Wikipedia

Lake Merritt

(Redirected from Lake Merritt Slough)
For the BART station, see Lake Merritt (BART station).

Lake Merritt is a lake located in a large tidal lagoon basin in the center of Oakland, California, just east of Downtown. It is named after Samuel Merritt, Oakland's mayor in 1867–1869, who had the lagoon dammed turning the varying tidal lagoon into a stable salt-water lake. It is surrounded by parkland and city neighborhoods. Historically significant as the first official wildlife refuge in the United States, designated in 1870, the lake has been listed as a National Historic Landmark since 1963. The circumference of the lake is 3.4 miles (5.5 km), with an area of 155 acres (63 ha).[4]

Lake Merritt
A view looking west toward the Lakeside Apartments District, the Tribune Tower and Downtown Oakland, with a lake aeration fountain in the fore area
Lake Merritt is located in California
Lake Merritt
Lake Merritt
Lake Merritt is located in San Francisco Bay Area
Lake Merritt
Lake Merritt
Lake Merritt is located in Oakland, California
Lake Merritt
Lake Merritt
LocationEast of downtown Oakland
Coordinates37°48′14″N 122°15′33″W / 37.8039°N 122.2591°W / 37.8039; -122.2591
Lake typeRecreation, lagoon, wildlife refuge
Basin countriesUnited States
Surface area140 acres (0.57 km2)[1]
Max. depth10 feet (3.0 m)[1]
Shore length13.4 miles (5.5 km)[1]
Surface elevation43 feet (13 m)
FrozenNo
Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge
Looking Southwest across Lake Merritt. In the distance are the Rene C. Davidson Alameda County Court House and Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center. At the right is the Bellevue-Staten Building.
Built1870
NRHP reference No.66000205
ODL No.39
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[2]
Designated NHLMay 23, 1963[3]
Designated ODL1980
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

The lake features grassy shores, several artificial islands intended as bird refuges, and an interpretive center called the Rotary Nature Center at Lakeside Park. There is a small fairy-tale themed amusement park called Children's Fairyland and The Gardens at Lake Merritt is also in the park. A popular walking and jogging path runs along the lake's perimeter.[5]

History

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The lake was originally an arm of San Francisco Bay, formed where several creeks empty into the bay. It was surrounded by 1,000 acres (4 km2) of wetlands when the Ohlone people fished, hunted, and gathered food along its shores. By 1810, the remaining Native Americans were removed to Mission San José, and the estuary and 44,800 acres (181 km2) of surrounding land was deeded to Sergeant Luis Maria Peralta to become Rancho San Antonio. After gold was discovered in 1848 in present-day Coloma 125 miles (201 km) to the northeast, Anglo squatters led by lawyer Horace Carpentier took control of the East Bay area which was to become downtown Oakland, including the estuary known as "San Antonio Slough".[6] In 1856, Peralta fought and won a United States Supreme Court case against the squatters, but further court cases between his sons and daughters would greatly diminish their holdings. The Peralta brothers had to sell much of the land to Carpentier to pay legal fees and new property taxes. Oakland was incorporated in 1852 with Carpentier as its first mayor, and the estuary became the city's sewer.[7]

Lake Merritt naturally had tidal flows via a broad 600-foot outlet, but this has been steadily reduced with development of the region after 1869. Currently, the tidal flows are limited in size and managed for flood control.[8] For years, the lake acted as a waste collector. It was regarded as ideal for sewage because of its chemical contents, which have high acidities that cause it to decompose human feces at very high rates. Sixty miles of brick and wood channeling sent the broken-down sewage to the bottom of the lake to then be eaten by bottom feeders. The stench at the lake during the decomposition of the sewage was a problem for Oaklanders on the west shore and residents of Clinton and San Antonio villages on the east.[7]

Samuel Merritt, Oakland's mayor (1867–1869), who owned property at the shore's edge, was keen to get the body of water cleaned up so that it could become a source of civic pride. In 1868, he proposed and funded a dam between the estuary and the bay by which the flow of water could be controlled, allowing the water level inland to rise higher and become less saline, turning the tidal lagoon into a lake. Sewage was to be redirected elsewhere by two new city projects, though these weren't completed until 1875. The resulting body of water was called variously "Lake Peralta", "Merritt's Lake" and later Lake Merritt.[7][9]

The lake at that time still had thick wetlands fringing the shores and it continued to attract large numbers of migratory birds. In order to protect the birds from duck hunters and stop the noise and danger of gunfire so close to the city, Merritt proposed to turn the lake into a wildlife refuge in 1869. The state legislature voted Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge into law in 1870, making it the first such refuge in North America. No hunting of any sort was to be allowed and the only fishing was to be by hook and line.[7][10]

 
The Camron-Stanford House was built by Samuel Merritt in 1876 along the southwest corner of Lake Merritt in Oakland, California.

The ornate Camron-Stanford House was built in 1876 near the lake's western shore. Tax records suggest that Samuel Merritt built the Italianate Victorian as part of his plan to promote and develop downtown Oakland and the new lake. In 1877, the house's title was transferred to Mrs. Alice Camron, a purchase she was able to make due to an inheritance from her father, California pioneer John Marsh. She, her husband Will, and their two daughters were the first residents of the home. Further fine homes were built on the lakeshore by others following Merritt's lead, though none but Camron-Stanford remain today.[11] Beginning in 1910, the house served as the Oakland Public Museum. In 1967, the Oakland Museum moved to other quarters, and the Camron-Stanford House is now a separate museum.

Protection for the wetlands was nonexistent and residences kept being built on reclaimed land around the shore of the lake. Cleanliness continued to be a problem because of incomplete sewage projects, and the lake kept silting up since the natural tidal flow had been interrupted by Merritt's dam. Dredging of the lake began in 1891, with the removed silt being piled along the eastern shore to make a foundation for a road which became Lakeshore Avenue.[7]

From 1893 to 1915, Lake Merritt saw major changes. Inspired by the new City Beautiful movement, which got its start at the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair), the lake became a city-owned park. In 1913, an elaborate Mission Revival pergola was constructed at the northeastern tip of the lake. Adam's Point was cleared of houses, planted with lawns and imported trees, and became Lakeside Park. Eastshore Park was created where East 18th Street brought Trestle Glen's watershed to the lake. Oakland Civic Auditorium was built at the south edge of the lake in 1914.[7]

 
The Bellevue-Staten Building was designed by Herman Baumann and constructed in 1929 using an architectural blend of Spanish Colonial and Art Deco styles.

1923 saw Cleveland Cascade spring into life, conceived and assisted by noted landscape architect, Howard Gilkey. This was a three-tiered water feature incorporating multiple waterfalls tumbling sequentially into twenty large collection basins and a pool at the bottom, flanked by twin stairs descending from Merritt Avenue in Cleveland Heights to Lakeshore Avenue. Colored lights in rainbow sequence lit the waterfall at night.[12]

In 1925, the "Necklace of Lights" was turned on.

1929 is the year the luxurious Bellevue-Staten apartments were completed at 492 Staten Avenue in Adam's Point near Lakeside Park. The 15-story blend of Art Deco and Spanish Colonial styles is one of the most prominent sights viewable from nearly every point of Lake Merritt.[13]

Lake Merritt's natural wetlands are long gone—converted to parks, pathways and roads. Some of the wetland vegetation has been restored to five "Bird Islands" constructed of dredged silt between 1925 and 1956, sheltering hundreds of nesting and roosting water fowl. The islands have a fresh water irrigation system to bring drinking water to the birds. A boom and a rope/buoy barrier protects the islands from recreational boaters.[14]

Under the name Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge, the site became a National Historic Landmark on May 23, 1963.[3][15][16]

Children's Fairyland is a 10-acre park designed by William Russell Everett and built in 1950 in Lakeside Park. When Walt Disney was planning Disneyland, he visited Children's Fairyland for ideas.[17]

Starting in 1961, Oakland's "Downtown Property Owner's Association"[18] and the "Central Business District Association" repeatedly advocated for extending Alice Street directly through Snow Park, which was then the grounds of the Snow Museum, past the Schilling Gardens and the Bechtel Building at 244 Lakeside Drive, and down to the lake's edge on 20th Street. They purportedly sought to alleviate motorist traffic congestion that might be caused by the closure of Broadway during construction of the nearby BART line. The plan met stiff opposition from Oakland's City Council in October 1964, which, as reported by the Staff of the Oakland Tribune at the time, told downtown property interests to "quit wasting its time."[19]

 
Lake Merritt viewed from downtown Oakland on a sunny afternoon

While celebrations at Lake Merritt have been largely peaceful and lively, several incidents of violence have marred the park during events. A shooting at a 2021 Father's Day event involving two San Francisco factions left two dead and five wounded. An event on Juneteenth 2024 in June left 15 wounded.

Necklace of lights

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Necklace of lights
 
Designated1985
Reference no.97
 
A view looking east toward man-made islands of the Lake Merritt Bird Sanctuary. The Bellevue-Staten apartment building is in view, and the Oakland/Piedmont Hills are in the background.

A "necklace of lights" encircles Lake Merritt. Featuring 126 lampposts and 3,400 "pearly bulbs", the necklace was first lit in 1925. In 1941, the lights were removed to comply with World War II blackout conditions. After a decade-long campaign by the Lake Merritt Breakfast Club, the lights were again illuminated in 1987.

During Oakland's annual gay pride celebration, the city replaces the white bulbs with multicolored bulbs.[20]

Wildlife

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Birds

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An egret at Lake Merritt

The lake features a healthy year-round population of birds. It sees seasonal fluctuations in the types of birds that call the lake home.

Year round

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Year round, the lake is home to many Canada geese and moderate numbers of black-crowned night heron, great egret, snowy egret, cormorant, American coot, and western gull. There are also small mallard duck and pelican (both American and brown) populations.

Rainy season

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From November through March, the lake plays host to a very large population of greater scaup and lesser scaup, which spend most of their time floating on the water. The tufted duck, a rare bird from Eurasia, has also been recorded annually. Smaller numbers of canvasback, redhead, common and Barrow's goldeneye, bufflehead, and other migratory diving ducks are also present during the cold season.

Dry season

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From June until the end of September, the lake's Canada goose population increases significantly; Canada geese become nearly ubiquitous around the perimeter of the lake. In late summer and early fall, a moderate pelican population also arrives, and Caspian terns can be seen on the lake.[21]

Other

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Fish in Lake Merritt include bat rays and gobies.[22] Chinook salmon have also been recorded.[23] Molluscs include sea hares, bay mussels, and oysters.[24] Crustaceans include barnacles and Transorchestia enigmatica, which is a talitridae found only in Lake Merritt.[25]

Plants

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Although native trees such as coast live oak and California buckeye are present, most of the park bordering Lake Merritt has been landscaped with plants from around the world. As early as 1910, City Park Commissioners recognized Oakland as a city of immigrants, and felt that "visitors to the park would want to see plants from their native lands".[26] This theme of diversity in the park landscape has continued with landscape renovations. The lake's iconic plant is the New Zealand tea tree (Leptospermum sp.), which grows with picturesque gnarled branches along the water's edge.

One zone of native plants has been established at the restored tidal marsh, located on the channel just south of the Lake Merritt Blvd. bridge. Pickleweed has been planted within the tidal zone, and other native plants such as saltgrass, marsh gumplant (Grindelia stricta var. angustifolia), marsh baccharis (Baccharis glutinosa), Jaumea, and Frankenia have been propagated from local genetic stock and planted on the slope above the marsh. A second native marsh plant zone is planned for the shoreline east of the Sailboat House.

Aquatic vegetation commonly seen within the lake itself include widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima), filamentous green algae (Enteromorpha and Cladophora sp.), sea lettuce (Ulva sp.), dead man's fingers (Codium fragile), and occasionally wireweed (Sargassum muticum). Growth of these aquatic plants reaches a peak in mid-June, and the subsequent die-off and decomposition can result in bad odors, unsightly appearance, and depletion of oxygen in the water column. To prevent this nuisance condition, the City uses a floating mechanical harvester to remove excess growth during the summer months.

A red algal bloom (Heterosigma akashiwo) was detected in Lake Merritt in March 2024, but dissipated within about 2 weeks.[27]

The most common aquatic plants in Lake Merritt are tiny, free-floating phytoplankton. Visitors often do not appreciate the sometimes-murky water in the lake, but the cloudiness represents a water column rich in microscopic life, providing a basis for a diverse and thriving web of animal life at the lake, both marine and avian.[citation needed]

Connecting waterways

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Creeks that flow to Lake Merritt include Glen Echo Creek, Pleasant Valley Creek, Wildwood Creek, and Indian Gulch Creek.[28][29]

Cleanup and restoration

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View of Lake Merrit with aeration fountain

Because storm drains in downtown Oakland and surrounding areas drain directly into the lake, trash and nutrient pollution have become the largest problems affecting Lake Merritt. Increased levels of chemicals like nitrogen and phosphorus cause algae blooms, which deplete the water of oxygen.[30] Aeration fountains, funded by donations, have been installed to help with this problem. "Water quality in an area of about one acre around each unit is improved by the transfer of oxygen from the air, and by mixing the top and bottom layers of the Lake."[31] A proposed aeration system was never approved by the City of Oakland.[citation needed]

 
A man raises an American flag at Lake Merritt in Oakland

Trash removal is coordinated by the non-profit Lake Merritt Institute under contract with the City of Oakland. The Institute sponsors clean-ups five days a week during the school year, and four days a week during the summer. Individuals can also work alone using the four "U-Clean-It" boxes maintained by the Institute. One way volunteers clean the lake is by using long-handled nets.[32][33] About 1,000 to 6,000 pounds of trash are removed monthly.[34] Among the many individual and group volunteers, of special note are those who have been cleaning the trash since 1997: the regular Saturday and Tuesday volunteers,[35] the Peralta Service Corporation (part of the Unity Council),[36] St. Paul's Episcopal School 6th Grade,[37] and HandsOn Bay Area.[38]

Pollution

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In addition to nutrient pollution, more toxic agents have drained into the lake from time to time. In 1998, about 20 gallons of diesel fuel leaked into the lake following a "freakish accident" in the basement of the Caltrans building in the 100 block of Grand Avenue.[39]

On June 27, 2011, the Oakland Fire Department and California Department of Fish and Game responded to a diesel fuel spill that covered five acres of the northwest side of the lake. "Because the storm drain connects to other storm drains in the city, and due to the heavy rain, Oakland Fire Battalion Chief Darin White said firefighters were having difficulty finding where the spill originated."[40]

Measure DD improvements

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Aerial view of Lake Merritt and downtown Oakland, with the San Francisco Bay, and the beginning of Bay Bridge in the upper left background
 
An outdoor milonga (tango dance party) at the restored gazebo near Children's Fairyland in Lakeside Park

Measure DD, a $198 million Oakland City park bond measure, passed with 80% voter approval in 2002. The measure improved the lake area by adding park space and altering the surrounding infrastructure. One example is on Lake Merritt's south shore, where the previous configuration of 12th Street (six lanes in each direction) was considered a deterrent to pedestrian and bicycle access to landmarks such as Laney College, the Oakland Museum of California, and Lake Merritt Channel. Part of the Measure DD project renovated 12th Street, reducing traffic to three lanes in each direction, adding park space, and adding eleven more necklaces of lights to fill a gap.

The renovation of Lake Merritt, paid for with money from Measure DD, was briefly stalled by an environmental review lawsuit intended to prevent cutting trees around the lake, which was filed in 2006 by a group of concerned residents, "Friends of the Lake".[41] On October 17, 2007, an Alameda County Superior Court judge dismissed a lawsuit, making way for the renovation to proceed.

 
Gondola on Lake Merritt

One of the first Measure DD projects, completed in 2007, was the renovation and rededication of the 1913 pergola at the north end of the lake.[42] Several sections of Measure DD work were completed in 2008, including the renovation of the 1909 Municipal Boat House into Lake Chalet restaurant, the reconstruction of El Embarcadero between Grand Avenue and Lakeshore Avenue, the narrowing of Lakeside Drive from just north of East 14th Street to 19th Street from four lanes to two (with a bicycle lane added), and new landscaping along the west side of the lake from 14th to 19th street and the east side from East 18th Street to El Embarcadero.

The largest part of the Measure DD work was the 12th Street Reconstruction Project on the south side of the lake. Replacement of the Frickstad Viaduct, or "12th Street Dam" (built 1950), and renovation of the roadways and tunnels between the Kaiser Convention Center and the southern end of Lake Merritt began in May 2010 and were completed in June 2013. The groundbreaking ceremony for the 12th Street Project took place on May 6, 2010 near the Frickstad Viaduct.[43]

Another major milestone in the restoration of Lake Merritt was achieved in February 2013, when Mayor Jean Quan and other officials inaugurated a 750-foot (230 m)-long channel, including a paved trail, a pedestrian bridge, and restored tidal marsh, a major step towards reconnecting Lake Merritt with San Francisco Bay. This stage was expected to double the water volume circulating in and out of the lake. The mayor announced plans for "a big citywide party" upon completion.[44] In December 2016, a culvert under 10th Street was removed to increase tidal movement.[45][46]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "The Lake Merritt Institute: About Lake Merritt". www.lakemerrittinstitute.org. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  3. ^ a b "Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 28, 2007. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  4. ^ "Lake Merritt". Park and Recreation Department. City of Oakland. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  5. ^ City of Oakland Parks and Recreation Archived November 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Northlakegroup.org - northlake group Resources and Information. Site gone on or before 16 March 2010 Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ a b c d e f McFerrin, Linda Watanabe (January 1, 2001). "A Natural History of Oakland's Lake Merritt". Bay Nature. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  8. ^ "Lake Merritt Institute Tidal Flow White Paper (visited Jan 2012)" (PDF). Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  9. ^ Project1 Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Lake Merritt - Wildlife Sanctuary Archived January 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Welcome to the Camron-Stanford House web site". Cshouse.org. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  12. ^ Jim Ratliff. "Oakland's Cleveland Cascade". Clevelandcascade.org. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  13. ^ Jim Ratliff. "Bellevue-Staten Building from top of Cleveland Cascade". Clevelandcascade.org. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  14. ^ Project Name Archived 2007-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ McKithan, Cecil (October 18, 1977). "Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  16. ^ "Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge—Accompanying 4 photos, from 1977" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. October 18, 1977. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  17. ^ "What Walt saw. Pictures from Fairy Land, 1950s". Micechat.com. September 27, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  18. ^ Oakland Tribune Staff (April 5, 1963). "Alice Street Extension Plea Renewed". Oakland Tribune Section E17.
  19. ^ Oakland Tribune Staff (October 29, 1964). "Newest Alice Street Plan Turned Down; Recurring Subject Riles City". Oakland Tribune Section E13.
  20. ^ "Rainbow Necklace Launches East Bay Pride". City of Oakland Parks and Recreation Department. August 22, 2002.
  21. ^ Bird-lore: An Illustrated Bi-monthly Magazine Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds (1931), Audubon Societies, Volumes 33-34
  22. ^ Harshaw, Pendarvis (October 27, 2017). "What Could You Catch Fishing in Lake Merritt?". KQED. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  23. ^ Rodas, Ricky (December 17, 2021). "Salmon in Lake Merritt? More rainfall is causing some fish to wander into Oakland's lagoon". The Oaklandside. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  24. ^ O'brien, Matt (November 6, 2014). "Oakland: Lake Merritt's improving wildlife a treasure and liability". The Mercury News. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  25. ^ Simons, Eric. "This Animal Has Never Been Seen Away From Lake Merritt — But It's Not From Oakland - The Weird, the Rare and the Ugly". Bay Nature. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  26. ^ Lake Merritt Park Master Plan, 2002, pg. III-21.
  27. ^ Bartlett, Amanda (March 20, 2024). "Reddish water in Lake Merritt could be 'an ominous sign for the Bay'". SFGATE. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  28. ^ Alden, Andrew (July 17, 2023). "The Geology of Lake Merritt, Oakland's Shimmering Tidal Heart". Bay Nature. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  29. ^ "Indian Gulch and Pleasant Valley Creeks Watershed | Alameda County Flood Control District". Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  30. ^ "United States Environmental Protection Agency: The Problem". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  31. ^ "Lake Merritt Institute: Aeration Fountains". Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  32. ^ "Lake Merritt Institute: How You Can Help". Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  33. ^ Lakemerrittinstitute.org Archived December 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine accessdate=23 March 2016
  34. ^ "Lake Merritt Institute: What We Do". Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  35. ^ "Lake Merritt Institute: Volunteers: Our Clean Lake Partners". Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  36. ^ "Peralta Service Corp". The Unity Council. 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  37. ^ "Welcome to Sixth Grade at St. Paul's!". Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  38. ^ "HandsOn Bay Area: GARDEN: The Gardens at Lake Merritt". HandsOn Network. 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  39. ^ Rick DelVecchio, Chronicle Staff Writer (January 1, 1998). "Small Fuel Spill Seeps Into Lake Merritt No birds found to be harmed by oil on surface". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  40. ^ Ryan Phillips (June 28, 2011). "Diesel fuel spills into Lake Merritt from storm drain". Oakland North. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  41. ^ Heredia, Christopher (October 18, 2007). "Lawsuit to block tree-cutting at Oakland's Lake Merritt dismissed". San Francisco Chronicle.
  42. ^ Brand, William (March 5, 2007). "Lake Merritt Pergola like new again after 94 years". Inside Bay Area. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  43. ^ Brown, Steven E. F. (May 6, 2010). "Oakland breaks ground on $32M Lake Merritt fix". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  44. ^ Nolte, Carl (February 23, 2013). "Lake Merritt's gateway to bay reopened". San Francisco Chronicle.
  45. ^ December 8, Kristin Hanes on; PM, 2016 at 2:59 (December 8, 2016). "Here's why Lake Merritt has looked low lately". SFGate Blog. Retrieved August 3, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Morris, Scott (May 10, 2017). "Lake Merritt Reborn". Oakland Magazine. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
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