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List of legendary kings of Britain

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The following list of legendary kings of Britain (Welsh: Brenin y Brythoniaid, Brenin Prydain) derives predominantly from Geoffrey of Monmouth's circa 1136 work Historia Regum Britanniae ("the History of the Kings of Britain"). Geoffrey constructed a largely fictional history for the Britons (ancestors of the Welsh, the Cornish and the Bretons), partly based on the work of earlier medieval historians like Gildas, Nennius and Bede, partly from Welsh genealogies and saints' lives, partly from sources now lost and unidentifiable, and partly from his own imagination (see bibliography). Several of his kings are based on genuine historical figures, but appear in unhistorical narratives. A number of Middle Welsh versions of Geoffrey's Historia exist. All post-date Geoffrey's text, but may give us some insight into any native traditions Geoffrey may have drawn on.

Illustration of Cadwaladr Fendigaid from Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Cadwaladr was also a historical king.

Geoffrey's narrative begins with the exiled Trojan prince Brutus, after whom Britain is supposedly named, a tradition previously recorded in less elaborate form in the 9th century Historia Brittonum. Brutus is a descendant of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan ancestor of the founders of Rome, and his story is evidently related to Roman foundation legends.

The kings before Brutus come from a document purporting to trace the travels of Noah and his offspring in Europe, and once attributed to the Chaldean historian Berossus, but now considered to have been a fabrication by the 15th-century Italian monk Annio da Viterbo, who first published it. Renaissance historians like John Bale and Raphael Holinshed took the list of kings of "Celtica" given by pseudo-Berossus and made them into kings of Britain as well as Gaul. John Milton records these traditions in his History of Britain, although he gives them little credence.

Brutus of Britain (Brutus of Troy)

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Main article: Brutus of Troy

Historia Brittonum, which is a history of the Celtic Britons written in north Wales in 829–30, claims that the Celtic Britons were descended from Trojans from the ancient city of Troy, who were the first to settle on the island of Britain.[1] It is also claimed in Historia Brittonum, as well as Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth that the first king of the Britons was Brutus of Troy and that the island of Britain was named after him.[2][3][4]

Lucius of Britain

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Main article: Lucius of Britain

Lucius was a legendary 2nd-century king of the Britons traditionally credited with introducing Christianity into Britain. Lucius is first mentioned in a 6th-century version of the Liber Pontificalis, which says that he sent a letter to Pope Eleutherius asking to be made a Christian. The story became widespread after it was repeated in the 8th century by Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, who added the detail that after Eleutherius granted Lucius' request, the Britons followed their king in conversion and maintained the Christian faith until the Diocletianic Persecution of 303. Later writers expanded the legend, giving accounts of missionary activity under Lucius and attributing to him the foundation of certain churches.[5]

There is no contemporary evidence for a king of this name. In 1904 Adolf von Harnack proposed that there had been a scribal error in Liber Pontificalis with 'Britanio' being written as an erroneous expansion for 'Britio', a citadel of Edessa, present day Şanlıurfa in Turkey. The name of the king of Edessa contemporaraneous with Pope Eleutherius was Lucius Aelius Aurelius Abgar VIII.[5]

Des grantz geanz

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Des grantz geanz ("Of the Great Giants"), a 14th-century Anglo-Norman poem, contains a variant story regarding Albion, the oldest recorded name for Britain, and also contains a slightly different list of kings.[6][7] The poem states that a colony of exiled Greek royals led by a queen called Albina first founded Britain but before their settlement "no one dwelt there".[8] Albina subsequently gave her name first to Britain, which was later renamed Britain after Brutus. The poem also attempts by euhemerism to rationalise the legends of giants; Albina is thus described as being "very tall", but is presented as a human queen, a descendant of a Greek king, not a mythological creature.

The Albina myth is also found in some later manuscripts of Wace's Roman de Brut (1155), attached as a prologue.[9]

Scota

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Main articles: Scota and List of legendary kings of Scotland

Scota, in Scottish mythology, and pseudohistory, is the name given to the mythological daughter of an Egyptian pharaoh to whom the Gaels and Scots traced their ancestry. Scota first appeared in literature from the 11th or 12th century and most modern scholars interpret the legends surrounding her to have emerged to rival Geoffrey of Monmouth's claims that the descendants of Brutus (through Albanactus) founded Scotland.[10][11] However some early Irish sources also refer to the Scota legends and not all scholars regard the legends as fabrications or as political constructions.[12] In the Scottish origin myths, Albanactus had little place and Scottish chroniclers (e.g., John of Fordun and Walter Bower) claimed that Scota was the eponymous founder of Scotland and the Scots long before Albanactus, during the time of Moses.

Monarchs derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth

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Geoffrey synchronises some of his monarchs with figures and events from the Bible, Greek, Roman and Irish legends, and recorded history. These are given in the "Synchronisation" column of the table below. Geoffrey dated Brutus' arrival in Britain (and subsequent founding of the Trojan-British monarchy) to 1115 BC.[13] Geoffrey's book was later retold by Wace (in French) and Layamon (in Middle English); the final column represents Layamon's version.

Kingdom Synchronisation Layamon's Brut
England Scotland Wales Cornwall Other Bible
Brutus I (24 years) Corineus Aeneas Silvius (1112–1081 BC) Eli (12th century BC) =
Locrinus (10 years) Albanactus Kamber Gwendolen =
Gwendolen (15 years) =
Maddan (40 years) Gwendolen Aeneas Silvius (1112–1081 BC), Homer (8th/7th century BC) Samuel Madan
Mempricius (20 years) Eurystheus Saul (r. 1049–1010 BC) Membriz
Ebraucus (40 to 60 years) David (r. 1010–970 BC) Ebrauc
Brutus II Greenshield (12 years) Brutus Greenshield
Leil (25 years) Solomon (r. 971–931 BC) Leil
Rud Hud Hudibras (39 years) Haggai, Amos, Joel, Azariah Ruhudibras
Bladud (20 years) Elijah (9th century BC) Bladud
Leir (60 years) Leir
Cordelia (5 years) Cordoille
Marganus I (north of the Humber) and Cunedagius (south of the Humber) (2 years) Morgan & Cunidagius
Cunedagius (33 years) Romulus (8th century BC) Isaiah, Hosea (8th century BC) Cunidagius
Rivallo Riwald
Gurgustius Gurgustius
Sisillius I Silvius
Jago Lago
Kimarcus Mark
Gorboduc Gorbodiago
War between Ferrex and Porrex I Ferreus & Porreus
Civil war; Britain divided under five unnamed kings
Pinner Staterius Rudaucus Cloten
Dunvallo Molmutius
Dunvallo Molmutius (40 years) Donwallo Molineus
Brennius (north of the Humber) and Belinus (south of the Humber) Sack of Rome (387 BC) Belin & Brennes
Belinus
Gurguit Barbtruc Partholón Gurguint
Guithelin Guncelin
Marcia (regent)
Sisillius II Sillius
Kinarius Rumarus
Danius Damus
Morvidus Morbidus
Gorbonianus Gorbonian
Archgallo Argal
Elidurus (5 years) Elidur
Archgallo (restored) (10 years) Argal
Elidurus (restored) Elidur
Peredurus (north of the Humber) and Ingenius (south of the Humber) (7 years) Peredur, Jugenes
Peredurus
Elidurus (restored) Elidur
A son of Gorbonianus Lador
Marganus II Morgan
Enniaunus Ænmaunus
Idvallo Iwallo
Runo Rime
Gerennus Goronces
Catellus Catulus
Millus Coillus
Porrex II Porex
Cherin =
Fulgenius Fulgenius
Edadus Aldus
Andragius Androgus
Urianus Urrian
Eliud =
Cledaucus Cledus
Clotenus Doten
Gurgintius Gurguiricius
Merianus Merian
Bledudo
Cap Cap
Oenus Oein
Sisillius III Sillius
Beldgabred Blaðgabreast
Archmail Arkinaus
Eldol Ældolf
Redon Redion
Redechius Redært
Samuil Penessil (or Samuil, followed by Penessil) Famul-Penicel
Pir Pir
Capoir Capor
Digueillus Eligille
Heli (40 years) Heli
Lud Lud
Cassibelanus Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain (55–54 BC) Cassibelaune
Tenvantius Tennancius
Cunobeline Augustus (30 BC – 14 AD) Jesus (3 BC – 33 AD) Kinbelin
Guiderius Togodumnus (d. AD 43) during Claudius's conquest of Britain Wiðer
Arvirargus Claudius (10 BC – AD 54), Vespasian (AD 9–79) Mark the Evangelist, Paul of Tarsus
(1st century AD)
Marius
Coilus
Lucius (d. AD 156) Pope Eleuterus (174–189)
Interregnum; war between Severus and Sulgenius Septimius Severus (Roman emperor 193–211)
Geta Publius Septimius Geta (Roman emperor 209–211)
Bassianus (Caracalla) Caracalla (Roman emperor 211–217)
Carausius Carausian Revolt (289–296)
Allectus Allectus assassinated Carausius in 293
Asclepiodotus (10 years) Asclepiodotus and Constantius Chlorus retook Britain in 296
Coel
Constantius (11 years) Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor 293–306
Constantine I Constantine I, Roman emperor 306–337
Octavius
Trahern
Octavius (restored)
Maximianus (with Dionotus later as regent) Caradocus, then Dionotus Magnus Maximus, Roman usurper-emperor 383–388
Gracianus Municeps
Interregnum; end of Roman rule
Constantine II Constantine III, Roman usurper-emperor 407–411
Constans Constans II, Roman usurper-emperor 409–411
Vortigern
Vortimer Germanus of Auxerre (378–448), Battle of Aylesford (455)
Aurelius Ambrosius
Uther Pendragon
Arthur Battle of Badon (c. AD 500), St. Dubricius (c. AD 465 – c. 550)
Constantine III
Aurelius Conanus (2 years) Aurelius Caninus, 6th-century king of Gwent or Powys;
Cynan Garwyn (582–610), king of Powys
Vortiporius (4 years) Vortiporius, 6th-century king of Dyfed
Malgo Maelgwn Gwynedd, 6th-century king of Gwynedd
Keredic
Interregnum; Saxons occupy England Margaduc (Demetia) and Cadvan (Venedotia) Blederic Augustine of Canterbury (arrived in Britain in 597)
Cadvan Cadfan ap Iago, 6th/7th-century king of Gwynedd
Cadwallo Cadwallon ap Cadfan, 7th-century king of Gwynedd, d. 634
Cadwallader (d. AD 689) Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon, 7th-century king of Gwynedd

After the death of Cadwallader, the kings of the Brythons were reduced to such a small domain that they ceased to be kings of the whole Brythonic-speaking area. Two of his relatives, Yvor and Yni, led the exiles back from Brittany, but were unable to re-establish a united kingship. The Anglo-Saxon invaders ruled the south-eastern part of the island of Great Britain, which would become England, after that point in time under the Bretwaldas and later the kings of England. The heirs to the Celtic-British throne continued through the Welsh kings of Gwynedd until that line was forced to submit itself to the Plantagenets in the 13th century. Princes and lords of Gwynedd ruled until the reign of Dafydd III, who ruled from 1282 to 1283. His death marked the end of the house of Brutus. Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII of England, was a maternal descendant of the kings of Gwynedd; Henry's marriage with Elizabeth of York thus signified the merging of the two royal houses (as well as the feuding houses of York and Lancaster).

Forgeries

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Pseudo-Berossus

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Annius of Viterbo in 1498 claimed to have found ancient fragments from Berossus detailing the earliest settlement of 'Celtica', including the British Isles, by Samothes, a son of Japheth, son of Noah, after the Great Flood. These fragments were later revealed to have been forged by Annius himself, and are now known as "Pseudo-Berossus". The fragments can be found in Asher (1993) and include a king list. Before being revealed as a hoax, the list found its way into John Bale's Illustrium majoris Britanniae scriptorum (1548), John Caius' Historia Cantabrigiensis Academiae (1574), William Harrison's Description of England (1577), Holinshed's Chronicles (1587) and Anthony Munday's A briefe chronicle (1611).[14]

Iolo Morganwg's Welsh Kings

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Main article: Hu Gadarn

Iolo Morganwg, between 1801 and 1807, published a series of Welsh Triads he claimed to have discovered in manuscript form, with the help of the antiquarian William Owen Pughe. These were later revealed to be a mixture of forgeries by Morganwg and Williams' alterations to authentic triads.[15][16] Exactly how much "authentic" content there is of Morganwg's published work remains disputed by scholars today. Morganwg's triads describe the earliest occupation of Britain (Prydain) and contain a pseudo-historical reign of kings, beginning with Hu Gadarn, the "Plough King".[17]

Hu Gadarn is described by Morganwg in his triads as being the earliest inhabitant of Britain having travelled from the "Summerland, called Deffrobani, where Constantinople now stands" in 1788 BC.[18] He is credited as having founded the first civilisation in Britain and introduced agriculture. Morganwg's Barddas (1862, p. 348) further states that this king is descended from Hu, but that, after a huge flood (see Afanc), only two people, Dwyfan and Dwyfach, survived from whom the later inhabitants of Britain descended. The Welsh clergyman Edward Davies included this myth in his Celtic Researches on the Origin, Traditions and Languages of the Ancient Britons (1804):

First, the bursting of the lake of waters, and the overwhelming of the face of all lands, so that all mankind drowned, excepting Dwyvan and Dwyvach, who escaped in a naked vessel and from then the Island of Britain was re-peopled.

Several 19th-century Christian authors—for example, Henry Hoyle Howorth[19]—interpreted this myth to be evidence for the Biblical flood of Noah, yet in Morganwg's chronology Dwyfan and Dwyfach are dated to the 18th or 17th century BC, which does not fit the Biblical estimate for the Noachian deluge.[20]

Tea Tephi

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Tea Tephi is a legendary princess found described in British Israelite literature from the 19th century.[21][22] Revd F. R. A. Glover, M.A., of London in 1861 published England, the Remnant of Judah, and the Israel of Ephraim in which he claimed Tea Tephi was one of Zedekiah's daughters. Since King Zedekiah of Judah had all his sons killed during the Babylonian Captivity, no male successors could continue the throne of King David, but, as Glover noted, Zedekiah had daughters who escaped death (Jeremiah 43:6). Glover believed that Tea Tephi was a surviving Judahite princess who had escaped and travelled to Ireland, and who married a local High King of Ireland in the 6th century BC who subsequently became blood linked to the British monarchy.[23] This theory was later expanded upon by Rev. A.B. Grimaldi, who published in 1877 a successful chart entitled Pedigree of Queen Victoria from the Bible Kings and later by W.M.H. Milner in his booklet The Royal House of Britain an Enduring Dynasty' (1902, revised 1909). Charles Fox Parham also authored an article tracing Queen Victoria's lineage back to King David (through Tea Tephi) entitled Queen Victoria: Heir to King David's Royal Throne.[24]

The Tea Tephi-British monarchy link is also found in J. H. Allen's Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright (1902, p. 251). A central tenet of British Israelism is that the British monarchy is from the Davidic line and the legend of Tea Tephi from the 19th century attempted to legitimise this claim. Tea Tephi, however, has never been traced to an extant Irish source before the 19th century and critics assert she was purely a British Israelite invention.[25] A collection of alleged bardic traditions and Irish manuscripts which detail Tea Tephi were published by J. A. Goodchild in 1897 as The Book of Tephi. the work is, however, considered pseudo-historical or a forgery.

There is though a queen called Tea in Irish mythology who appears in the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland.[26] She is described as the wife of Érimón a Míl Espáine (Milesian) and dated to 1700 BC (Geoffrey Keating: 1287 BC). These dates are inconsistent with the British Israelite literature which dates Tea Tephi to the 6th century BC, but later British Israelites, such as Herman Hoeh (Compendium of World History, 1970), claimed that the Milesian Royal House (including Tea) was from an earlier blood descendant of the Davidic Line who entered Britain around 1000 BC (citing Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh's reduced chronology).[27] Linked to Glover's original claims of Tea Tephi, are Grimaldi and Milner's theory that Jeremiah himself in the company of his scribe Baruch ben Neriah travelled to Ireland with Tea Tephi and that they are found described in Irish folklore and old Irish manuscripts. Some British Israelites identify Baruch ben Neriah with a figure called Simon Berac or Berak in Irish myth, while Jeremiah with Ollom Fotla (or Ollam, Ollamh Fodhla).[28] However, like Tea Tephi, there has long been controversy about these identifications, mainly because of conflicting or inconsistent dates. In 2001, the British-Israel-World Federation wrote an article claiming they no longer subscribed to these two identifications, but still strongly stick to the belief that the British monarchy is of Judahite origin.[25][29] In an earlier publication in 1982, Covenant Publishing Co. admitted that Tea Tephi could not be traced in Irish literature or myth and may have been fabricated by Glover, but they clarified they still believed in the Milesian Royal House-Davidic Line bloodline connection (popularised by Hoeh).[30] Herbert Armstrong (1986) also took up this legendary connection.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Thomas, Rebecca. "How the people of Wales became Welsh". The Conversation. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  2. ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks Project". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  3. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae 1.3–18, 2.1
  4. ^ Celtic Culture: A-Celti. ABC-CLIO. 2006. p. 2052. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
  5. ^ a b Smith, Alan (1979). "Lucius of Britain: Alleged King and Church Founder". Folklore. 90 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1979.9716121.
  6. ^ For a modern edition see Des Grantz Geanz: An Anglo-Norman Poem, edited by Georgine E. Brereton (Oxford, 1937), a translation can also be found in Myths and Legends of the British Isles, Richard Barber. Boydell, 1999, pp. 3–8.
  7. ^ Arthurian Literature XIII, Volume 13, James P. Carley, Felicity Riddy, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1995, pp. 45–60.
  8. ^ Barber, 1999, p. 5.
  9. ^ Carley, 1995, pp. 50 ff.
  10. ^ Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: royalist politics, religion and ideas, Clare Jackson, Boydell Press, 2003, pp. 46–47.
  11. ^ W. Matthews, "The Egyptians in Scotland: the Political History of a Myth", Viator 1 (1970), pp. 289–306.
  12. ^ Myth and Identity in Early Medieval Scotland, EJ Cowan, Scottish Historical Review lxiii, No. 176 (Oct. 1984) pp. 111–135.
  13. ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth, The History of the Kings of Britain, Penguin Classics, "Time Chart", p. 286.
  14. ^ Parry, G. (2001). "Berossus and the protestants: Reconstructing protestant myth". The Huntington Library Quarterly. 64: 1–21.
  15. ^ Maryjones.us
  16. ^ Maryjones.us
  17. ^ Iolo manuscripts, Iolo Morganwg, Owen Jones, Society for the Publication of Ancient Welsh Manuscripts, Abergavenny, W. Rees; Longman and co., London, 1848.
  18. ^ The traditionary annals of the Cymry, John Williams, R. Mason, 1867, p. 27.
  19. ^ The mammoth and the flood: an attempt to confront the theory of uniformity with the facts of recent geology, Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth, S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1887.
  20. ^ The flood of Noah is placed in the 3rd millennium BC, not the 2nd millennium BC, by the Masoretic and Septuagint.
  21. ^ Encyclopedia of American religions, J. Gordon Melton, Gale, 2003, pp. 124–140.
  22. ^ Ensignmessage.com Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Nordiskisrael.dk
  24. ^ Reprinted in Truth in History, Tract #54, 2003.
  25. ^ a b CAI.org
  26. ^ "Ireland", Britannica (11th ed.); O' Curry, Manners and Customs, II, 3.
  27. ^ CGCA.net
  28. ^ ABCOG.org
  29. ^ Several other genealogical links are claimed by British Israelites to connect the bloodline of King David to the British monarchy, one identifies Dara (or Darda) the son of Zerah of Judah as Dardanus, an early ancestor of the Trojans in Greek mythology.
  30. ^ "Tea-Tephi or Scota", The Message, Issue 5 (London: Covenant Publishing Co., c. 1982).
  31. ^ Herbert Armstrong, The United States and Britain in Prophecy, 9th ed. Worldwide Church of God, 1986, pp. 98–102

Sources

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Bibliography

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  • Asher, R. E. (1993). National Myths in Renaissance France: Francus, Samothes and the Druids. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Charles W. Dunn, in a revised translation of Sebastian Evans, History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth. E.P. Dutton: New York. 1958. ISBN 0-525-47014-X
  • John Morris. The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650. Barnes & Noble Books: New York. 1996 (originally 1973). ISBN 0-7607-0243-8
  • John Jay Parry and Robert Caldwell. Geoffrey of Monmouth in Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959. ISBN 0-19-811588-1
  • Brynley F. Roberts, Geoffrey of Monmouth and Welsh Historical Tradition, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 20 (1976), 29–40.
  • J. S. P. Tatlock. The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and its early vernacular versions. University of California Press. Berkeley. 1950.
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