Stigler's law of eponymy, proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication "Stigler's law of eponymy",[1] states that no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. Examples include Hubble's law, which was derived by Georges Lemaître two years before Edwin Hubble; the Pythagorean theorem, which was known to Babylonian mathematicians before Pythagoras; and Halley's Comet, which was observed by astronomers since at least 240 BC (although its official designation is due to the first ever mathematical prediction of such astronomical phenomenon in the sky, not to its discovery).
Stigler attributed the discovery of Stigler's law to sociologist Robert K. Merton, from whom Stigler stole credit so that it would be an example of the law. The same observation had previously also been made by many others.[2]
Derivation
editHistorical acclaim for discoveries is often assigned to persons of note who bring attention to an idea that is not yet widely known, whether or not that person was its original inventor – theories may be named long after their discovery. In the case of eponymy, the idea becomes named after that person, even if that person is acknowledged by historians of science not to be the one who discovered it. Often, several people will arrive at a new idea around the same time, as in the case of calculus. It can be dependent on the publicity of the new work and the fame of its publisher as to whether the scientist's name becomes historically associated.
Similar concepts
editThere is a similar quote attributed to Mark Twain:
It takes a thousand men to invent a telegraph, or a steam engine, or a phonograph, or a photograph, or a telephone or any other important thing—and the last man gets the credit and we forget the others. He added his little mite—that is all he did. These object lessons should teach us that ninety-nine parts of all things that proceed from the intellect are plagiarisms, pure and simple; and the lesson ought to make us modest. But nothing can do that.[3]
Stephen Stigler's father, the economist George Stigler, also examined the process of discovery in economics. He said, "If an earlier, valid statement of a theory falls on deaf ears, and a later restatement is accepted by the science, this is surely proof that the science accepts ideas only when they fit into the then-current state of the science." He gave several examples in which the original discoverer was not recognized as such.[4] Similar arguments were made in regards to accepted ideas relative to the state of science by Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.[5]
The Matthew effect was coined by Robert K. Merton to describe how eminent scientists get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar, so that credit will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. Merton notes:
This pattern of recognition, skewed in favor of the established scientist, appears principally
(i) in cases of collaboration and
(ii) in cases of independent multiple discoveries made by scientists of distinctly different rank.[6]
The effect applies specifically to women through the Matilda effect.
Boyer's law was named by Hubert Kennedy in 1972. It says, "Mathematical formulas and theorems are usually not named after their original discoverers" and was named after Carl Boyer, whose book A History of Mathematics contains many examples of this law. Kennedy observed that "it is perhaps interesting to note that this is probably a rare instance of a law whose statement confirms its own validity".[7]
"Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it" is an adage attributed to Alfred North Whitehead.[8]
List of examples
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ Gieryn, T. F., ed. (1980). Science and social structure: a festschrift for Robert K. Merton. New York: NY Academy of Sciences. pp. 147–57. ISBN 0-89766-043-9., republished in Stigler's collection "Statistics on the Table"
- ^ For example, Henry Dudeney noted in his 1917 Amusements in Mathematics solution 129 that Pell's equation was called that "apparently because Pell neither first propounded the question nor first solved it!"
- ^ "Letter to Helen Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. 1903.
- ^ Diamond, Arthur M. Jr. (December 2005). "Measurement, incentives, and constraints in Stigler's economics of science" (PDF). The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 12 (4): 639–640. doi:10.1080/09672560500370292. S2CID 154618308. Retrieved 12 January 2015. (Link is to Art Diamond's personal web site.)
- ^ Kuhn, Thomas (1987), "What Are Scientific Revolutions?", in Kruger, Lorenz; Daston, Lorraine J.; Heidelberger, Michael (eds.), The Probabilistic Revolution, vol. 1: Ideas in History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 719–720
- ^ Merton, Robert K. (5 January 1968). "The Matthew Effect in Science". Science. 159 (3810): 56–63. Bibcode:1968Sci...159...56M. doi:10.1126/science.159.3810.56. PMID 17737466. S2CID 3526819.
- ^ Kennedy, H.C. (January 1972). "Who discovered Boyer's Law?". The American Mathematical Monthly. 79 (1): 66–67. doi:10.2307/2978134. JSTOR 2978134.
- ^ Menand, Louis (19 February 2007). "Notable Quotables". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
Further reading
edit- Stigler, George J. (1982a). The Economist as Preacher, and Other Essays. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77430-9.
- Stigler, Stephen M. (1980). Gieryn, F. (ed.). "Stigler's law of eponymy". Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. 39: 147–58. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1980.tb02775.x. (Festschrift for Robert K. Merton)
- Stigler, Stephen M. (1983). "Who discovered Bayes's theorem?". The American Statistician. 37 (4): 290–6. doi:10.2307/2682766. JSTOR 2682766.
- Kern, Scott E (September–October 2002). "Whose Hypothesis? Ciphering, Sectorials, D Lesions, Freckles and the Operation of Stigler's Law". Cancer Biology & Therapy. 1 (5). Landes Bioscience: 571–581. doi:10.4161/cbt.1.5.225. ISSN 1555-8576. PMID 12496492. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
External links
edit- Miller, Jeff. "Eponymy and Laws of Eponymy". on Miller, Jeff. "Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics".
- Malcolm Gladwell (19 December 2006). "In the Air: Who says big ideas are rare?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 6 May 2008. Stigler's law is described near the end of the article