Wikipedia

New York City English

(Redirected from Lawn Guyland)
"New York English" and "New York dialect" redirect here. For other uses, see New York English (disambiguation).

New York City English, or Metropolitan New York English,[1] is a regional dialect of American English spoken primarily in New York City and some of its surrounding metropolitan area. It is described by sociolinguist William Labov as the most recognizable regional dialect in the United States.[2] Its pronunciation system—the New York accent—is widely represented in American media by many public figures and fictional characters. Major features of the accent include a high, gliding /ɔ/ vowel (in words like talk and caught); a split of the "short a" vowel /æ/ into two separate sounds; variable dropping of r sounds; and a lack of the cot–caught, Mary–marry–merry, and hurry–furry mergers heard in many other American accents.

New York City English
RegionNew York metropolitan area
EthnicityVarious (see Demographics of New York City)
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottolognewy1234
IETFen-u-sd-usny
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Today, New York City English is associated particularly with urban New Yorkers of lower and middle socioeconomic status who are descended from 19th- and 20th-century European immigrants.[3] The dialect is spoken in all five boroughs of the City and throughout Long Island's Nassau County; it is also heard to varying degrees in Suffolk County (Long Island), Westchester County, and Rockland County of New York State plus Hudson County, Bergen County, and the city of Newark (Essex County) in northeastern New Jersey.[4]

History

edit

The origins of many of New York City English's diverse features are probably not recoverable. New York City English, largely with the same major pronunciation system popularly recognized today, was first reproduced in literature and scientifically documented in the 1890s.[5] It was then, and still mostly is, associated with ethnically diverse European-American native-English speakers. The entire Mid-Atlantic United States, including both New York City and the Delaware Valley (whose own distinct dialect centers around Philadelphia and Baltimore) shares certain key features, including a high /ɔ/ vowel with a glide (sometimes called the aww vowel) as well as a phonemic split of the short a vowel, /æ/ (making gas and gap, for example, have different vowels sounds)—New York City's split not identical though to Philadelphia's. Linguist William Labov has pointed out that a similarly structured (though differently pronounced) split is found today even in the southern accents of England; thus, a single common origin of this split may trace back to colonial-era England.[a]

New York City became an urban economic power in the eighteenth century, with the city's financial elites maintaining close ties with the British Empire even after the Revolutionary War. According to Labov, New York City speakers' loss of the r sound after vowels (incidentally, not found in the nearby Delaware Valley) began as a nineteenth-century imitation of the prestigious British feature, consistently starting among the upper classes in New York City before spreading to other socioeconomic classes.[6] After World War II, social perceptions reversed and r-preserving (rhotic) pronunciations became the new American prestige standard, rejecting East Coast and British accent features,[7] while postwar migrations transferred rhotic speakers directly to New York City from other regions of the country. The result is that non-rhoticity, which was once a high-status feature and later a city-wide feature, has been diminishing and now, since the mid-twentieth century onward, largely remains only among lower-status New Yorkers.[8] Today, New York City metropolitan accents are often rhotic or variably rhotic.

Other features of the dialect, such as the dental pronunciations of d and t, and related th-stopping, likely come from contact with foreign languages, particularly Italian and Yiddish, brought into New York City through its huge immigration waves of Europeans during the mid-to-late nineteenth century and twentieth century. Grammatical structures, such as the lack of inversion in indirect questions, similarly suggest contact with immigrant languages, plus several words common in the city are derived from such foreign languages.[9]

Influence on other dialects

edit

Philadelphians born in the twentieth century exhibit a short-a split system that some linguists regard as a simplification of the very similar New York City short-a split.[10] Younger Philadelphians, however, are retreating from many of the traditional features shared in common with New York City.[11] Due to an influx of immigrants from New York City and neighboring New Jersey to southern Florida, some resident southern Floridians now speak with an accent reminiscent of a New York accent. Additionally, as a result of social and commercial contact between New Orleans, Louisiana and New York City,[12] the traditional accent of New Orleans, known locally as "Yat", bears distinctive similarities with the New York accent, including the (moribund) coil–curl merger, raising of the /ɔ/ vowel to [ɔə], a similar split in the short-a system, and th-stopping. Similarly, dialectal similarities suggest that older New York City English also influenced Cincinnati, Ohio and Albany, New York, whose older speakers in particular may still exhibit a short-a split system that linguists suggest is an expanded or generalized variant of the New York City short-a system. Certain New York City dialect features also understandably appear in New York Latino English.

Recent developments

edit

Though William Labov argued in 2010 that the New York City accent is basically stable at the moment,[13] some recent studies have revealed a trend of recession in most features of the accent, especially among younger speakers from middle-class or higher backgrounds. Documented loss of New York City accent features includes the loss of the coil–curl merger (now almost completely extinct), non-rhoticity, and the extremely raised long vowel [ɔ] (as in talk, cough, or law). Researchers proposed that the motivation behind these recessive trends is the stigmatization of the typical New York City accent since the mid-1900s as being associated with a poorer or working-class background, often also corresponding with particular ethnic identities. While earlier projects detected trends of emphasizing New York City accents as part of a process of social identification, recent research attributes the loss of typical accent features to in-group ethnic distancing. In other words, many of the young generations of ethnic groups who formerly were the most representative speakers of the accent are currently avoiding its features to not stand out socially or ethnically.[14]

Pronunciation

edit
Main article: New York accent

The pronunciation of New York City English, most popularly acknowledged by the term New York accent, is readily noticed and stereotyped, garnering considerable attention in American culture.[15] Some distinctive phonological features include its traditional dropping of r except before vowels, a short-a split system (in which, for example, the a in gas is not assonant to the a in gap), a high gliding /ɔ/ vowel (in words like talk, thought, all, etc. and thus an absence of the cot–caught merger),[15] absence of the Mary–marry–merry merger, and the highly stigmatized (and largely now-extinct) coil–curl merger.[16]

Vocabulary and grammar

edit

These are some words or grammatical constructions used mainly in Greater New York City:

  • bodega /boʊˈdeɪgə/: a small neighborhood convenience store; used in recent decades, particularly in New York City though not on Long Island generally; it comes from Spanish, originally meaning "a wine storehouse" via the Puerto Rican Spanish term for "small store; corner store"; by extension, "bodega cats" is the term for the cats that inhabit such establishments.[17] These small stores may also be called delis, which is the short form of delicatessens.
  • bubkes /ˈbʌpkəs/: a worthless amount; little or nothing (from Yiddish; probably an abbreviation of kozebubkes, literally, "goat droppings")[18]
  • dungarees: an older term for blue jeans[19]
  • egg cream: a mixture of cold milk, chocolate or vanilla syrup, and seltzer (carbonated water)[19]
  • have a catch: to play a game of catch[19]
  • hero: a footlong sandwich or "sub"[19]
  • Mischief Night: the night before Halloween
  • on line: Metro New Yorkers tend to say they stand on line, whereas most other New York State and American English speakers tend to stand in line.[20]
  • punchball and stickball: street variants of baseball, suitable for smaller urban areas, in which a fist or stick substitutes for the bat and a rubber ball (a "Spaldeen") is used[19]
  • skel(l): a vagrant, beggar, or small-time street criminal[18]
  • s(c)hmuck: an insulting term for an unlikeable man (from Yiddish shmok: "penis")[18]

The word punk tends to be used as a synonym for "weak", "someone unwilling or unable to defend himself" or perhaps "loser", though it appears to descend from an outdated New York African-American English meaning of male receptive participant in anal sex.[21]

Conversational styles

edit

New York City speakers have some unique conversational styles. Linguistics professor Deborah Tannen notes in a New York Times article it has "an emphasis to involve the other person, rather than being considerate. It would be asking questions as a show of interest in the other person, whereas in other parts of [the] country, people don't ask because it might put the person on the spot." Metro New Yorkers "stand closer, talk louder, and leave shorter pauses between exchanges," Tannen said. "I call it 'cooperative overlap'. It's a way of showing interest and enthusiasm, but it's often mistaken for interrupting by people from elsewhere in the country." On the other hand, linguist William Labov demurs, "there's nothing known to linguists about 'normal New York City conversation.'"[22]

Notable speakers

edit

The New York City accent has a strong presence in media; pioneer variationist sociolinguist William Labov describes it as the most recognizable variety of North American English.[2] The following famous people are native New York City–area speakers—including some speakers of other varieties native to the region—that all demonstrate typical features of the New York City accent.

Fictional characters

edit

Many fictional characters in popular films and television shows have used New York City English, whether or not the actors portraying them are native speakers of the dialect. Some examples are listed below.

Geographic boundaries

edit

The accent is not spoken in the rest of New York State beyond the immediate New York City metropolitan area. Specifically, the upper Hudson Valley mixes New York City and Western New England accent features, while Central and Western New York belong to the same dialect region as Great Lakes cities such as Chicago and Detroit, a dialect region known as the Inland North.[200][201]

New York State

edit

New York City English is confined to a geographically small but densely populated area of New York State including all five boroughs of New York City as well as many parts of Long Island; the dialect region spans all of Nassau County and some of Suffolk County.[4][202][203][204] Moreover, the English of the Hudson Valley forms a continuum of speakers who exhibit more features of New York City English the closer they are to the city itself;[205] some of the dialect's features may be heard as far north as the state capital of Albany.[206]

Connecticut

edit

A small portion of southwestern Connecticut speaks a similar dialect, primarily speakers in Fairfield County and as far as New Haven County.[207]

New Jersey

edit
See also: New Jersey English

The northeastern quarter of New Jersey, prominently Hudson, Bergen, Union, and Essex Counties, including the municipalities of Weehawken, Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark,[208] plus Middlesex and Monmouth Counties, are all within the New York metropolitan area and thus also home to the major features of New York City English. With the exception of New York City's immediate neighbors like Jersey City and Newark,[6] the New York metropolitan dialect as spoken in New Jersey is rhotic (or fully r-pronouncing) so that, whereas a Brooklynite might pronounce "over there" something like "ovah theah/deah" [oʊvə ˈd̪ɛə], an Elizabeth native might say "over there/dare" [oʊvɚ ˈd̪ɛɚ]. The Atlas of North American English by William Labov et al. shows that the short-a pattern of New York City has diffused to many r-pronouncing communities in northern New Jersey, like Rutherford (Labov's birthplace) and North Plainfield. However, in these communities, the function word constraint of the city's short-a pattern is lost, and the open syllable constraint is used only variably.[209]

Notable speakers

edit

The following is a list of notable lifelong native speakers of the rhotic New York City English of northeastern New Jersey:

Comedian Joey Diaz,[224] late singer Frank Sinatra,[225] and sportscaster Dick Vitale[226] are examples of significantly non-rhotic speakers from New Jersey.

See also

edit

Explanatory notes

edit
  1. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 173: "In NYC and the Mid-Atlantic region, short-a is split into a tense and lax class. There is reason to believe that the tense class /æh/ descends from the British /ah/ or 'broad-a' class."

Citations

edit
  1. ^ Morén, Bruce (2000). Distinctiveness, Coercion and Sonority: A Unified Theory of Weight. Routledge. p. 203.
  2. ^ a b Labov, William (2006) [1966]. The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-521-82122-3.
  3. ^ Newman, 2014, pp. 1–3.
  4. ^ a b Newman, 2014, pp. 17–18: "Although small, the [dialect] region is certainly populous. The 2010 US Census gives the population of New York City at 8,175,133. Nassau County, which is entirely within the dialect region, adds 1,339,532. The remaining counties are only partly inside. They include Suffolk (1,493,350), Westchester (949,113), and Rockland (311,687) in New York State and Hudson (905,113) and Bergen (905,116) in New Jersey ... Labov, et al. (2006) found that Newark, in Essex County, also had NYCE features."
  5. ^ Mencken, H. L. (1919; reprinted 2012). American Language, 4th Edition. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 367
  6. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 47
  7. ^ Labov (1966/2006)
  8. ^ Sȩn, Ann L. (1979). "English in the Big Apple: Historical Backgrounds of New York City Speech". The English Journal. 68 (8): 52–55. doi:10.2307/815156. JSTOR 815156.
  9. ^ Labov (1972)
  10. ^ Ash, Sharon (2002). "The Distribution of a Phonemic Split in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Yet More on Short a Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. University of Pennsylvania. p. 1
  11. ^ Labov, W.; Rosenfelder, I.; Fruehwald, J. (2013). "One Hundred Years of Sound Change in Philadelphia: Linear Incrementation, Reversal, and Reanalysis" (PDF). Language. 89 (1): 30–65 [p. 61]. doi:10.1353/lan.2013.0015. hdl:20.500.11820/6aaeba15-89f6-4419-a930-7694d9463d43. JSTOR 23357721. S2CID 56451894.
  12. ^ "The Many Accents of New Orleans". NPR.org. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  13. ^ Labov, William (2010). The Politics of Language Change: Dialect Divergence in America (PDF) (Pre-publication draft). The University of Virginia Press. p. 53. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2016.
  14. ^ Becker, K. (2014). "The social motivations of reversal: Raised BOUGHT in New York City English" (PDF). Language in Society. 43 (4): 395–420. doi:10.1017/S0047404514000372. S2CID 143518735. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 13, 2016.
  15. ^ a b Labov et al., 2006, p. 233
  16. ^ Labov et al., 2006, p. 260
  17. ^ Wang, Hansi Lo (March 10, 2017). "New York City Bodegas And The Generations Who Love Them". NPR. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  18. ^ a b c Newman, Michael (2014). New York City English. De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 113-114
  19. ^ a b c d e Frederic G. Cassidy; Frederic Gomes; Joan Houston Hall, eds. (2002). Dictionary of American Regional English. Vol. IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  20. ^ Doll, Jen (November 6, 2012). "The Semantics of Voting: You Say 'On Line,' I Say 'In Line'". theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017.
  21. ^ Spears, Arthur (1998). "African American language: Ideology and so-called obscenity". In Mufwene, Salikoko; Rickford, John; Bailey, Guy; Baugh, John (eds.). African American English: Structure, History, and Use. London: Routledge. pp. 226–250. ISBN 0-415-11733-X.
  22. ^ John Leland, "Obstruction of Justice, or 'Normal New York City Conversation'?", New York Times, June 8, 2017.
  23. ^ Faison, Seth (September 12, 1995). "A Well-Known Hat Bobs at Women's Conference". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  24. ^ Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle, eds. (2005). "Abzug, Bella Savitsky". West's Encyclopedia of American Law (2nd ed.). Thomson Gale. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7876-6367-4.
  25. ^ Mitchell, Alex (June 3, 2021) "NYC Mayoral Candidates With the Best — and Worst — New York Accents", New York Post. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  26. ^ Golden, Tim (February 10, 1991). "Danny Aiello Journeys Along The Blue-Collar Road to Stardom". New York Times. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  27. ^ "Danny Aiello Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Blumenfeld, Robert (2002). "Regional Accents in the U.S.A., Hawaii, Samoa". Accents: A Manual for Actors (2nd ed.). Limelight Editions. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-87910-967-7.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Blumenfeld, Robert (2013). "Teach Yourself New York City Accents". Teach Yourself Accents – North America: A Handbook for Young Actors and Speakers. Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0879108083.
  30. ^ Kahn, Robert (January 6, 2007). "The Buzz: This time, Alda plays a good apple". Newsday. Retrieved April 21, 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  31. ^ Bauers, Sandy (October 27, 2005). "Afghan class bias scrutinized". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Stamler, Bernard (September 20, 1998). "Talking the Tawk; New Yorkers Are Sounding More Like Everybody Else. Is It Curtains for the Accent People Love to Hate?". New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  33. ^ a b c d Schiffman, Jean (July 23, 1998). "Noo Yawk Tawk – To learn the intricacies of the New York accent, keep in mind that Rosie Perez ain't Archie Bunker and Paul Reiser ain't Joe Pesci". Back Stage West. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  34. ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess (March 2, 2024). "Iris Apfel: joyful iconoclast who broke all the rules with incredible taste". The Guardian. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  35. ^ Adam Kaufman, "Toronto Raptors Broadcaster Jack Armstrong Reflects on New York Roots and Career in Canada," Fordham News October 25, 2019 https://news.fordham.edu/fordham-magazine/toronto-raptors-broadcaster-jack-armstrong-reflects-on-new-york-roots-and-career-in-canada/
  36. ^ Guthmann, Edward (February 23, 2003). "Second Act: Mel Brooks proves 'your muse has no age'". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 23, 2004. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  37. ^ Model, Betsy (January 2004). "The Ultimate Caan". Cigar Aficionado. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  38. ^ "Large as Live". Los Angeles Times. May 9, 1998. Retrieved April 9, 2024. Caesar's accent is a Brooklyn-Bronx amalgam.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Andrew (June 24, 2001). "NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: NEW YORK FOLKLORE; A Teacher of Newyorkese Who Taps the Power of Babel". New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  40. ^ Kaplan, James (March 23, 2008). "'I Didn't Know I Could Be Happy'". Parade. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
  41. ^ Morley, Paul (April 20, 2008). "Mariah Carey". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
  42. ^ Dansby, Andrew (June 23, 2008). "Carlin was essential listening for multiple generations". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  43. ^ a b Clancy, Tara (December 14, 2016). "My Queens accent got me a book deal (well, kind of)". Audible. Retrieved April 9, 2024. And even though brilliant writer Robert Caro and physicist Richard Feynman both have/had strong New York accents ...
  44. ^ Snook, Raven (March 30, 2007). "Is Andrew Dice Clay the Undisputed Stand-up King?". TV Guide. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  45. ^ Pareles, Jon (February 24, 1990). "A Little Hate Music, Please". New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  46. ^ Kircher, Madison Malone (February 27, 2019). "Hey, Did You know that Michael Cohen Has an Accent?". New York Magazine. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  47. ^ Shapiro, Leonard (April 24, 1995). "Howard Cosell Dies at 77". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
  48. ^ Shields, David (December 2003 – January 2004). "The Wound and the Bow". The Believer. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
  49. ^ Italie, Hillel (September 14, 2013). "Billy Crystal - from Sha Na Na to Yankees". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  50. ^ Hernández, Javier C. (January 1, 2011). "A Speaking Manner Rooted in Queens but All His Own". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  51. ^ a b Berger, Daniel (August 26, 1991). "Democrats Failing The American People". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  52. ^ Gurewitsch, Matthew (October 6, 2002). "At 77, Tony Curtis Still Likes It Hot". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  53. ^ James, Clive (May 15, 2007). "Bernie Schwartz, not just a pretty face". The Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  54. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Tony Curtis Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  55. ^ "Larry David and Bernie Sanders are cousins naturally".
  56. ^ "He quit once, says Rodney – and nobody noticed but him". The Milwaukee Journal. April 21, 1983. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  57. ^ a b Davidson, Justin (May 22, 2007). "Who says we talk funny?". Newsday. Retrieved June 28, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  58. ^ a b c d e Battistella, Edwin L. (2005). "Bad Accents". Bad Language: Are Some Words Better Than Others?. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 132–134. ISBN 978-0-19-517248-5.
  59. ^ Alvarez, Rafael (November 18, 2022) "Dion: The Wanderer Has Never Left the Building", The Village Voice. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  60. ^ "Billy Donovan Postgame Interview – Spurs vs Thunder". YouTube. May 12, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2017. [dead YouTube link]
  61. ^ McClear, Sheila (May 13, 2013). "Heather Quinlan's documentary finds New York accents are more about ethnicity than areas". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015.
  62. ^ O'Connor, John J. (October 15, 1981). "TV: DOBSON IS NEW MIKE HAMMER". New York Times. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  63. ^ "Kevin Dobson Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
  64. ^ a b c d Bortolot, Lana (August 12, 2011). "You Tawkin' to New Yawk?: Tracing the City's Mosaic of Accents". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2024. For years, the New York accent—from Rosie Perez to Spike Lee, Fran Drescher to Archie Bunker—has been studied, extolled and derided.
  65. ^ a b c Sontag, Deborah (February 14, 1993). "Oy Gevalt! New Yawkese An Endangered Dialect?". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  66. ^ Thomas Jr., Landon (October 28, 2002) "Jeffrey Epstein: International Moneyman of Mystery", New York Magazine. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  67. ^ Armstrong, Robert (April 14, 2020). "Dr Fauci, the master of anti-style style". Financial Times. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  68. ^ Chown, Marcus (May 2, 1985). "Strangeness and Charm". New Scientist: 34. ISSN 0262-4079.
  69. ^ Davis, Pamela (June 22, 2000). "It's the fun, not the food". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  70. ^ "Mike Francesa May Not Use Twitter, But That Doesn't Stop An Anonymous Duo From Mocking the WFAN Host on a Fake Handle of Its Own". New York Daily News. November 17, 2012. Archived from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  71. ^ "Ace Frehley a solo success with 'Space Invader'". The Morning Call. November 21, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  72. ^ Holden, Stephen (August 9, 1996). "An Actor's Portrait, in Noir and White". New York Times. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  73. ^ Hirsch, Foster (2002). "The Method and the Movies: The Anti-Hero". A Method to Their Madness: The History of the Actors Studio. Da Capo Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-306-81102-9.
  74. ^ John McWhorter, "Fuggedaboutit!" New York Times Book Review, August 2, 2020, p. 12
  75. ^ Smith, Chris (December 3, 2007). "Rudy Has Seen the Enemy and He Is...Us". New York. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  76. ^ Ball, Molly (March 29, 2007). "Giuliani has front-runner aura". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  77. ^ Tatangelo, Wade (November 16, 2006). "Gilbert Gottfried: From 'Aladdin' to 'Aristocrats'". The Bradenton Herald. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  78. ^ Krewen, Nick (February 26, 1997). "Gilbert Gottfried". Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  79. ^ Olsen, Eric (December 23, 2003). "Many performers took final bow in 2003". Today.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  80. ^ Newman, Michael (October 5, 2015). "How a New York Accent Can Help You Get Ahead". nytimes.com. Retrieved August 18, 2023. Certainly, Mr. Trump is not the first conservative demagogue with our distinctive New York vowels. You can hear Bill O'Reilly, Michael Savage and Sean Hannity's New York origins in every diatribe.
  81. ^ Czerwanka, Justin (January 28, 2013). "WWE Monday Night RAW LIVE Results for 1/28/13: The Rock, John Cena, C.M. Punk, Paul Heyman". insidepulse.com. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
  82. ^ Shafrir, Doree (June 30, 1996). "The Piano Man sings us a song, talks up a storm". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Brookline, MA. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  83. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (July 2016). "Dreams Defended and Deferred: The Brooklyn Schools Crisis of 1968 and Black Power's Influence on Rabbi Meir Kahane". American Jewish History. 100 (3): 411–437. doi:10.1353/ajh.2016.0041. S2CID 163855458. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  84. ^ Marks, Peter (January 4, 1995). "AT WORK WITH: Wendy Kaufman; Snapple! Cackle! Pop! A Star Is Born". New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  85. ^ Flint Marx, Rebecca. "Harvey Keitel: Overview". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  86. ^ Horowitz, Jason (January 2, 2013). "New York's Rep. Peter King is unafraid to assail GOP leaders on Sandy relief". Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  87. ^ Stevenson, Jane (November 14, 2005). "Body gets a work-up". Calgary Sun. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  88. ^ Sternbergh, Adam (March 5, 2006). "Cyndi Lauper: The Remix". New York. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  89. ^ "Interviews: Leguizamo, John". Urban Cinefile. November 1999. Archived from the original on August 15, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  90. ^ Wheeler, Jeremy. "Super Mario Bros. > Review". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  91. ^ "Mambo Mouth". John Leguizamo. Chelsea House. 2013.
  92. ^ Lombardi Jr., Vince (2003). What It Takes to Be #1: Vince Lombardi On Leadership. McGraw-Hill. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-07-142036-5.
  93. ^ Gularte, Alejandra (January 18, 2023). "Natasha Lyonne's Accent Gets 'More New York' When She's Scared". Vulture. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  94. ^ Fishman, Steve (February 27, 2011). "The Madoff Tapes". New York. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  95. ^ Ali, Lorraine (February 14, 2005). "Barry Hot". Newsweek. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  96. ^ Marin, Rick (July 29, 2001). "Schmaltz-Plus-Funny Is His Forte". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  97. ^ "Garry Marshall Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  98. ^ Brennan, Sandra. "Penny Marshall Biography". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  99. ^ Winokur, Mark (2003). "The Marx Brothers and the Search for the Landsman". In Krutnik, Frank (ed.). Hollywood Comedians: The Film Reader. London; New York: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-415-23551-8.
  100. ^ Collins, Glenn (July 24, 1988). "Jackie Mason, Top Banana at Last". New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  101. ^ Nashawaty, Chris (August 1, 2006). "Fantastic Boor". EW.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  102. ^ "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three". Time Out London. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  103. ^ Marks, Peter (March 30, 1997). "Like 'Mary Tyler Moore,' With Attitude and Accent". New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
  104. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 8, 1995). "AT HOME WITH: Debi Mazar; A Tomb of One's Own". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  105. ^ Isackson, Noah (July 5, 2012). "Garry McCarthy Under the Gun". Chicago. Chicago, Illinois: Tribune Publishing. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  106. ^ Spielman, Fran (November 26, 2018). "After Thanksgiving weekend blizzard, candidates weigh in on 'dibs'". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  107. ^ Kaplan, Robert D. (January-February 2012) "Why John J. Mearsheimer Is Right (About Some Things)", The Atlantic. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  108. ^ Levy. "The 25 Greatest NFL Announcers of All Time". Bleacher Report.
  109. ^ "Mullin Was Confident His Shot Would Return". The New York Times. Associated Press. February 3, 1985. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  110. ^ Zambito, Thomas (March 6, 2005). "Daily News' own brings home Brooklyn basketball legend". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  111. ^ Howard-Cooper, Scott (March 24, 2005). "Mullin has credibility, confidence in Golden State". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  112. ^ Rich, Frank (March 23, 1988). "Review/Theater; Some Romans and Countrymen Conspire Anew to Murder Caesar". New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  113. ^ Simon, John (May 5, 2003). "Rose Is a Rose". New York. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  114. ^ Danaher, Patricia (April–May 2012). "Pacino Does Wilde". Irish America. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
  115. ^ Vecsey, George (October 15, 2008). "A Throwback Season for Paterno". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  116. ^ "People in Sports". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
  117. ^ Mason, Doug (October 5, 2008). "Bernadette Peters keeps busy living her many passions". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved April 9, 2024. 'I grew up in Queens,' says Peters, who ... has kept the borough accent.
  118. ^ Perez, Rosie (June 6, 2007). "THE 'ROSIE' OUTLOOK: MS. PEREZ KNOWS WHAT'S SPECIAL ABOUT HER PEOPLE". New York Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  119. ^ Chase, Lisa (March 3, 2007). "Rhea Perlman reaches a different audience with the 'Otto' books". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  120. ^ "Regis Philbin Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  121. ^ "Colin Quinn, Mr. Manners". Washington Post. February 26, 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  122. ^ Connelly, Richard (August 26, 1999). "Weekend Update". Houston Press. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  123. ^ "The New Pictures". Time. November 26, 1934. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
  124. ^ Tuska, Jon (1973). "Night After Night". The Films of Mae West. Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8065-0377-6.
  125. ^ Currie, Duncan (November 17, 2006). "Learning to Love Charlie Rangel". The American. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  126. ^ Naylor, Brian (January 19, 2007). "Black Power on Display in New Congress". NPR. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  127. ^ "TOUGH ACT THAT FOLLOWS". EW.com. April 21, 1995. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  128. ^ Sieberg, Daniel (April 20, 2001). "Leah Remini: Working hard as a queen among kings". CNN.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  129. ^ Bozzola, Lucia. "Leah Remini Biography". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  130. ^ Wiegand, David (December 1, 2007). "Review: How Don Rickles heaps abuse and leaves you laughing". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  131. ^ Dean, Gordon (March 3, 2008). "Short in stature but long in star quality". The Argus. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  132. ^ "Joan Rivers – Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  133. ^ Shapiro, Michael (August 25, 2011). "Truth is funny for Joan Rivers, appearing in Napa". The Press Democrat. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  134. ^ "Little Phil was loved and hated". The Washington Times. August 16, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  135. ^ "Ray Romano Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  136. ^ Wheelwright, Jeff (April 11, 1983). "How Punchy Was Slapsie Maxie?". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  137. ^ Vitello, Paul (December 26, 2011) "Lynn Samuels, a Brash Radio Talker, Dies at 69", The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2023. "Lynn Samuels, whose brash political opinions and unrestrained New York accent made her an unmistakable voice in the male-dominated world of political talk radio ... "
  138. ^ Leibovich, Mark (January 21, 2007). "The Socialist Senator". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  139. ^ Fong, Joss (February 18, 2016). "Bernie Sanders' accent, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  140. ^ Scherer, Michael (June 23, 2005). "A Man Apart". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  141. ^ Biography. "Adam Sandler – Biography". Biography. Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  142. ^ Gilson, David (March 5, 2003). "Michael Savage's long, strange trip". Salon.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  143. ^ Klinghoffer, David (October 23, 2006). "Savaged: A radio-talk-show host pulls a fast one on fans?". National Review. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
  144. ^ Coe, Jonathan (September 1, 2022). "Second City by Richard Vinen — Birmingham's identity crisis". Financial Times. Retrieved April 9, 2024. 'We're in the heart of the West Midlands,' says the voice, its heavy New York accent reassuringly familiar ... The voice belongs to the American film star Telly Savalas ...
  145. ^ Raju, Manu (April 21, 2015). "Chuck Schumer's man cave". Politico. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  146. ^ Smith, Curt. Pull Up a Chair: The Vin Scully Story. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2010.
  147. ^ Hughes, Jazmine (June 20, 2019). "Judge Judy Is Still Judging You". The New York Times Magazine. The New York Times Company. Retrieved April 9, 2024. Her thick accent — she and Bernie Sanders graduated from the same Brooklyn high school, James Madison ...
  148. ^ Silvers, Phil; Saffron, Robert (1973). "Me, an English Clergyman in Pride and Prejudice?". This Laugh Is on Me: The Phil Silvers Story. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-13-919100-8.
  149. ^ Landau, Jon (July 20, 1972) "Paul Simon: The Rolling Stone Interview", Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  150. ^ Slayton, Robert A. (2001). "Winning Administrative Reform". Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith. Simon & Schuster. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-684-86302-3.
  151. ^ Wyman, Bill (January 19, 2021). "No One Was Safe from Phil Spector". Vulture. Retrieved April 9, 2024. Spector was quite short, with a weak chin and a pronounced, almost absurd Bronx accent. (His voice was in a Stan Freberg or 'I'm depraved on account I'm deprived!' vein.)
  152. ^ Mirkin, Steven (October 29, 2013). "Ronnie Spector offers sketchy retrospective". The Orange County Register. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  153. ^ Reid, Graham (August 30, 2008). "COMIX ARTIST ART SPIEGELMAN INTERVIEWED 1991: The Maus that Rawed". elsewhere.co.nz. Retrieved February 14, 2024. his already taut New York accent
  154. ^ Heaf, Jonathan (March 19, 2021). "Sebastian Stan: 'Race, identity, patriotism... This is Marvel's most relevant show yet'". GQ. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  155. ^ Serpell, Nick (January 4, 2010). "Bye bye to the real Rain Man". BBC News. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
  156. ^ Boulton, Martin (August 16, 2019). "Kiss singer takes break from school duties for one last 'victory lap'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  157. ^ Kehr, Dave (October 30, 2007). "New DVDs". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
  158. ^ "Barbara Stanwyck Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on March 9, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
  159. ^ Pimental, Jessica (January 27, 2022). "HOW TYPE O NEGATIVE'S PETER STEELE BECAME MY GOTHIC FAIRY GODFATHER". Revolver. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  160. ^ Tucker, Ken (January 22, 1993). "TV Review: The Howard Stern Interview". EW.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  161. ^ "Marisa Tomei Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
  162. ^ Fine, Marshall (October 21, 2007). "Marisa Tomei bares her 'Intentions'". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  163. ^ Tucker, Ken (June 30, 1995). "TV Review: Welcome Back, Kotter". EW.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  164. ^ Dick, Bernard F. (2001). "The Diller Days". Engulfed: The Death of Paramount Pictures and the Birth of Corporate Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-8131-2202-1.
  165. ^ Benjamin Wallace Wells (December 13, 2015). "Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders, and the Political Appeal of a New Yawk Accent". New York. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  166. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (June 24, 1992). "AT LUNCH WITH: Christopher Walken; A New York Actor Takes Stardom With a Grain of Salt". New York Times. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
  167. ^ Robbins, Michael W.; Palitz, Wendy (June 2001). "A Brooklyn Accent Saves the Day: Interview with Eli Wallach". Brooklyn: A State of Mind. New York, NY: Workman Publishing Company. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7611-2203-6.
  168. ^ Scott, Mike (January 2, 2008). "The great Denzel: Actor combines acting talent, business acumen to bring film to life". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on August 9, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
  169. ^ Wohl, Dan (November 5, 2007). "Mobster flick bleeds 'American'". The Daily Cardinal. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  170. ^ Barry Wellman, "I was a Teenage Network Analyst: The Route from The Bronx to the Information Highway". Connections 17, 2 (October 1994): 28–45; Barry Wellman, "Through Life from the Bronx to Cyberspace". Aristeia, Fall, 2005: 24.
  171. ^ Roberts, Steven V. (November 2, 1969). "76—and Still Diamond Lil". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
  172. ^ Henry, George (January 31, 2001). "Ex-Hawks Coach Returns to Atlanta". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  173. ^ Clancy, Frank (December 9, 1996). "The changing, and unchanging, of the guard". The Sporting News. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
  174. ^ Harris, Paul (April 19, 2012). "Richard Wolff: 'They like a little radicalism. They have been waiting.'". The Guardian. Chicago. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  175. ^ Goodman, Amy. "Democracy Now! March 25, 2013 Watch Extended Interview with Economist Richard Wolff on How Marxism Influences His Work". Pacifica Radio. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  176. ^ Mardell, Mark (October 9, 2013). "Janet Yellen nomination for Federal Reserve may be rough ride". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  177. ^ a b Getlen, Larry (July 20, 2020). "The Noo Yawk accent was considered posh until anti-Semites got their way".
  178. ^ a b c Seabrook, John (November 14, 2005). "Talking the Tawk". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  179. ^ a b c Pujol, Rolando (February 20, 2008). "New York accent: Still talking the tawk?". AM New York. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  180. ^ Severo, Richard (June 22, 2001). "Carroll O'Connor, Embodiment of Social Tumult as Archie Bunker, Dies at 76". New York Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  181. ^ Harmetz, Aljean (November 24, 1988). "Man of a Thousand Voices, Speaking Literally". New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  182. ^ Barry, Dan (August 29, 2004). "NEW YORK 2004; Who Can Claim to Know A City of 8 Million?". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  183. ^ Severo, Richard (November 12, 2003). "Art Carney, Lauded for 'Honeymooners,' Dies at 85". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  184. ^ Roberts, Jerry (July 2004). "Mike Nichols on Kazan and On the Waterfront". DGA. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  185. ^ Caoili, Eric (October 17, 2007). "Meowth is pretty much the best Pokemon ever". Engadget. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
  186. ^ "'Mob Wives' paints picture of Staten Island as 'breeding ground for the mafia'". Staten Island Advance. April 18, 2011. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  187. ^ Watkins, Gwynne (July 13, 2011). "Is the Mob Now As Laughable As Reality TV Makes It Seem? We Ask an FBI Agent". Vulture. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  188. ^ Gates, Anita (November 17, 1998). "THEATER REVIEW; 'The Good Earth' and the Bad Breaks". New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
  189. ^ O'Hehir, Andrew (October 12, 2007). "Conversations: Valerie Harper". Salon.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
  190. ^ Safire, William (October 19, 1997). "On Language; New Yorkese". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  191. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (June 3, 1993). "A VISIT WITH: Julia Louis-Dreyfus; She Who Gives 'Seinfeld' Estrogen". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  192. ^ Brady, James (April 3, 2005). "Jason Alexander (TV, film and theater actor)". Parade. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  193. ^ Falco, Edie (March 1, 2004). Edie Falco went to college to get rid of her accent, then got hired on a show to bring it back (TV-series). New York City, NY: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Comedy Central. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  194. ^ Hruska, Bronwen (July–August 2006). "Lorraine Bracco". More. Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  195. ^ Ryan, Tim (March 29, 2004). "'Sopranos' actor visits isles' Don". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 25, 2005. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
  196. ^ Murray, Rebecca (January 16, 2005). "Interview with Drea de Matteo". About.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  197. ^ Flaherty, Mike (June 16, 2000). "Bold 'Soprano'". EW.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  198. ^ Thompson, Gary (April 13, 2012). "From boxing to eye-poking for Larry Fine". Jerusalem Post. Press Reader. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
  199. ^ Witiw, John (October 16, 2020). "Yu-Gi-Oh!: 10 Changes Made To Joey In The Dub That Make No Sense". cbr.com. Valnet. Retrieved November 19, 2023. Joey Wheeler is known for his ... strong Brooklyn accent
  200. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg, p. 148
  201. ^ Dinkin, Aaron J. (2009). Dialect Boundaries and Phonological Change in Upstate New York (PhD). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  202. ^ Labov, William. 2010. Principles of Linguistic Change, V. 3: Cognitive and Cultural Factors. Cambridge/NY Cambridge University Press. Chapter 15, footnote 13. p.390 "Phonological Atlas of North America". Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  203. ^ Bakht, Maryam (2010). Lexical Variation and the Negotiation of Linguistic Style in a Long Island Middle School (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York University. OCLC 776818137. ProQuest 816707533.
  204. ^ Olivo, Ann Marie (2013). The Strong Island Sound: Sociolinguistic Evidence for Emerging American Ethnicities (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Rice University. hdl:1911/77390. OCLC 953579514.
  205. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
  206. ^ Labov (2007:21–23)
  207. ^ Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion". Language. 83 (2): 344–387. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.705.7860. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. S2CID 6255506. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009.
  208. ^ Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion". Language, June 2007. p. 17.
  209. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  210. ^ Morales, Tatiana (September 27, 2005). "Backstage With Bon Jovi: 'Have A Nice Day' Tour Officially Kicks Off In November". CBS News. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  211. ^ Waywell, David (June 1, 2023). "Chris Christie: the new not-Trump candidate is running". reaction.life. Reaction Digital Media. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
  212. ^ Flint Marx, Rebecca. "Danny DeVito | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2023. DeVito -- with his ... broad Jersey accent ...
  213. ^ Plotinsky, Benjamin A. (July–August 2007). "At Home with "The Sopranos"". Commentary Magazine. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  214. ^ Rose, Lisa (November 2007). "Gandolfini sings". The Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  215. ^ Hunter, Stephen (March 16, 2001). "'Enemy at the Gates': Mighty Scope, Bad Aim". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
  216. ^ DeLong, Jessica (September 1, 2009). "Richard Kind Interview". Sarah's Backstage Pass. Retrieved April 9, 2024. ... there was that New Jersey accent I was hoping to hear.
  217. ^ "Richard Kind: An actor with range". The Berkshire Eagle. Pittsfield, MA. July 19, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  218. ^ Labov, William (October 1, 1997). "How I Got Into Linguistics, and What I Got Out of It". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  219. ^ Iley, Chrissy (April 9, 2007). "I'm in tune with my feelings". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  220. ^ Phillips, Andrew (January 16, 2003). "INTERVIEW: Goodfellas Ray Liotta: and how I learned that you should never steal from a wise guy". GW Hatchet. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  221. ^ Blumenfeld, Robert (2002). Accents: A Manual for Actors. Vol. 1. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 166. ISBN 9780879109677. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  222. ^ Kraszewski, Jon (2017). Reality TV. New York, NY: Routledge – Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-415-74197-2. Although matchmaker Patti Stanger dresses in expensive designer clothes and drives luxury cars, she retains a working-class New Jersey accent from her childhood.
  223. ^ Grow, Kory (January 21, 2014). "Zakk Wylde Laughs Through Dark Times for April's 'Black Vatican' LP". Rolling Stone. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved July 11, 2023. ... Wylde's callous cackles show that there is more to his gruff, intimidating, North Jersey accent ...
  224. ^ Martinez, Kiko (May 9, 2005). "Joey Diaz – The Longest Yard". cinesnob.net. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
  225. ^ Chilla, Mark (December 16, 2022). "Harry, Tommy, and Axel: Sinatra's First Five Years | afterglow". But with his Italian heritage and lingering Hoboken accent ...
  226. ^ Bogage, Jacob (January 9, 2020). "Dick Vitale wants to talk college basketball until he's 100. He's serious, baby". Washington Post. Nash Holdings. Retrieved July 12, 2023. ... that distinctive North Jersey accent has been the clarion call of college basketball.

General and cited references

edit
  • Babbitt, Eugene H. (1896). "The English of the lower classes in New York City and vicinity". Dialect Notes. 1: 457–464.
  • Becker, Kara & Amy Wing Mei Wong. 2009. The short-a system of New York City English: An update. 'University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. Volume 15, Issue 2 Article 3. pp: 10–20. http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol15/iss2/3/
  • Becker, Kara & Elizabeth Coggshall. 2010. The vowel phonologies of white and African American New York Residents. In Malcah Yaeger-Dror and *Erik R. Thomas (eds.) African American English Speakers And Their Participation In Local Sound Changes: A Comparative Study. American Speech Volume Supplement 94, Number 1. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press. pp: 101–128
  • Becker, Kara & Elizabeth L. Coggshall. 2009. The Sociolinguistics of Ethnicity in New York City, 2009, Language and Linguistic Compass, 3(3): 751–766.4
  • Becker, Kara (2009). "/r/ and the construction of place identity on New York City's Lower East Side". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 13 (5): 634–658. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00426.x.
  • Becker, Kara. 2010. Regional Dialect Features on the Lower East Side of New York City: Sociophonetics, Ethnicity, and Identity. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, NYU.
  • Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul. 2002. Race and the Rise of Standard American. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 214–225. ISBN 978-3-1101-7189-1.
  • Cutler, Cece (1999). "Yorkville Crossing: White teens, hip hop and African American English". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 3 (4): 428–442. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00089.
  • Cutler, Cece. 2007. Hip-hop language in sociolinguistics and beyond. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(5):519–538.
  • Cutler, Cece. 2008 Brooklyn Style: hip-hop markers and racial affiliation among European immigrants. International Journal of Bilingualism, 12(1–2), 7–24.
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004). Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110175325.
  • Hubell, Allan F. 1972. The Pronunciation of English in New York City. NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
  • Kurath, Hans and Raven I. McDavid. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City, V. 1: Phonological and Grammatical Analysis. Washington, DC: Office of Education, Bureau of Research/ERIC.
  • Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City', V. 2: The Use of Language in the Speech Community. Washington, DC: Office of Education, Bureau of Research/ERIC.
  • Labov, William (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City (PDF) (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2014.
  • Labov, William. 1972a. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Labov, William. 1972b. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Labov, William (1994) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 1: Internal Factors Blackwell ISBN 0-631-17914-3
  • Labov, William (2001) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 2: Social Factors Blackwell ISBN 0-631-17916-X
  • Labov, William (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521528054.
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
  • Labov, William (2007) "Transmission and Diffusion", Language June 2007
  • Newman, Michael (2005). "New York Talk" in American Voices Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward (eds.). p. 82–87. Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-2109-2.
  • Newman, Michael (2010). "'Focusing, implicational scaling, and the dialect status of New York Latino English". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 14 (2): 207–239. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00441.x.
  • Schneider, E. W., Kortmann, B. (2005), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multi-Media Reference Tool, Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017532-0, p. 284
  • Slomanson, Peter; Newman, Michael (2004). "Peer Group Identification and Variation in New York Latino English Laterals". English World-Wide. 25 (2): 199–216. doi:10.1075/eww.25.2.03slo. S2CID 35393553.
  • Thomas, C. K. (1932). "Jewish dialect and New York Dialect". American Speech. 7 (5): 321–6. doi:10.2307/452953. JSTOR 452953.
  • Thomas, C. K. (1942). "Pronunciation in downstate New York". American Speech. 17 (1): 30–41. doi:10.2307/486854. JSTOR 486854.
  • Thomas, C. K. (1947). "The place of New York City in American linguistic geography". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 33 (3): 314–20. doi:10.1080/00335634709381312.
  • Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wolfram, Walt. 1974. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Wolfram, Walt & Natalie Schilling Estes (2006) American English 2nd edition Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-1265-4
  • Wolfram, Walt & Ward, Ben (2005) American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-2109-2
  • Wong, Amy (2007). "Two Vernacular Features in the English of Four American-Born Chinese". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 13 (2): 217–230.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&oldid=1257807557"