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June

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This article is about the month. For other uses, see June (disambiguation).
"Jun." redirects here. For the abbreviation used in names, see Junior (suffix).

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June—abbreviated Jun[a]—is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Its length is 30 days. June succeeds May and precedes July. This month marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice, which is the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere, June is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice, the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year.

The Roman goddess Juno, for whom the month is named

In places north of the Arctic Circle, the June solstice is when the midnight sun occurs, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight. The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. Several monsoons and subsequent wet seasons also commence in the Northern Hemisphere during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year; they last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June.

Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer, the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, is celebrated in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart. In the United States, June is dedicated to Pride Month, a month-long observance of LGBT individuals. Father's Day, which honours fathers and fatherhood, occurs on the third Sunday in June in most countries.

Overview

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June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world.[2][3] Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July. It is one of four months that have 30 days—alongside April, September and November—and is the second 30-day month of the year, following April, the fourth month of the year, and preceding September—the ninth month of the year.[2] June is in the second quarter (Q2) of a calendar year, alongside April and May, and the sixth and final month in the first half of the year (January–June).[4][5] Under the ISO week date system, June incidentally begins in either the 22nd or 23rd week of the year.[6]

This month is abbreviated as Jun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop).[1] Etymologically, June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius, named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: Iūnō). The present English spelling was influenced by the Anglo-Norman join, junye and junie. It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin, while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century. It displaced the Old English name for June, ærra liþa.[7][8]

As of 18 November 2024, June last occurred 141 days ago (UTC); it will be June again on 1 June 2025.[9][10][b]

History

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Further information: Iunius (month)
See also: Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
 
Illustration for the month of June, based on the Calendar of Filocalus (AD 354)

June originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iunius lit. 'month of June')[14] in the original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure.[c] Iunius was originally the fourth month of the year, and had 29 days alongside Aprilis ("April"), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus "August"), September, November and December.[18] It is not known when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius ("January") and Februarius ("February"), originally the 11th and 12th months respectively, came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC.[19]

In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of the god Jupiter, about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June.[20] The Greek philosopher and writer Plutarch, however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May.[21]

In 46 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, which thus became known as the Julian calendar after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with a leap year every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in the average year of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actual solar year of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies).[22] In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar—the Gregorian calendar—that reduced the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year.[23][24]

Climate, daylight and astronomy

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The celebration of Midsummer (the June solstice) in Norway with a bonfire

In the Northern Hemisphere, June marks the commencement of summer, while in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the start of winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional astronomical summer is 21 June, while meteorological summer commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June.[25]

The June solstice—known as the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (most often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms of daylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere.[26][27] In places north of the Arctic Circle, this is when the midnight sun occurs for the longest period, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight.[25] Conversely, it is polar night in places within the Antarctic Circle, during which the Sun remains below the horizon for more than 24 hours.[28]

In astronomy, certain meteor showers occur annually during this month. The Arietids—among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June; the Beta Taurids take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and the June Bootids commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June.[29][30] The full moon that occurs in June[d] is most commonly known as the strawberry moon because it coincides with the strawberry-picking season; other names for it include the rose moon, honey moon and the poetic midsummer moon.[32][33][34]

Climate

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Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines during monsoon season, 3 June 2023
 
Rice being harvested in Igunga, Tabora Region, Tanzania on 10 June 2016[e]

The Atlantic hurricane season—when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November.[36] In the Indian Ocean north of the equator, around the Indian subcontinent, year-round tropical cyclones appear frequently between May and June.[37] In contrast, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones are least likely to form in June because of the dry season of the Mediterranean having stable air.[38]

The East Asian,[39] North American,[40] South Asian (Indian)[41] and West African monsoons[42] generally begin in June, while the European monsoon season intensifies that month.[43] The East Asian monsoon commences the East Asian rainy season.[39] The highest volume of rainfall ever recorded in a one-hour period occurred on 22 June 1947 in the small city of Holt, Missouri in the United States, measuring 305 mm (12 inches) of rainfall. The greatest rainfall within a 48-hour period occurred between 15–16 June 1995 in the town of Cherrapunji in Meghalaya, India, with 2.493 metres (98.15 inches) of rainfall recorded.[44]

June is one of the hottest months in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside July and August, with July being the hottest;[25][45] in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the inverse.[46] For instance, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South America occurred on 1 June 1907 in the town of Sarmiento in the Chubut Province of Argentina, measuring -32.8°C (-27°F).[44]

Agriculture

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The crops which are harvested this month include several varieties of corn; wheat, barley, maize, rapeseed, rice, rye and sorghum in most of the Northern Hemisphere, and maize, cotton, pearl millet, sorghum and soybeans in most of the Southern Hemisphere.[35] In much of the Northern Hemisphere, apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, mangoes, raspberries, strawberries and watermelons are fruits which are considered to be in season or at their peak in June.[47][48] Vegetables that are in season in this hemisphere during June include asparagus, beetroot, cucumbers, lettuce, peas, radishes, spinach, tomatoes and zucchini (courgettes).[49][50][51] In much of the Southern Hemisphere, the fruits which are in season are avocados, bananas, citrus (such as grapefruit, lemons, mandarins and oranges), kiwifruit and pears.[52][53][54]

Observances

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In the United States, June is Pride Month (2018 annual San Francisco Gay Pride Parade pictured)
 
Festa Juninas (June Festivals) celebration in Pernambuco, Brazil
 
People celebrating World Environment Day in India

In Catholicism, June is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. This observance is called the Month of the Sacred Heart.[55] In Canada, June is ALS Awareness Month, a campaign to spread awareness and raise funds for a cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Filipino Heritage Month.[56][57] In the United States, June is Pride Month, which is the celebration of LGBT individuals.[58][59] Caribbean-American Heritage Month also occurs annually in June.[60] In Brazil, the Festa Juninas (June Festivals) occur throughout the entire month to celebrate the harvest.[61]

It is also National Safety Month in the United States, a month-long observance aimed at increasing awareness of, and ultimately decreasing, the number of unintentional injuries and deaths in the country.[62] National Smile Month, the largest oral health campaign in the United Kingdom and organised by the Oral Health Foundation, commences between alternating dates from mid-May to mid-June.[63][64][65] In Barbados, June is part of the Season of Emancipation which takes place between 14 April and 23 August to commemorate the emancipation of slaves of African descent.[66][67]

Global single-day observances

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The first day of June commences with International Children's Day and World Milk Day.[68][69] International Whores' Day, an observance to honour sex workers (prostitutes) and recognise their often exploited and poor working conditions, occurs on 2 June.[70] Several memorials and other commemorations are held around the world on 4 June to honour the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre that occurred in China.[71][72] Similar annual memorials are held for the Normandy landings (D-Day), the largest seaborne invasion in history, which occurred on 6 June 1944 as part of the Second World War.[73] Global Wind Day is on 15 June, and on 16 June is the International Day of the African Child, which raises awareness for the need of improved education provided to children in Africa.[74][75] Autistic Pride Day occurs on 18 June.[76]

19 June is World Sauntering Day, which encourages people to slow down ("saunter") and enjoy life.[77] Go Skateboarding Day and World Hydrography Day both occur on 21 June.[78][79] Midsummer, the various celebrations of the commencement of summer, happens on 21 June; it is also associated with the Fête de la Musique (World Music Day).[80][81] 25 June is the observation of World Vitiligo Day, which aims to decrease negative sentiments regarding vitiligo—a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or colour.[82] 26 June is World Refrigeration Day.[83]

Global Running Day occurs on the first Wednesday in June.[84] Father's Day, which honours fathers and fatherhood, most often occurs on the third Sunday in June.[85][f] The King's Official Birthday, which celebrates the birthday of the monarch of the Commonwealth realms (presently Charles III), occurs in either May or June. It includes the British Trooping the Colour commemoration.[86][87] The Dragon Boat Festival, observed in China and by the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, may commence between late May and mid-June.[g][88]

United Nations

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The following are global holidays which are formally observed by the United Nations:[89]

Religious single-day observances

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Further information: Date of Easter
 
The Feast of the Sacred Heart occurs in June during the Month of the Sacred Heart

As Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon, which is the first full moon on or after 21 March (a fixed approximation of the March equinox), Ascension Day, observed 39 days after Easter, can occur in June.[90][91] Pentecost is the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, while Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost.[92] The Catholic Church also observes the Feast of the Sacred Heart, which happens on the Friday following the second Sunday after Pentecost.[93] The Feast of Corpus Christi, observed by the Latin Church and certain Western Orthodox, Lutheran, and Anglican churches, takes place on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday.[92] The feast of Saints Peter and Paul, a liturgical feast observed by numerous denominations, always occurs on 29 June.[94]

In Buddhism, Vesak (Buddha Day), the most significant Buddhist festival, occurs on 2 June in Singapore and on 3 June in Thailand as of 2024.[95][96] Shavuot, one of the biblically-ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals observed in Judaism, takes place during the month of Sivan in the Hebrew calendar, which corresponds to being between May and June in the Gregorian calendar.[97] Islamic holidays are determined by the Hijri calendar (colloquially the Islamic calendar), a lunar calendar of 354 or 355 days; thus, Islamic observances do not align with those of the Gregorian calendar.[98][99] This is the same for Hindu holidays, which are based on the Hindu calendar.[100]

Other events

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The quadrennial FIFA World Cup, an international association football tournament and the most-watched sporting event on television, usually commences in June.[101][102] The annual Wimbledon Championships, the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely regarded as the most prestigious, traditionally occurred on the last Monday in June.[103][104][105] Glastonbury Festival, a major music festival in the United Kingdom, also takes place in June, attracting over 100,000 attendees.[106]

People

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June is a female given name for a person born in June.[107][108] In astrology, the Zodiac signs for people born between 21 May and 21 June is Gemini (♊︎); for those born between 22 June and 22 July, their sign is Cancer (♋︎).[109] The birthstones associated with June in the United States are pearl, moonstone and alexandrite.[110] The birth flowers of June are rose and honeysuckle.[111]

Births

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Che Guevara was born on 14 June 1928
 
Henry VIII was born on 28 June 1491

Noteworthy people born in June include:

Deaths

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Muhammad died on 8 June 632

Noteworthy people who died in June include:

 
James Madison died on 28 June 1836

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b "Jun., n.". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. n.d. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b Gyllenbok 2018, p. 304.
  3. ^ Bahr, Ann Marie B. (2009). Christianity. Facts On File. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-4381-0639-7.
  4. ^ White, Charles E. (2008). The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist and Humanitarian. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 252–253. ISBN 978-1-55635-801-2.
  5. ^ de Bourgoing, Jacqueline (2001). Discoveries: The Calendar History, Lore, and Legend. Harry N. Abrams. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8109-2981-4.
  6. ^ M. Reingold, Edward; Dershowitz, Nachum (2001). Calendrical Calculation: The Millennium Edition (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-521-77752-0.
  7. ^ "June, n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. September 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/4206893514.
  8. ^ Douglas, Harper (28 September 2017). "June". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Official U.S. Time". National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). n.d. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Retrieved 27 October 2024.
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  11. ^ Ramarakula, Madhu; Sukesh, Goparaju V. R. Sai (2020). "Performance Analysis of GNSS Utility by Multi-constellation Over the Indian Region". In Senjyu, Tomonobu; Mahalle, Parikshit N.; Perumal, Thinagaran; Joshi, Amit (eds.). Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems. Proceedings of ICTIS 2020. Vol. 1. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. p. 510. ISBN 978-981-15-7078-0.
  12. ^ Thomas, Lisa, ed. (2013). "The time zones". World Atlas (9 ed.). DK. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4093-4967-9.
  13. ^ Vermeulen, Andreas François (2018). Practical Data Science: A Guide to Building the Technology Stack for Turning Data Lakes into Business Assets. Apress. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-4842-3053-4.
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  15. ^ Mommsen, Theodor (1864). Dickson, William Purdie (ed.). The History of Rome: The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy. Vol. 1. Richard Bentley. pp. 218–219.
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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Also spelled with a concluding full stop.[1]
  2. ^ Because of the division of the world into time zones, time, including the new month, moves progressively around the globe. Nearly all clocks are regulated according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the principal time standard of the world; each time zone is defined by a standard time offset from UTC, ranging from UTC−12:00 (12 hours behind) to UTC+14:00 (14 hours ahead).[11][12][13]
  3. ^ The Romans usually described their first calendar, predating the Roman calendar, as one with ten fixed months—four "full months" (pleni menses) with 31 days and six "hollow months" (cavi menses) of 30 days, the latter including Iunius.[15] Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to Romulus, their legendary first king, around 738 BC. Nevertheless, this early version of the Roman calendar has not been attested, and a number of scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all.[16][17]
  4. ^ Because it takes the Moon approximately 29.5 days to go through all of its lunar phases, this results in there usually being one full moon for every month of the year. Culturally, each full moon has its own name corresponding to the month in which it appears.[31]
  5. ^ In Tanzania, rice is harvested between May and July.[35]
  6. ^ Some countries also observe Father's Day at different dates in June.[85]
  7. ^ The festival takes place on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar, which corresponds to different dates of the Gregorian calendar.[88]

Bibliography

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Literary sources cited on multiple occasions:

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  •   Quotations related to June at Wikiquote
  •   The dictionary definition of June at Wiktionary
  •   Media related to June at Wikimedia Commons
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