Larix gmelinii, the Dahurian larch or Gmelin larch, is a species of larch native to eastern Siberia and adjacent northeastern Mongolia, northeastern China (Heilongjiang), South Korea and North Korea.
| Dahurian larch Larix gmelinii | |
|---|---|
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| Dahurian larch forest, Kolyma region, Arctic northeast Siberia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Larix |
| Species: | L. gmelinii
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| Binomial name | |
| Larix gmelinii | |
Description
editLarix gmelinii is a medium-sized deciduous coniferous tree reaching 10–30 m tall, rarely 40 m, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter. The crown is broad conic; both the main branches and the side branches are level, the side branches only rarely drooping. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 5–30 cm long) and bearing several buds, and short shoots only 1–2 mm long with only a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light green, 2–3 cm long; they turn bright yellow to orange before they fall in the autumn, leaving the variably downy reddish-brown shoots bare until the next spring.
The cones are erect, ovoid, 1–2 cm (rarely 2.5 cm) long, with 15–25 moderately reflexed seed scales; they are green (rarely purple) when immature, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 3–5 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull grey-black.
Taxonomy and systematics
editThe scientific name honours Johann Georg Gmelin. Due to the species' variability, it has acquired numerous synonyms in the botanical literature, including L. cajanderi, L. dahurica, L. kamtschatica, L. komarovii, L. kurilensis, L. lubarskii, L. ochotensis.
Dahurian larch intergrades with the closely related Siberian larch L. sibirica of central and western Siberia where their ranges meet along the Yenisei Valley; the resulting hybrid is named Larix × czekanowskii.
Varieties
editAs of April 2022[update], Plants of the World Online accepts four varieties:[2]
- Larix gmelinii var. gmelinii. Most of the species' range, from the Yenisei Valley east to Kamchatka.
- Larix gmelinii var. japonica. The Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.
- Larix gmelinii var. olgensis. North Korea, Heilongjiang, and the Sikhote-Alin mountains of Primorsky Krai, Russia. Sometimes treated as a distinct species Larix olgensis.[3]
- Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (Prince Rupprecht's larch), syn. Larix principis-rupprechtii. It occurs in a disjunct region in the Wutai Shan mountains west of Beijing, separated from typical L. gmelinii by about 1000 km, and differs in having larger (2–4 cm) cones with more scales.
Ecology and uses
edit
Larix gmelinii forms enormous forests in the eastern Siberian taiga, growing at 50–1,200 m altitude on both boggy and well-drained soils, including on the shallow soils above permafrost. It is unique in two respects, being the northernmost[broken anchor] tree in the world, reaching 73° 04' 32" N 102° E as creeping forms of the trees in the tundra of the Taymyr Peninsula, 72° 55' 07" N 106° 08' E as comparatively vertical growing single trees and small groups of trees, 72° 31' N 105° 03' E at Lukunsky grove and 72° 28' N 102° 15' E at Ary-Mas as the subtundra sparse forests which are situated both in the Taymyr Peninsula, Khatanga river basin,[4] and also the most cold-hardy tree in the world, tolerating temperatures below -70 °C in the Oymyakon–Verkhoyansk region of Yakutia.[5] One tree in Yakutia was recorded as being 919 years old.[6]
Dahurian larch is occasionally grown in botanical gardens in Europe and North America; it is not an easy tree to grow in areas with mild winters as it is adapted to a long period of winter rest; the warm winter weather in Britain can tempt it into leaf as early as the start of January, with the tender young leaves then being killed by the next frost. In its native region, daily minimum temperatures above freezing do not occur until late May or June, with no further frost until the brief summer is over.
Larix gmelinii cone scales are used as food by the caterpillars of the tortrix moth Cydia illutana.
Gallery
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Young female cone and emerging needles -
Bark -
Short shoots, just after bud break -
Shoots in fall -
Larix gmelinii var. olgensis in fall, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, accession #365-97*A. -
Old female cone
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References
edit- ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Larix gmelinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42310A2971338. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42310A2971338.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
- ^ "Larix olgensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ "Поспелова Е. Б., Поспелов И. Н. Лиственница Гмелина. Флора Таймыра (Информационно-справочная система)". Archived from the original on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
- ^ Streever, Bill (2009). Cold: Adventures in the World's Frozen Places. New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. 103. ISBN 9780316042918.
It survives the winter cold of the far north, standing in the open at temperatures of ninety below zero, not counting windchill. ... Make no mistake: this is one tough tree.
- ^ Byazrov, L.G. Самое старое дерево России растет в Якутии [The oldest tree in Russia grows in Yakutia]. БОТАНИКА (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
External links
edit- Larix gmelinii images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
- "Larix dahurica var. Principis Rupprechtii China." Library Featured Images, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 30 October 2014. Accessed 7 May 2020.
- Gymnosperm Database: Larix gmelinii
- images (Larix gmelinii var. gmelinii)