city has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification category Aw). Winters are dry and warm. Temperatures rise until May. Monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. Weather station Laem Chabang, climate data from 1981 to 2010: The maximum temperature is 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in January and the minimum temperature is 14.0 °C (57.2 °F) in December. The maximum average temperature is 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in April and the minimum average temperature is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) in December. Annual rainfall is 1,151 millimeter (45.3 inch).[8]
| Climate data for Laem Chabang (1981–2010, extremes 1992-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.0 (102.2) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
39.2 (102.6) |
40.1 (104.2) |
36.8 (98.2) |
36.2 (97.2) |
36.7 (98.1) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.5 (97.7) |
36.5 (97.7) |
40.1 (104.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.9 (89.4) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.7 (90.9) |
31.9 (89.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.0 (89.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.7 (83.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
19.6 (67.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 20.9 (0.82) |
15.2 (0.60) |
52.9 (2.08) |
61.5 (2.42) |
137.2 (5.40) |
153.0 (6.02) |
104.9 (4.13) |
116.4 (4.58) |
247.3 (9.74) |
200.3 (7.89) |
33.6 (1.32) |
8.2 (0.32) |
1,151.4 (45.33) |
| Average rainy days | 1.5 | 2.3 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 11.8 | 13.4 | 17.0 | 16.9 | 4.2 | 1.1 | 104.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 64 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 65 | 61 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 192.2 | 163.9 | 186.0 | 186.0 | 117.8 | 114.0 | 117.8 | 114.7 | 108.0 | 108.5 | 171.0 | 192.2 | 1,772.1 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 6.2 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 4.9 |
| Source 1: Thai Meteorological Department[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun and humidity)[10] | |||||||||||||
Administration
editThe administration of Laem Chabang city municipality is responsible for a land area that covers 88.59 km2 (34.20 sq mi) of which 72.56 km2 (28.02 sq mi) in Si Racha district, Chonburi province (82%) and 16.03 km2 (6.19 sq mi) in Bang Lamung district, Chonburi province (18%).[7] Consists of five subdistricts, 24 villages, 88,271 people in 79,703 households (following House Registration Office).[1] The latent population, who came to work in various establishments, without moving house registration is approximately 60,000 people.[11]
| District | Subdistrict | Village | People | H.holds |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo1 | 2,871 | 1,463 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo2 | 1,134 | 1,360 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo3 | 1,819 | 665 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo4 | 15 | 40 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo5 | 678 | 1,096 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo6 | 7,472 | 5,731 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo7 | 3,503 | 3,926 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo8 | 3,452 | 3,725 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo9 | 4,967 | 6,959 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo10 | 8,379 | 8,307 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo11 | 4,203 | 2,904 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Moo12 | 3,087 | 2,316 |
| Si Racha | Thung Sukhla | Subtotal | 41,580 | 38,492 |
| Si Racha | Nong Kham | Moo11 | 11,716 | 13,926 |
| Si Racha | Nong Kham | Subtotal | 11,716 | 13,926 |
| District | Subdistrict | Village | People | H.holds |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Si Racha | Surasak | Moo3 | 3,068 | 2,229 |
| Si Racha | Surasak | Moo9 | 1,946 | 1,265 |
| Si Racha | Surasak | Subtotal | 5,014 | 3,494 |
| Si Racha | Bueng | Moo1 | 3,403 | 1,964 |
| Si Racha | Bueng | Moo5 | 3,259 | 1,695 |
| Si Racha | Bueng | Moo9 | 2,881 | 1,250 |
| Si Racha | Bueng | Moo10 | 5,954 | 3,725 |
| Si Racha | Bueng | Subtotal | 15,497 | 8,634 |
| Bang Lamung | Bang Lamung | Moo4 | 3,351 | 2,257 |
| Bang Lamung | Bang Lamung | Moo6 | 3,238 | 6,428 |
| Bang Lamung | Bang Lamung | Moo7 | 1,329 | 656 |
| Bang Lamung | Bang Lamung | Moo8 | 5,684 | 5,539 |
| Bang Lamung | Bang Lamung | Moo9 | 862 | 277 |
| Bang Lamung | Bang Lamung | Subtotal | 14,464 | 15,157 |
| TOTAL | 88,271 | 79,703 |
Logo
editThe city logo shows a ship, which symbolizes an international commercial port, the chimney characterizes an industrial city, the mountain points to the location of the municipality, the sun means glory.[12]
Religious places
editLaem Chabang city municipality is home to the following active temples, where Theravada Buddhism is practiced by local residents:[13]
| Temple name | Thai | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Wat Ban Na Kao | วัดบ้านนาเก่า | Thung Sukhla |
| Wat Laem Chabang (new) | วัดแหลมฉบัง (ใหม่) | Thung Sukhla |
| Wat Laem Chabang (old) | วัดแหลมฉบัง (เก่า) | Thung Sukhla |
| Wat Mai Noen Phayom | วัดใหม่เนินพยอม | Thung Sukhla |
| Wat Manorom | วัดมโนรม | Thung Sukhla |
| Wat Noen Bunyaram | วัดเนินบุญญาราม | Thung Sukhla |
| Wat Phra Prathanpon | วัดพระประทานพร | Surasak |
| Wat Si Thammaram | วัดศรีธรรมมาราม | Surasak |
| Wat Laem Thong | วัดแหลมทอง | Nong Kham |
| Wat Prachanat | วัดปชานาถ | Nong Kham |
| Wat Nong Khla | วัดหนองคล้า | Bueng |
| Wat Bang Lamung | วัดบางละมุง | Bang Lamung |
| Wat Si Wanaram | วัดศรีวนาราม | Bang Lamung |
| Wat Sukree Bunyaram | วัดสุกรีย์บุญญาราม | Bang Lamung |
Shrines in the city municipality are:
- Chao Pho Komin Shrine (Thung Sukhla)
- City Pillar Shrine (Bang La
Economy
editEconomic conditions within Laem Chabang city municipality largely depend on industry. Industrial factories operate more than 200 companies. They employ the largest number of workers in Chonburi province.[14]
Laem Chabang Industrial Estate
editIt is one of the main development activities in Laem Chabang, located on an area of 569 ha (1,406 acres) between the harbor and Sukhumvit Road, Thung Sukhla subdistrict, divided into:[15]
- General industrial zone, 292 ha (721 acres) with approximately 80 companies, among which Mitsubishi car factory and engine factory, Fujitsu General (Thailand), Michelin Siam Company and Meyer Group Company.[1]
- Free business zone, 157 ha (387 acres) with approximately 26 companies in the first phase and 40 companies in the second phase.
- Government and Public utility zone, 121 ha (298 acres) with branches of TOT Public Company, Eastern Investment Economic Center (BOI) and CAT Telecom Public Company Limited.
Saha Group Industrial Park
editA private project established in 1977 located West of Motorway 7 at Nong Kham subdistrict, on an area of approximately 208 ha (514 acres), comprising about 80 industrial factories with at least 20,000 employees.[16]
Laem Chabang Port
edit| Port of Laem Chabang | |
|---|---|
| | |
 Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | Thailand |
| Location | Laem Chabang, Chonburi Province |
| Details | |
| Owned by | Port Authority of Thailand |
| Type of harbour | Natural/Artificial |
| Size of harbour | 21.06 km2 (8.1 sq.mi) |
| Land area | 10.4 km2 (4 sq.mi) |
| Statistics | |
| Annual cargo tonnage | 80 million tonnes (FY2017)[17] |
| Annual container volume | 7.7 million TEUs (FY2017) |
| Website laemchabangport | |
Thailand's largest port occupies 10.41 km2 (4 sq.mi) and is capable of handling the largest (Post-Panamax) vessels.[18]
Development of the port complex started in 1988 to encourage development outside Bangkok and take advantage of proximity to the Gulf of Thailand. The container port was completed in 1991.[19] In 2014 it handled 6.58 million TEUs, making it the 20th busiest container port in the world.[20] In FY2017 (1 October 2016 – 30 September 2017) it handled 7.7 million TEUs.[17] Much of the international shipping reaching Thailand passes through Laem Chabang. It is a port of call for Princess Cruises and Celebrity Cruises. It accommodated 59 passenger liners in FY2017.[17]
Laem Chabang includes:
- Seven container terminals
- One multipurpose terminal
- One ro-ro terminal
- One passenger ro-ro terminal
- One general cargo terminal
- One shipyard terminal
- Adjacent Harbor Mall
The Port Authority of Thailand is responsible for the port overall. It engages private sector contractors to manage various port operations.
Petroleum Industry
editThree oil refineries:[21]
- Thai Oil Refineries Public Company Limited
- Esso (Thailand) Public Company Limited
- Thai Lube Base Oil Refineries Public Company Limited
Three petroleum oil depots:
Three PPG depots:
Transportation
editTransportation is a continuous business from all this industry. There is a kaleidoscope of transport companies based in Laem Chabang, of which there are a few:
- CJ Logistics (Thailand) Co. Ltd.[2]
- ESCO - Eastern Sea Laem Chabang Terminal Co. Ltd.[3]
- Freight Links Express (Thailand) Co. Ltd.[4]
- Logem Transport Co. Ltd.[5]
- MON transport Co. Ltd.[6]
- MSC Depot Laem Chabang.[7]
- Shipco Transport (Thailand) Ltd.[8]
- WICE Logistics Public Co. Ltd.[9]
Agriculture
editIn the past there were a lot of pineapple plantations in the area of present-day Laem Chabang city municipality. Today agriculture has declined dramatically, mainly due to the growing industry.
Water management
edit- Laem Chabang Industrial Estate uses an average 23,000 m3/day of tap water from Huai Nong Kho water reservoir in Nong Kham subdistrict.[22]
- Waste water of 8,000 m3/day produces
- 2,500 m3/day of industrial water by means of reverse osmosis (RO) system.
Education
editThere is one university: Kasetsart University Sriracha Campus
Three municipality schools:
- Laem Chabang school District 1
- Laem Chabang school District 2
- Laem Chabang school District 3
Twelve primary/secondary schools under the Chonburi Educational Service Area Office 3:
- Ban Bang Lamung school
- Ban Chak Yai Chin school
- Ban Thungkrad school
- Thai Kasikorn Songkhro Company school [10]
- Thungsukla Phitthaya school [11]
- Wat Ban Na school [12]
- Wat Laem Chabang school
- Wat Mai Noen Phayom school
- Wat Manorom school
- Wat Nong Khla school
- Wat Phra Prathapon school
- Wat Sukree Bunyaram school
Four private schools:
- Boon Psychology school
- Laem Chabang Engineering school [13]
- Laem Chabang Technology school
- Thanapon Wittaya school
There are also eight child development centers in Laem Chabang city municipality
Health
editA governmental and a private hospital in Laem Chabang.
- Laem Chabang Hospital (formerly Ao Udom Hospital) is a governmental hospital.[14]
- Vibharam Laem Chabang Hospital (formerly Laem Chabang International Hospital) is a private hospital.[15]
Three Public Health Service Centers:
- Public Health Service Center 1 (Nong Kham)
- Public Health Service Center 2 (Thung Krad)
- Public Health Service Center 3 (Khao Nam Sub)
Further about 24 private clinics.
Sports
editGolf
editLaem Chabang has a world class golf course, the Laem Chabang International Country Club designed by Jack Nicklaus.[23] This golf course in Bueng subdistrict consists of 27 holes on 283 ha (700 acres). "Mountain 9" is 3,151 m (3,446 yards) in length. "Lake 9" is 3,126 m (3,419 yards) in length.
Football
editLaem Chabang municipal Stadium is currently used mostly for football matches and holds 2,000 people.[24] In 2017 it was announced that the track would be surfaced to enable the hosting of major athletics events.[25]
Laem Chabang City FC plays in Thai Lower Division with average of 250 spectators.
Communities
editLaem Chabang city municipality has 23 communities (chumchon), although not directly chosen by the local citizens, which provides advice and recommendations to local administrative organisations. They also promote and support community participation and enterprises at the district level and subdistrict villages.
| Community name | Location | Village |
|---|---|---|
| Ban Ao Udom Community | Thung Sukhla | Moo1 |
| Ban Thung Community | Thung Sukhla | Moo2 |
| Ban Laem Chabang Com. | Thung Sukhla | Moo3 |
| Ban Na Kao Community | Thung Sukhla | Moo4 + 5 |
| Ban Khao Nam Sub Com. | Thung Sukhla | Moo6 |
| Ao Udom Market Com. | Thung Sukhla | Moo7 |
| Ban Chak Yai Chin Com. | Thung Sukhla | Moo8 |
| Wat Manorom Community | Thung Sukhla | Moo9 |
| Ban Laem Thong Com. | Thung Sukhla | Moo10 |
| Ban Hai Lek Community | Thung Sukhla | Moo11 + 12 |
| Wat Phra Praphon Com. | Surasak | Moo3 + 9 |
| Community name | Location | Village |
|---|---|---|
| Ban Chak Pook Com. | Nong Kham | Moo11 |
| Ban Nong Kham Com. | Nong Kham | Moo11 |
| Ban Chak Kranej Com. | Bueng | Moo1 |
| Ban Rai Nueng Com. | Bueng | Moo5 |
| Ban Nong Khla Mai Com. | Bueng | Moo9 |
| Ban Sethi Nai Fan Com. | Bueng | Moo9 + 10 |
| Ban Nong Khla Kao Com. | Bueng | Moo10 |
| Ban Nong Manao Com. | Bang Lamung | Moo4 |
| Ban Na Mai Com. | Bang Lamung | Moo6 |
| Ban Nong Phang Phuai Com. | Bang Lamung | Moo7 |
| Ban Thung Krad Com. | Bang Lamung | Moo8 |
| Ban Bang Lamung Com. | Bang Lamung | Moo9 |
References
edit- ^ a b c "สถิติทางการทะเบียน" [Registration statistics]. bora.dopa.go.th. Department of Provincial Administration (DOPA). December 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
Download จำนวนประชากร ปี พ.ศ.2562 - Download population year 2019
- ^ "Number of local government organizations: Summary elevating local authorities". dla.go.th. Department of Local Administration (DLA). 24 May 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
No.2 Laem Chabang subdistrict municipality, Sri Racha district and Bang Lamung district, Chonburi province is Laem Chabang city municipality.
- ^ "1.ประวัติความเป็นมาของเศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [1.History of Laem Chabang City Municipality] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "EEC tied to China's One Belt, One Road". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ Chan, Gerald (2020). China's Maritime Silk Road. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 20. doi:10.4337/9781789907490. ISBN 978-1-78990-749-0. S2CID 226551277.
- ^ Hernig, Marcus (2018). Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße der Weg des chinesischen Drachens ins Herz Europas. FinanzBuch Verlag (Originalausgabe, 1. Auflage ed.). München. ISBN 978-3-95972-138-7. OCLC 1041947406.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b "2.พื้นที่ของของเศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [2.Area of Laem Chabang City Municipality] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981-2010". Thai Meteorological Department. p. 20. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. p. 20. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 97. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "8.ประชากรของเศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [8.Population of Laem Chabang City Municipality] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "1.ตราสัญลักษณ์ของเศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [1.Logo of Laem Chabang City Municipality] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "18.ศาสนสถานในเขตเทศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [18.Religious places in Laem Chabang City Municipality] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "16.สภาพเศรษฐกิจของเศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [16.Economy of Laem Chabang City Municipality] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "16.sub1.สภาพเศรษฐกิจของเศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [16.sub1.Laem Chabang Industrial Estate.] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "16.sub2.สภาพเศรษฐกิจของเศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง" [16.sub2.Saha group Industrial Park.] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ a b c "Laem Chabang Port". Port Authority of Thailand (PAT). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ "Information". Laem Chabang Port. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^ Pitchon, James. "Thailand's industrial property evolution", Bangkok Post, July 07, 2008, retrieved on September 27, 2008.
- ^ Mooney, Turloch (2015-11-30). "Laem Chabang port expands to tap south-east Asia trade". Journal of Commerce (JOC). Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- ^ "16.3.กลุ่มอุตสาหกรรมปิโตรเลียม" [16.3.Petroleum industry] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "ข้อมูลทั่วไป" [General information] (in Thai). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "About". Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ "แหลมฉบังยันสังเวียนเหย้าพร้อมทันเปิดศึกเอไอเอสลีก 2013" (in Thai).[dead link]
- ^ "สนามกีฬาเทศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง ทุ่มงบ 17 ล้าน สร้างลู่วิ่งมาตรฐาน เพื่อส่งเสริมการกีฬาให้แก่เด็ก เยาวชน และประชาชน" (in Thai).
External links
edit
- Website of municipality
- Port of Laem Chabang (Thai, English)