Laricifomes officinalis, also known as agarikon, eburiko, or the quinine conk, is a wood-decay fungus that causes brown heart rot on conifers native to Europe, Asia, and North America, as well as Morocco.[1] This fungus is the only member of the genus Laricifomes, in the order Polyporales. The fruiting bodies grow in large conks on the trunks of trees.
| Laricifomes officinalis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Laricifomitaceae |
| Genus: | Laricifomes Kotl. & Pouzar (1957) |
| Species: | L. officinalis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Laricifomes officinalis | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Boletus officinalis Vill. (1789) | |
There has been a history of human use of the fungus, from textiles,[2] to ritualistic masks,[3] and medicinal use; the name "quinine conk" is given due to its bitter taste. There is recent scientific evidence of it having potency against several viruses.[4][5]
Description
editThese distinctive conks can be found growing out the side of or hanging off the branches of the host tree as high as 20 metres (65 feet) off the ground. These conks grow in a columnar or hoof-like shape, sometimes exceeding 65 centimetres (2 ft) in length and nearly 40 cm (1+1⁄2 ft) in girth, and can weigh up to 9 kilograms (20 pounds).[6] The young fruiting bodies are soft and yellow-white, soon hardening and becoming chalky throughout. As they age, they begin to exhibit red, brown, or gray developments in coloration, cracking cubically with thick white felts visible in larger cracks.[6] The spores are white and ellipsoidal, being released through the bottom of the fruit during warmer months. The taste of both conks and felts is bitter and distinct.[6]
Similar species
editIt can resemble members of Phellinus which are blacker and prefer hardwood. Fomitopsis mounceae and its relatives may be similar, in addition to Ganoderma brownii.[7]
Taxonomy
editThis mushroom is also known as Fomitopsis officinalis.[6] DNA analyses showed that this species has genetical distance from Fomitopsis,[8][9] and the name Laricifomes officinalis is favored.[10]
The species epithet "officinalis" denotes an organism associated with herbalism or medicine.
Distribution and ecology
editLariciformes officinalis resides predominantly in old-growth forests,[11] growing in Europe, Asia, and North America, as well as Morocco. It commonly prefers various Larix species, however it has been observed on certain species of coniferous trees in genus Pinus and Cedrus, for example.[1]
A single "conk" usually indicates the complete infection of the tree, which can become a habitat for snag-nesting organisms.[12]
Conservation
editBecause wild Agarikon is found mainly in old-growth forests,[11] which have been subject to diseases, invasive species, and deforestation, there has been a sharp decline in habitable space for the fungus. Due to major habitat loss, as well as unregulated harvesting,[1] L. officinalis populations are decreasing. While the fungus is particularly difficult to cultivate, there has been some promising research with inoculating larch branches.[13] It is necessary to preserve the forests to prevent the extinction of Agarikon; though there have been suggestions of researching ex situ cultivation for the purpose of preserving the species,[14] few locations actually protect the forests from logging, and there are conservation laws have been put in place for the fungus only in Germany, Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia.[1]
Uses
editEthnomycology
editLaricifomes officinalis, referred to as “bread of the ghosts” in local languages, was important both medicinally and spiritually to indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America, such as the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian. The fruiting bodies were carved into masks, most likely with ritualistic purposes, and frequently marked the graves of tribal shamans.[3] In addition, there is evidence that the mycelium growing in the rotting wood was being processed into textiles within these same peoples, creating a material similar in texture to leather.[2]
Medicinal use
editLaricifomes officinalis | |
|---|---|
 | Pores on hymenium |
 | No distinct cap |
 | Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable |
| | Lacks a stipe |
 | Ecology is parasitic or saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is inedible |
L. officinalis was used by the Ancient Greeks to treat consumption (tuberculosis) according to the writings of Pedanius Dioscorides in 65 AD,[4] and by some indigenous people to treat smallpox.[15] Later on, the conks were collected extensively for production of medicinal quinine, hence the name "quinine conk", which they were thought to contain because of the bitter taste of the powdered conk, however they do not contain quinine, nor do they possess anti-malarial properties.
Mycologist Paul Stamets has performed numerous investigations of the biological activities of Agarikon; its extracts have demonstrated antiviral activity against a range of viruses in vitro.[4] This activity has been specifically observed against pox family viruses,[16] HSV-1 and HSV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.[17]
Other researchers have identified novel chlorinated coumarins in the organism which demonstrated notably low minimum inhibitory concentrations against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Kałucka, I.L. & Svetasheva, T. (2019). "Fomitopsis officinalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T75104087A75104095. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T75104087A75104095.en. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ a b Blanchette, Robert A.; Haynes, Deborah Tear; Held, Benjamin W.; Niemann, Jonas; Wales, Nathan (2021-03-04). "Fungal mycelial mats used as textile by indigenous people of North America". Mycologia. 113 (2): 261–267. doi:10.1080/00275514.2020.1858686. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 33605842. S2CID 231962550.
- ^ a b Blanchette, Robert A.; Compton, Brian D.; Turner, Nancy J.; Gilbtrtson, Robert L. (1992-01-01). "Nineteenth Century Shaman Grave Guardians are Carved Fomitopsis Officinalis Sporophores". Mycologia. 84 (1): 119–124. doi:10.1080/00275514.1992.12026114. ISSN 0027-5514.
- ^ a b c Stamets, Paul E. (2005). "Medicinal Polypores of the Forests of North America: Screening for Novel Antiviral Activity". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 7 (3): 362. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v7.i3.210. ISSN 1521-9437.
- ^ "POLYPORES of the Pacific Northwest". www.svims.ca. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
- ^ a b c d Lincoff, Gary; National Audubon Society (1981). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-51992-2. OCLC 8059978.
- ^ National Audubon Society (2023). Mushrooms of North America. New York: Knopf. p. 218. ISBN 9780593319987.
- ^ Kim, Kyung Mo; Yoon, Yuh-Gang; Jung, Hack Sung (2005-09-01). "Evaluation of the monophyly of Fomitopsis using parsimony and MCMC methods". Mycologia. 97 (4): 812–822. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832773. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 16457351. S2CID 203881210.
- ^ Han ML, Chen YY, Shen LL, et al. (2016). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the brown-rot fungi: Fomitopsis and its related genera". Fungal Diversity. 80: 343–373. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0364-y.
- ^ Yu ZH, Wu SH, Wang DM, Chen CT (2010). "Phylogenetic relationships of Antrodia species and related taxa based on analyses of nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences" (PDF). Botanical Studies. 51: 53–60.
- ^ a b Stamets, Paul (2009-11-13). "The Search for Agarikon". Fungi Perfecti. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
- ^ Hagle, Susan (2003). Field guide to diseases and insect pests of northern and central Rocky Mountain conifers. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northern Region. OCLC 904213093.
- ^ CHLEBICKI, ANDRZEJ; Mukhin, Viktor A.; Ushakova, Nadezhda (2008). "Fomitopsis officinalis on Siberian Larch in the Urals". Mycologist. 17 (3): 116–120. doi:10.1017/s0269915x03003057. ISSN 0269-915X.
- ^ Savino, E. (2014). "Medicinal Mushrooms in Italy and Their ex situ Conservation Through Culture Collection" (PDF). 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products: 50–53.
- ^ Walker, B. (1999-05-01). "The early modern Japanese state and Ainu vaccinations: redefining the body politic 1799-1868". Past & Present (163): 121–160. doi:10.1093/past/163.1.121. ISSN 0031-2746. PMID 22049584.
- ^ Stamets, Paul (2005). "Antipox Properties of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vl.: Fr.) Bond. et Singer (Agarikon) from the Pacific Northwest of North America". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 7 (3): 495–506. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v7.i3.60.
- ^ Stamets, Paul. "[Patent] Antiviral and antibacterial activity from medicinal mushrooms". Google Patents.
- ^ Hwang, Chang (2013). "Chlorinated Coumarins from the Polypore Mushroom Fomitopsis officinalis and Their Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis". J Nat Prod. 76 (10): 1916–1922. doi:10.1021/np400497f. PMC 3851412. PMID 24087924.
External links
edit
- Brown Trunk Rot, Trees, insects and diseases of Canada's forests, Natural Resources Canada
- Agarikon, Cornell University Mushroom Blog